Latin/Lesson 4-Adverbs and Prepositions

Comparatives and Superlatives of Adjectives (Comparativa et superlativa adjectivorum) Lesson Vocabulary Latin English fortis, forte strong, brave vir man long-us, -a, -um long ingeniosus, -a, -um clever, talented denarius, -i, m. denarius (unit of currency) soror, sororis, f. sister quam than habet he/she has There are three types of adjectives: Positive (the 'normal' adjective, eg. the brave man: fortis vir), Comparative (eg. the braver man, or the rather brave man: fortior vir) and Superlative (eg. the bravest man, or the very brave man: fortissimus vir). Comparatives and superlatives of adjectives are usually formed by appending the suffix -ior for masculine/feminine nouns and -ius for neuter ones (genitive is -ioris) to form the comparative. Append the suffix -issimus to form the superlative. However, the superlatives of adjectives ending in -er (eg. the fair boy: pulcher puer) are formed by adding the suffix -rimus to the Nominative, then we will have pulcherrimus puer (fairest puer). All comparatives are declined like third declension nouns while superlatives are declined like second declension nouns, and thus must match the gender of the noun the superlative modifies. Often stem changes occur when appending theses suffixes. Adjective: longus (long) longus longior longissimus long longer longest Adjective: pulcher (fair) pulcher pulchrior pulcherrimus fair fairer fairest Irregular Adjectives Fortunately, there are only a few irregular adjectives. Irregular Adjectives Meaning Positive Comparative Superlative good bonus melior (better) optimus (best) bad malus peior (worse) pessimus (worst) large, great magnus maior maximus small parvus minor minimus many multus plus plurimus Examples: LatinEnglish Marcus est fortior quam Publius Marcus is braver than Publius Publius ingeniosior est quam Marcus Publius is more clever than Marcus Marcus plures denarios habet quam Publius Marcus has more denariuses1 than Publius Publius plures sorores habet quam Marcus Publius has more sisters than Marcus 1: We won't say "Marcus has more money" (pecunia) since plus in the singular takes the genitive case, which will not be covered for a few more lessons Adverbs Adverbs are formed usually by replacing the suffix appended to the stem with the -e, or -i and sometimes -um in the first and second declension. For the third declension, usually the suffix appended is replaced by -iter. Adverbs modify the verb in the clause that contains the adverb. The adverb may be placed anywhere with the clause. Adverbs may be of positive, comparative and superlative form. Unlike adjectives and substantives, adverbs do not have declension or gender. And thus they are referred to as being 'indeclinable.' The following suffixes are appended to form the comparative and superlative forms of adverbs: -ius for comparatives and -issime for superlative. Examples Adverbs verum verius verissime truly more truly most truly Adverbs fortiter fortius fortissime bravely more bravely most bravely Irregular adjectives form adverbs regularly from the adjective forms. For example: melior (better) -> melius maximus (greatest) -> maxime Some adverbs do not come from adjectives but rather exist on their own: diu (for a long time) -> diutius, diutissime saepe (often) -> saepius, saepissime Exercise 1 Answer What is the comparative adverbial form of sol-us, sol-a, sol-um (alone)? What is the positive adverbial form of laetus? (happy) What is the positive adjectival form of īrātior? (angrier) What is the positive adverbial form of certus? (certain) What is the superlative adjectival form of certus? What is the superlative adverbial form of certe? What is the superlative adjectival form of male? What is the superlative adverbial form of malus? What is the comparative adjectival form of dēsertus? (deserted) Solius Laete Īrātus Certe Certissimus Certissime Pessimus Pessime Dēsertior Conjunctions Conjunctions are indeclinable particles that join clauses together to form sentences. Examples of forms of conjunctions in English are: and, but and so. Conjunctions are either coordinating (joining two main clauses) or subordinating (joining a subclause to a main clause). List of Common Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions atque and aut or aut...aut^^ either...or enim (usually placed second in sentence) for ergo and so, therefore et and et...et^ both...and igitur therefore itaque and so nam for nec/neque and not, nor nec/neque...nec/neque^ neither...nor -que* and sed but tamen (usually placed second in a sentence however Subordinating Conjunctions cum when dum while, for the time nisī unless, except quamquam however quod because sī if ubi where, when ut as/with result clauses: in order to, so, to Exercise 2 Latin English Notes virtus, virtutis virtue, courage in animo habeo I have in mind, I intend Takes an infinitive ire to go The indicative forms (I go, you go, etc) are eo, is, it, imus, itis, eunt hodie today hodie is an adverb, don't try to use it as a noun ("Today is a good day") domi at home An instance of the locative case, normally used for cities ambulat he/she walks forum, -i marketplace Based upon your reading of the table of conjunctions, how would one translate these sentences? Aut tu es bonus aut tu es malus ergo dīc mihi vēritātem (tell me the truth). Cavēte canem quod nec estis fortes nec cum virtūte. Puer ē forō cum canē ambulat Et canis et cattus sunt laetī. In animō habeō īre ad grammaticum hodiē sed habeō labōrem (work) domī. Prepositions You have met a few prepositions already. Prepositions are indeclinable and genderless. Prepositions are placed before substantives and adjectives. Most prepositions take only the accusative or ablative case. Some prepositions may take both, however their meanings differ depending on the case. List of Common Prepositions Prepositions Taking the Accusative Case ad to ante before circum around contra against extra outside in* into inter between, among per through post after prope near propter because of super above trans across Prepositions Taking The Ablative Case a/ab** from cum with de about, down from e/ex** out of in* in pro for, on behalf of sine without sub under *notice the two different meanings of in depending on the case ** Similar to a/an in English, the form with the consonant is used when the following word begins with a vowel or 'h'. Ablative case forms for nouns and adjectivesNominative singularpuell-a (1st decl.)domin-us (2nd decl. m.)triclini-um (2nd decl. n.)canis (3rd decl.)Ablative singularpuell-ādomin-otricilini-ocan-eAblative pluralpuell-isdomin-istriclini-iscan-ibus Exercise 3 Latin English eroeriseriterimuseritiserunt I will beYou will beHe/she will beWe will beYou will beThey will be dives, divitis wealthy aedificium, -i building anima, -ae mind, soul venit he/she comes Translate the following sentences: ero domum (Latin omits 'ad' with 'domus,' specific city names, and small islands; e.g. Eunt Romam = They go [to] Rome.) cum bona fortuna ero dives! circum agrum est aedificium cum atrio tu non es vir sine animis. familia venit cum amore. List of Frequent Adverbs, Prepositions, and Conjunctions in Latin Taken from http://www.georgetown.edu/faculty/irvinem/classics203/resources/latin.lex atque, ac (conj): and [also], and; atque is used before consonants, ac before vowels ad modum: adv. very, quite; fully; + neg. = at all ad huc/adhuc: thus far, as yet, still, in addition, in the future aliquam: in some degree aliqui -qua -quod: some, any aliquis -qua -quid: someone, something; some, any aliquando: at times, sometimes; once, formerly aliquotiens: several times, at different times at (form of ad = in addition to): but (intro startling transitions) atque: and as well, even, together with, in everything; atque...atque, both..and atqui: rather, however, but at any rate, but for all that (transition in arg.) aut: or, at least, or else; aut...aut: either...or autem: but, on the other hand, however coram: adv. and prep. in the presence of, before dehinc: adv. while, from here, from now, henceforth; then, next deinde: adv. from there; then, afterwards; secondly, next (in order), in the second (next) place demum: adv. at last, finally, not till then; precisely, exactly, just, in fact, certainly, to be sure; modo demum: only now, just now. denique: adv. finally donec: while, as long as, until dum: conj. while, now; so long as, provided that, if only; until enim: (conj) namely, indeed, certainly, in fact, for, because eo quod: because etenim: (conj) and indeed, for, as a matter of fact etiam: also, besides; even, actually; (time) still etsi: (conj.) though, although, and yet fas (est): indecl. (it is) right, proper huc: here, to this place; so far, for this purpose ibi: there, then, therein, on that occassion idcirco: for that reason, on that account, therefore ideo: therefore, for this reason illuc: (adv.) (to) there; to that; to him/her immo: (adv.) or rather; indeed; no, yes (emphasis) interdum: occasionally, sometimes, now and then inde: from there, from that source, then, after; from then iuxta: (adv) near by, alike, equally; (prep) close to, right after, near to, beside. iuxta (7th-15th c.): according to iuxta aliquid: to some extent ita: thus, so, in this way; ita...ut: just as, so...that ita...quomodo: just as licet: all right; (with dat + inf) it is right for someone to; (conj) although, even if modo: only, just now necnon: also, moreover, certainly, besides nempe: to be sure, of course non numquam: sometimes nondum: not yet nonnullus -a -um: some, several nuper: recently, lately nusquam: nowhere ob: before, in front of; on account of, because of; for the sake of; instead of; in proportion to ob rem: to the purpose, usefully quam ob rem: wherefore, accordingly olim: once; of old; one day praeterea: besides, moreover; hereafter postea: afterwards postmodum: afterwards; presently procul: far off proinde: adv. consequently, therefore; just as propterea: for that reason, therefore prorsus/prorsum: (adv.) forwards; absolutely; in short prout: (conj) according as qua: (adv) where, as far as, how; qua..qua: partly...partly qualibit: anywhere, any way, as you please qualis -e: what sort of, what kind of, such as, as qualiter: adv. how, as, just as quam: (adv) how, how much; as, very quamdiu: as long as; while; inasmuch as quamquam: although quamvis: (adv) however; (conj) although quando: when (after nisi, ne) ever; (conj) when, since, because quandoque: (adv) at some time; (conj) whenever, as often as, since quantum: (adv) as much as, as far as, so much as, to what extent quantus: how great, how much in quantum: to what extent quanto: for how much quantum ad: in terms of, as far as x is concerned, with respect to quapropter: wherefore quare: by what means, how; why, wherefore quasi: as if, as though quatenus: adv.(inter.) how far, how long? (rel.) as far as, in so far as, since quemadmodum: (adv) in what way, how; (conj) as, just as quicquam: anything quicumque quae- quod-: whoever, whatever; all that, any whatever quidam quae- quid-: a certain one, someone, a kind of quidem: indeed, in fact quippe: adv. certainly, of course; conj.(explaining) for in fact, because, since quisquam quid-: anyone, anything quisque quidque: each, each one, every quisquis, quidquid: whoever, whatever; all quo: where, what for, to what end quoad: as to, with respect to quocumque: wither so ever, how so ever quod: (conj) because, as far as, in so far as, as for the fact that, in that, that quod si: but if quodamodo: in a way quomodo: how, in what way; (rel) as, just as quondam: once, sometimes, formerly quoniam: because, since, seeing that, now that quoque: also, too quot: how many; (conj) as many quotiens: how often (rel) as often as rursus: again, in turn recte: rightly, correctly rursum: again sane: reasonably, sensibly; certainly, doubtless, truly; of course; c. neg. = really, at all; to be sure, however scilicet: adv. evidently, naturally, of course; (as explan. particle:) namely, that is to say, in other words semel: once seu: and simul: at the same time; together; likewise sin: but if siquidem: if in fact; if only, if indeed; since indeed, since that talis -e: adj. such, of such a kind, the following taliter: in such a manner, so tam: so, so greatly; tam...quam: so...as, much...as well as tamen: yet, nevertheless, still tamquam: as, just as; (conj) as if, just as if tandem: at last, finally tantum: (adv) so much, so greatly; to such a degree; so far; only tantus -a -um (adj): of such (a size); so great, so much tot: as many, so many tunc: (avd) then, just the; thereupon, accordingly, consequently ubicumque: wherever, everywhere unde: whence, from where; wherefore; this being the case usque: as far as, all the way, continually, straight on, up to; until ut...ita: while...nevertheless uterque -raque -rumque: both, each (of two) utinam: would that, if only utique: anyhow, at least, at any rate utpote: as, in as much as utrum: (conj) either, whether velut: as, just as, as it were, as though verumtamen: but yet, nevertheless vero (conj): but, truly videlicet: clearly, evidently; namely