1522

December 2024 1522 1522 250px|thumb|September 6: Eighteen men, including Captain Juan Sebastián Elcano, return to Spain as the first people to travel around the world. thumb|right|December 20: The Knights of Malta are allowed to leave Rhodes. __NOTOC__ Year 1522 (MDXXII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1522nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 522nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 22nd year of the 16th century, and the 3rd year of the 1520s decade. Events thumb|right|3rd Textus Receptus. January–March January 9 – The papal conclave to elect a successor to the late Pope Leo X is concluded as cardinal Adriaan Florensz Boeyens of the Netherlands, regent of Spain and bishop of Tortosa, is selected as a compromise candidate despite being absent from the proceedings. Cardinal Boeyens is proclaimed as Pope Adrian VI, the 218th pope and the last non-Italian pontiff for the next 450 years.Baumgartner Frederic J. 2003 Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections Palgrave Macmillan 95–97 0-312-29463-8 registration https://archive.org/details/behindlockeddoor00fred January 26 – Spanish conquistador Gil González Dávila sets out from the gulf of Panama to explore the Pacific coast of Central America. He explores Nicaragua and names Costa Rica when he finds copious quantities of gold in Pacific beaches. February 5 – In Castile in Spain, the Revolt of the Comuneros is re-ignited when King Carlos V reneges on a promised amnesty to participants in a 1520 uprising, and threatens to execute revolt leader María Pacheco.Pérez Joseph Joseph Pérez 2001 Los Comuneros Madrid La Esfera de los Libros, S.L. 131 es 84-9734-003-5 Per01 Calm is restored by the intervention of Maria de Mendoza, and while many of the rebels are punished, Pacheco is able to escape to Portugal.Seaver Henry Latimer Henry Latimer Seaver The Great Revolt in Castile: A Study of the Comunero Movement of 1520–1521 1928 1966 Octagon Books New York 348 February 7 – The Pact of Brussels is signed between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his younger brother Archduke Ferdinand, guaranteeing Charles's support of Ferdinand to become the King of the Romans. February 10 – The Grünwald Conference takes place in the Duchy of Bavaria in Germany, as the co-rulers, Duke Wilhelm IV and Duke Ludwig X agreed to retain the traditional Roman Catholic Church but to make their own reformation of the church within the Duchy, beginning what will eventually become the Counter-Reformation. "500 Years of the Grünwald Conference", Museen-in-Bayern February 27 – Daniil of Volotsk is appointed by the Grand Duke of Moscow as the new Metropolitan of Moscow, becoming the leader of the Russian Orthodox Church.Zhmakin V. I., "Daniil (Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia)", Russian Biographical Dictionary (St. Petersburg: Dabelov – Dyadkovsky, 1905) pp.84-92 February 28 – The Viscount of Lautrec, leader of the French Army, spares the Italian residents of Treviglio from his plan of vengeance for their earlier resistance to the French troops, apparently after witnessing a miracle of seeing a fresco of the Virgin Mary shed tears.Piero Perego and Ildebrando Santagiuliana, Storia di Treviglio ("History of Treviglio"), Pro Loco, 1987, pp. 351-353 March 5 – In what is now the Karnataka state of India, Waliullah Shah is installed as the new ruler of Bahmani by the Sultan of Bidar, Amir Barid I.Kulke Hermann Rothermund Dietmar A History of India Routledge 2004 9780415329200 181 March 6 – Protestant reformer Martin Luther returns to Wittenberg in Germany after getting cleared to return home by his protector, Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony.Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther (New York: Penguin, 1995) pp. 44–45 March 9 – In Zurich in Switzerland, the Affair of the Sausages begins as Pastor Huldrych Zwingli of Grossmünster publicly speaks out against the food restrictions during the Roman Catholic period of fasting during Lent, and advocating that followers of Martin Luther eat sausage, one of the prohibited foods. Zwingli defends his action in the sermon Von Erkiesen und Freiheit der Speisen ("Regarding the freedom of Choice of Foods"), in that the Bible does not prohibit the eating of meat during Lent. The public declaration sparks the Reformation in Zürich.Lindberg Carter July 2009 The European Reformations John Wiley and Sons 978-1-4051-8068-9 161 https://books.google.com/books?id=GKoS6pB_3RQC&pg=PA161 January 15, 2012 In Wittenberg, as the first day of Lent arrives, Martin Luther begins preaching the first of his eight "Invocavit sermons", stressing the primacy of core Christian values, such as love, patience, charity, and freedom, and reminding his followers to trust God's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change.Martin Brecht, Martin Luther (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1985–1993), p.165 March 31 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, turns over control of the Duchy of Württemberg from the Duke Ulrich to the Emperor's brother, the Archduke Ferdiand of Austria.Marcus Kenneth H. Politics of Power: Elites of an Early Modern State in Germany 2000 Verlag Philipp von Zabern de 47 3-8053-2534-7 April–June April 27 – In the Battle of Bicocca, French and Swiss forces under Odet de Lautrec are defeated by the Spanish in their attempt to retake Milan, and are forced to withdraw into Venetian territory.André Biéler Calvin's Economic and Social Thought https://books.google.com/books?id=n-PtAAAAMAAJ 2006 World Alliance of Reformed Churches, World Council of Churches 978-2-8254-1445-3 34 May 10 –Pope Adrian VI, at the request of Spanish Emperor Carlos V, promulgates the papal bull Exponi nobis, allowing members of mendicant orders in the New World to exercise "almost all episcopal authority" when the closest Roman Catholic diocesan bishop is more than two days of travel away.Greenleaf Richard E. The Inquisition and the Indians of New Spain: A Study in Jurisdictional Confusion The Americas October 1965 22 2 138–166 10.2307/979238 979238 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/abs/inquisition-and-the-indians-of-new-spain-a-study-in-jurisdictional-confusion/C717AB3A12CD0E9A9853F23D0A8EB0A5 April 27, 2024 en 0003-1615 subscription May 15 – At Coyoacán in Mexico (at the time, the colony of New Spain) Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés sends his third report to the Emperor Carlos V, describing the events of the last two years, including the conquest of Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire.Martínez José Luis Hernán Cortés 1990 UNAM-FCE México May 28 – The Ottoman Empire's siege of Knin in the Kingdom of Croatia is successful as Mihajlo Vojković surrenders to Gazi Husrev Bey and most of the Croatian inhabitants are allowed to leave. Inhabitants of Bosnia then move in.http://hrcak.srce.hr/100133 Tiniensia archaeologica historica topographica II Gunjača Stjepan September 1960 Starohrvatska Prosvjeta III 7 92 Museum of Croatian Archaeological Monuments Knin hr December 13, 2016 May 29 – England formally declares war on France and Scotland.Knecht Robert J. Robert Knecht Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I 1994 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 200 978-0-521-57885-1 registration https://archive.org/details/renaissancewarri00knec/page/n5/mode/2up Palmer Alan Palmer Veronica 1992 The Chronology of British History Century Ltd London 142–145 0-7126-5616-2 May 30 – In Italy, the siege of Genoa, defended by France against the Holy Roman Imperial armies of General Fernando d'Avalos, ends after 10 days as the Imperial troops overrun the city. Since Genoa had refused to surrender, the Imperial troops are permitted to pillage the fallen city.Micheal Clodfelter 2017 Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015 McFarland 11 9781476625850 en Clodfelter, 2017 June 19 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor visits King Henry VIII of England, and signs the Treaty of Windsor, pledging a joint invasion of France, bringing England into the Italian War of 1521–1526.Williams Hywel Cassell's Chronology of World History London Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2005 0-304-35730-8 204–210 https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/204 July–September July 4 – Brought on ships across the English Channel, an English fleet and army under the command of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, attacks Brittany and Picardy after landing at Le Dourduff-en-Mer, near Calais, and burns and loots the countryside.Hackett Francis Francis the First Garden City, NY Doubleday 1937 253 July 23 – A counter-attack by local peasants and the French Army defeats the English Army in the first Battle of Morlaix, the day after the English pillage the town of Morlaix and begin loading their treasure on to their ships. When the French Army, commanded by Guy XVI de Laval, arrives, it finds that most of the English soldiers are either sleeping or drunk after having celebrated a conquest, and about 700 English soldiers are massacred."Morlaix", in Dictionnaire historique et géographique de la province de Bretagne, ed. by Jean-Baptiste Ogée (1780) July 28 – Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I begins his siege to expel the Knights of St. John in Rhodes. August 3 – Lord Erskine is appointed by Margaret Tudor, regent of Scotland, to be the "keeper" of Margaret's 10-year-old son, King James V, who is to remain within the confines of Erskine's home at Stirling Castle."Ordinance for the Keeping of King James the Fifth", in Report on the Manuscripts of the Earl of Mar and Kellie, Volume 1, ed. by Thomas Erskine Kellie (1st earl of), Walter John Francis Erskine earl of Mar and Kellie (London: Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, 1904) pp.11-12 August 15 – Ottoman General Mehmed-Bey of Nikopol enters Târgoviște and takes control of the Principality of Wallachia, now part of Romania, as Radu of Afumați is forced to flee.Stoicescu Nicolae Radu de la Afumați 1983 Editura Militară, București August 27 – The Knights' War erupts within the Holy Roman Empire as Franz von Sickingen leads a revolt against the Prince-Bishop of Trier and to seize the church properties within the Electorate of Trier August 31 – Pope Adrian VI is crowned at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.Baumgartner Frederic J. 2003 Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections Palgrave Macmillan 97–98 0-312-29463-8 registration https://archive.org/details/behindlockeddoor00fred September 6 – A group of 18 men, commanded by Captain Juan Sebastián Elcano, and including Antonio Pigafetta, Maestre Anes and Juan de Zubileta become the first people to have traveled around the world.2010 Ferdinand Magellan https://library.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/pacific/magellan/magellan.html https://web.archive.org/web/20240315154103/https://library.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/pacific/magellan/magellan.html March 15, 2024 2024-05-09 library.princeton.edu Princeton University Library Arriving on the ship Victoria, they had set off as part of 270 sailors on five ships on the Magellan expedition almost three years earlier. They return to the Spanish port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda, from where they had departed on September 20, 1519.Beaglehole J.C. The Exploration of the Pacific 1966 Adam & Charles Black 3rd London 22 253002380 John Beaglehole September 21 – Luther Bible: Martin Luther's translation of the Bible's New Testament into Early New High German from Greek, Das newe Testament Deutzsch, is published in Germany, selling thousands in the first few weeks. September 22 – A 6.8 magnitude earthquake kills more than 2,500 people in the Spanish city of Almería, near Alhama de Almería. It has a maximum felt intensity of X–XI (extreme), making it the most destructive earthquake in Spanish history, and destroys the city, as well as damaging 80 other towns; in Granada, large cracks are observed in various walls and towers.Víctor Hernández Bru 1522: El año en el que Almería fue destruida por un gran terremoto July 11, 2017 https://www.ideal.es/almeria/almeria/1522-almeria-destruida-20170711115247-nt.html es 2020-02-22 October–December October 22 – An EMS-X intensity earthquake kills more than 4,000 people on the Azores Islands as its strikes Vila Franca do Campo, the provincial capital, located on São Miguel Island.Caldeira B. Fontiela J. Borges J.F. Bezzeghoud M. 2017 Large earthquakes in the Azores Física de la Tierra 29 29–45 10.5209/FITE.57601 free 10174/22303 free November 17 – The second Diet of Nuremberg opens to discuss various matters of the Holy Roman Empire, including the Protestant Reformation.Johann Eberlin von Günzburg, Fifteen Confederates (Pickwick Publications, 2014) p.14 n.55Martin Luther A Christian Between Reforms and Modernity (1517-2017) (DeGruyter, 2017) pp.348-349 December 18 – The Ottomans finally break into Rhodes, but the Knights continue fierce resistance in the streets. December 20 – Suleiman the Magnificent accepts the surrender of the surviving Knights in Rhodes, who are allowed to evacuate. They eventually re-settle on Malta, and become known as the Knights of Malta. Date unknown The third edition of Erasmus's Greek Textus Receptus of the New Testament, Novum Testamentum (with parallel Latin text), is published in Basel. Chinese Ming dynasty War Ministry official He Ru is the first to acquire the Portuguese breech-loading culverin, while copies of them are made by two Westernized Chinese at Beijing, Yang San (Pedro Yang) and Dai Ming. Australia is sighted by a Portuguese expedition led by Cristóvão de Mendonça, who maps the continent and names it Jave la Grande ("The Greater Java"), according to the theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia. The Portuguese ally with the Sultanate of Ternate and begin the construction of Fort Kastela. The Portuguese, allied with King Ilato of the Goratalo kingdom, construct the Otanaha Fortress. Births thumb|right|110px|Dirck Coornhert thumb|right|110px|Mihrimah Sultan January 22 – Charles II, Duke of Orléans, (d. 1545) February 2 Lodovico Ferrari, Italian mathematician (d. 1565) Francesco Alciati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1580) March 10 – Miyoshi Nagayoshi, Japanese samurai and daimyō (d. 1564) March 22 – Daniel Brendel von Homburg, Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1582) March 28 – Albert Alcibiades, German prince (d. 1557)Albert II Alcibiades margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/Albert-II-Alcibiades Encyclopædia Britannica March 16, 2022 en April 23 – Catherine of Ricci, Italian prioress (d. 1590) May 24 – John Jewel, English bishop (d. 1571) June 1 – Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert, Dutch writer and scholar (d. 1590) July 5 – Margaret of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (d. 1586) July 13 – Sophia Jagiellon, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1575) July 25 – Anna of Lorraine (d. 1568) July 31 – Charles II de Croÿ, Belgian duke (d. 1551) August 4 – Udai Singh II, King of Mewar (d. 1572) August 28 – Severinus of Saxony, Prince of Saxony; died young (d. 1533) September 11 – Ulisse Aldrovandi, Italian naturalist (d. 1605) October 4 – Gabriele Paleotti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1597) October 14 – Lucas Maius, Lutheran Reformation pastor, theologian and playwright (d. 1598) November 1 – Andrew Corbet, English landowner and politician (d. 1578) November 4 – Albert de Gondi, Marshal of France (d. 1602) November 9 – Martin Chemnitz, Lutheran reformer (d. 1586) November 18 – Lamoral, Count of Egmont, Flemish general and statesman (d. 1568) December 16 – Honoré I, Lord of Monaco (d. 1581) date unknown Mihrimah Sultan, Ottoman princess (d. 1578) Moses ben Jacob Cordovero, Spanish Jewish rabbi and kabbalist (d. 1570) Philothei, Greek saint (d. 1589) Jacques Cujas, French legal expert (d. 1590)Jacques Cujas https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095652437 Oxford Reference June 27, 2022 en probable Emperor Gelawdewos of Ethiopia (d. 1559) possible Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII of England, (b. between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542) Deaths thumb|110px|right|Johann Reuchlin January 25 – Raffaello Maffei, Italian theologian (b. 1451) January 29 – Wolfgang I of Oettingen, German count (b. 1455) February 25 – William Lilye, English classical scholar (b. c. 1468) April – Queen Eleni of Ethiopia April 10 – Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Italian philosopher (b. 1466) June 13 – Piero Soderini, Florentine statesman (b. 1450)John F. D'Amico Roman and German Humanism, 1450-1550 https://books.google.com/books?id=8Th1AAAAIAAJ 1993 Variorum 978-0-86078-388-6 201 June 24 – Elisabeth of the Palatinate, Landgravine of Hesse, German noble (b. 1483) June 25 – Franchinus Gaffurius, Italian composer (b. 1451) June 30 – Johann Reuchlin, German humanist and Hebrew scholar (b. 1455) August 28 – Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, sculptor, engineer and architect September – Gavin Douglas, Scottish poet and bishop (b. c. 1474) October 30 – Jean Mouton, French composer (b. c. 1459) November 14 – Anne of France, Princess and Regent of France (b. 1461)Anne of France regent of France Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-of-France Encyclopædia Britannica August 14, 2022 en date unknown – Fiorenzo di Lorenzo, Italian painter (b. 1440) References