1999–2000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season

Cyclone season in the Southwest Indian Ocean March 2012 SWI 2000 1999-2000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season summary.png December 23, 1999 April 24, 2000 Hudah 905 120 10 14 11 9 4 3 1 1,044 total(Fourth-deadliest South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season on record) 309 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02 1999–2000 Australian region cyclone season 1999–2000 South Pacific cyclone season The 1999–2000 South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season was the first on record in which two storms – Leon–Eline and Hudah – struck Mozambique at tropical cyclone intensity, or with maximum sustained winds of at least 120 km/h mph on.Indiana University Press 2001 Mozambique & the Great Flood of 2000 Frances Christie Joseph Hanlon 2014-09-30 https://archive.org/details/mozambiquegreatf00chri registration 111 2000 madagascar flood The most notable storm of the season was Eline, which was the third longest-lasting storm on record in the basin. It lasted for 29 days while traversing the southern Indian Ocean, making the strongest landfall in decades along eastern Madagascar in late February. The storm was the first in a series of three storms that struck the country in early 2000, along with Gloria in March and Hudah in April. Collectively, the three storms killed at least 316 people. The season started on November 1, 1999, and ended for most of the basin on April 30, 2000; for Mauritius and the Seychelles, the season continued until May 15. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the basin.Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-West Indian Ocean 2010 Edition 2010 World Meteorological Organization I-5 2012-11-26 http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP-12_2010_English.pdf Despite the destructive nature of the season, it began later than usual. Cyclone Astride originated toward the end of December, bringing rainfall and gusty winds to northern Madagascar while in the region. In January, Cyclones Babiola and Connie both formed east of Madagascar and took southerly tracks. Connie passed near Réunion island, producing 1752 mm in on of rainfall in the mountainous peaks and killing two people. Eline, the longest lasting storm of the season, struck Mozambique while the country was experiencing its worst flooding in 50 years, collectively causing around 700 deaths and about $500 million in damage. The storm also killed 12 people in Zimbabwe and 21 in South Africa. Just two weeks after Eline struck Madagascar, Tropical Storm Gloria affected the same general region, bringing additional deaths and damage. Cyclone Hudah in April was the strongest storm of the season, reaching peak 10‑minute winds of 220 km/h mph on. It caused three deaths in Mozambique, although its effects were worse in Madagascar, where there were 111 deaths. The final storm of the season was Tropical Storm Innocente, which dissipated on April 24. In addition to the named storms, there were four unnamed tropical disturbances or storms, as well as one subtropical cyclone that formed in the southern Mozambique Channel. __TOC__ Season summary The Météo-France office (MFR) on Réunion island issued warnings in tropical cyclones within the basin during the season. The agency estimated intensity through the Dvorak technique, which utilized the continuous satellite imagery in the basin since May 1998. Wind estimates were sustained over 10 minutes, to be converted to 1‑minute winds by dividing by 0.88, as compared to a divisor of 0.80 in previous years. Warnings on tropical cyclones in the region were from the coast of Africa to 90° E, south of the equator.Philippe Caroff June 2011 Operational procedures of TC satellite analysis at RSMC La Reunion World Meteorological Organization 2013-04-22 http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/RSMCLaReunionforIWSATC.pdf etal The Joint Typhoon Warning Center – a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force – also issued tropical cyclone warnings for the region.Joint Typhoon Warning Center Annual Tropical Cyclone Report 2015-01-22 http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/2000atcr.pdf February 21, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130221082324/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/2000atcr.pdf dead Beginning this season, the MFR changed their method for labeling tropical disturbances, classifying them sequentially by number. In previous years, the agency labeled disturbances by letter and number of the subsequent unnamed storm. The season began later than usual, the third consecutive one to do so. There were no indications of tropical cyclogenesis before the middle of December, putting the season among the latest 20% since 1967 in terms of seasons' first storms. On December 26, the MFR utilized the QuikSCAT satellite for the first time in the basin to assess a storm's intensity. During the season, 14 tropical disturbances formed, which is near average, and they tended to last longer than normal. Eleven of these disturbances became tropical depressions, of which nine attained gale force winds and were named. In addition, four storms reached tropical cyclone intensity, or 10‑minute sustained winds of 120 km/h mph on. The 9 named storms and 4 tropical cyclones is also the basin average for each category in a given year. There were 61 days in which a storm was active, greater than the median of 48 and more than double than the previous season. In general, storms formed south of 10° S, with the exception of the first storm Astride, and most storms generally tracked east to west due to a strong ridge east of Madagascar. Systems Severe Tropical Storm Astride SWI STS Astride 28 dec 1999 0500Z.jpg Astride 1999 track.png December 23 January 3 50 65 985 On December 23, a circulation with accompanying convection became evident about 400 km mi on southeast of Diego Garcia, becoming a tropical disturbance.Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 2000 Astride (1999357S08076) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-08-19 http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1999357S08076 https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092945/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1999357S08076 December 22, 2015 dead mdy-all While moving to the south, the thunderstorms organized more, aided by low wind shear, good outflow, warm waters, and its position beneath an anticyclone.Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary December 1999 Gary Padgett 2014-08-19 http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/summ9912.htm Curving west-southwestward due to a ridge to the south, the system intensified into a tropical depression and later Tropical Storm Astride on December 25. That day, the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 03S. The storm developed a large area of convection, prompting the MFR to upgrade it to a severe tropical storm on December 26, estimating 10‑minute winds of 95 km/h mph on. On December 27, the JTWC upgraded Astride to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane due to the appearance of an eye feature, estimating 1‑minute winds of 120 km/h mph on. Later that day, the storm weakened unexpectedly, perhaps related to wind shear from a trough to the south. The convection deteriorated markedly, and the weakening storm turned more to the west-northwest on December 29 due to a weaker ridge. Convection reorganized slightly, although it was dislocated from the center. Early on December 30, the storm passed about 70 km mi on northeast of Tromelin Island. Curving back to the west, Astride struck northeastern Madagascar between Vohemar and Antsiranana on December 31 as a minimal tropical storm. It emerged into the Mozambique Channel as a tropical depression, and despite forecasts to the contrary, it reintensified into a tropical storm before passing near Mayotte on January 2. Early the next day, Astride weakened back to tropical depression status before moving ashore eastern Mozambique near Pemba, dissipating soon after. On Tromelin, Astride brought strong winds, including 10‑minute sustained winds of 101 km/h mph on and gusts to 127 km/h mph on. No damage was reported in Madagascar during the storm's passage there. When Astride passed just south of Mayotte, it brought gusts to 76 km/h mph on, strong enough to knock over some banana trees and to destroy a stone house. The storm also dropped 150 mm in on of rainfall over 24 hours, including 41 mm in on in one hour. Heavy rainfall accompanied Astride's final landfall, penetrating as far inland as Malawi. Tropical Cyclone Babiola SWI Babiola 2000-01-09 0900Z.png Babiola 2000 track.png January 3 January 12 85 90 950 Toward the beginning of January, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) remained active across much of the basin, with low pressure and widespread thunderstorms. One such area persisted southeast of Diego Garcia and organized sufficiently to be classified as a tropical disturbance on January 3. That day, the JTWC issued the first of three Tropical Cyclone Formation Alerts, noting the increase in convection.Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary January 2000 Gary Padgett 2014-08-20 http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/summ0001.htm The system moved to the northeast along the southeastern edge of a ridge near the equator, but turned back to the southwest on January 5. That day, convection increased over the center, after having previously been dislocated due to wind shear. Late on January 5, the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 02S, and on the next day, the MFR upgraded the system to Tropical Storm Babiola. The storm accelerated to the southwest and continued to intensity. An irregular eye formed on January 8, prompting the MFR to upgrade Babiola to tropical cyclone status. The outflow and the eye became more pronounced after further strengthening, and the cyclone attained peak 10‑minute winds of 155 km/h mph on on January 9. The JTWC, by contrast, estimated peak 1‑minute winds of 165 km/h mph on.Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 2000 Babiola (2000003S13082) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-08-20 http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-2000003S13082 https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111626/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-2000003S13082 December 22, 2015 dead mdy-all Around the time of peak intensity, Babiola began turning more to the south due to an approaching trough. Late on January 9, the cyclone passed about 400 km mi on east of Rodrigues. Increased shear weakened the eyewall and convection, and Babiola weakened below cyclone status on January 11. Early the next day, the JTWC discontinued advisories as the storm was beginning to become extratropical. The MFR followed suit later on January 12, although the agency continued to track Babiola. The storm shifted south-southwestward on January 13 before resuming its southeast trajectory, influenced by a ridge to the south. On January 14, the remnants of Babiola passed just west of Île Amsterdam, where gusts reached 90 km/h mph on. Later that day, the storm merged with the trough that had originally turned it to the southeast. Intense Tropical Cyclone Connie SWI Connie 2000-01-28 1000Z.png Connie 2000 track.png January 25 February 1 100 120 930 Cyclone Connie An area of thunderstorms formed on January 22 east of the northern tip of Madagascar, organizing into a tropical disturbance three days later. By late on January 25, the MFR upgraded the system to Tropical Storm Connie, and on the same day the JTWC initiated advisories on the storm as Tropical Cyclone 08S. With favorable conditions, Connie gradually organized while initially stationary, later beginning a steady southeast motion on January 26. The JTWC upgraded the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane on January 27, around the same time that the MFR upgraded Connie to tropical cyclone status. The storm's eye became well-defined as the winds increased, and the MFR estimated peak 10‑minute winds of 185 km/h mph on on January 28; on the same day, the JTWC estimated peak 1‑minute winds of 220 km/h mph on. Increased shear weakened the storm as it curved southwestward, and late on January 29 Connie passed about 130 km mi on northwest of Réunion. The storm turned to the southeast again and became extratropical on February 1, dissipating the next day. While passing northwest of Mauritius, the outer fringes of Connie brought heavy rains peaking at 647 mm in on over the span of six days, or equivalent to a month's worth of precipitation. These rains helped relieve extreme drought conditions. The storm also produced gusts of 134 km/h mph on, and one person died after falling off his roof.Cyclone kills two, destroys hundreds of homes on island Associated Press 2000-01-30Lexis Nexis The storm also brought heavy rainfall to Réunion, totaling 1752 mm in on, of which 1296 mm in on occurred in over 24 hours. Wind gusts there reached 155 km/h mph on 5 in Peite France. Many roads across the island were damaged, and about 40,000 people lost power, while more than 100 homes were destroyed.Indian Ocean cyclone https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=20000204&id=selRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HnADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6285,1190628url= 2014-08-20 Pittsburgh Post Gazette 2000-02-04 8 Two persons were killed,Associated Press 2000-01-30 2014-07-20 Island Cyclone Kills Two https://apnews.com/f4ba4473df82b25e1f3df3d61e7b3dad AP News Archive and 600 people were left homeless. Although the agriculture sector suffered the most significant damages, overall damage was minor. Moderate Tropical Storm Damienne SWI Damienne 2000-02-01 0832Z.png Damienne 2000 track.png January 30 February 7 35 50 994 The same monsoon trough that spawned Connie also produced an area of convection southeast of Diego Garcia on January 28. The circulation slowly organized, and the MFR classified it as a tropical disturbance on January 30. A nearby trough steered the system southeastward initially and later to the southwest. On January 31, the system became a tropical depression, and later Moderate Tropical Storm Damienne the next day, reaching peak winds of 65 km/h mph on. Also on February 1, the JTWC initiated warnings on Tropical Cyclone 10S, which estimated 1‑minute winds of 95 km/h mph on.Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary February 2000 Gary Padgett 2014-08-25 http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/summ0002.htm Increased wind shear removed the convection on February 2, causing marked weakening, and prompting the JTWC to discontinue advisories that day. This was despite forecasts of strengthening to near tropical cyclone status. As a weak tropical disturbance, Damienne turned to a rapid westward motion, passing north of Rodrigues and Tromelin. The circulation dissipated on February 7 off the northeast coast of Madagascar. Intense Tropical Cyclone Leon–Eline SWI Eline 2000-02-21 0600Z.png Leon-Eline 2000 track.png February 8 (Entered basin) February 29 100 115 930 Cyclone Leon–Eline On February 1, a low-pressure area formed within the monsoon trough to the south of Indonesia, which would eventually become Tropical Cyclone Leon in the Australian basin, as well as Tropical Cyclone 11S according to JTWC. The storm tracked westward across much of the Indian Ocean, fluctuating in strength due to changes in the atmosphere. After crossing 90° E, the MFR began tracking the system as Tropical Storm Eline on February 8. The storm continued westward across the Indian Ocean and intensified greatly as it approached the east coast of Madagascar. Late on February 17, Eline made landfall near Mahanoro with 10‑minute winds of 165 km/h mph on, making it the strongest storm to hit the country in several decades. The storm rapidly weakened over land, but restrengthened in the Mozambique Channel to reach peak 10‑minute winds of 185 km/h mph on. On February 22, Eline made landfall about 80 km mi on south of Beira, Mozambique near peak intensity and quickly weakened over land. The well-defined circulation moved across southern African, finally dissipating over eastern Namibia on February 29. Throughout its duration, Leon–Eline lasted 29 days, a record longevity for a storm in the south-west Indian Ocean. The track was over 11,000 km mi on, or about 25% of the Earth's circumference. Eline struck while Madagascar was in the midst of a cholera epidemic that had killed over 1,000 people.2000-03-07 Madagascar faces Mozambique-style floods crisis, UN warns Agence France-Presse 2014-07-21 ReliefWeb http://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/madagascar-faces-mozambique-style-floods-crisis-un-warns The storm directly killed at least 64 people in Madagascar, although Tropical Storm Gloria struck shortly thereafter, compounding upon the damage and making it difficult to discern the individual damage totals.2000-03-07 Christian Chadefaux Cyclones killed 130 in Madagascar: official estimate Agence France-Presse 2014-07-21 ReliefWeb http://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/cyclones-killed-130-madagascar-official-estimate Damage from Eline was estimated at US$9 million.EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database Université catholique de Louvain – Brussels – Belgium 2014-08-14 http://www.emdat.be/result-country-profile?disgroup=natural&country=mdg&period=1995$2014 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125650/http://www.emdat.be/result-country-profile?disgroup=natural&country=mdg&period=1995%242014 August 19, 2014 Collectively the two storms killed 205 people in the country,ReliefWeb 2000-03-13 2014-07-30 Madagascar: Cyclones and floods Information Bulletin No. 2 International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies http://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/madagascar-cyclones-and-floods-information-bulletin-no-2 destroyed about half of the rice harvest,United States Agency for International Development Madagascar ReCAP Rural Roads Cyclone Rehabilitation Project 2001-03-23 2014-08-14 http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pdabt422.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20061010113635/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDABT422.pdf dead October 10, 2006 and left 10,000 homeless.IRIN 2000-03-16 Southern Africa: Floods report 16 Mar 2000 ReliefWeb 2014-08-02 http://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/southern-africa-floods-report-16-mar-2000 In the region around Vatomandry, where Eline made landfall, 65% of houses were damaged, 90% of crops were lost, and 75% of health facilities were wrecked.IRIN 2000-03-15 Southern Africa: Floods report 15 Mar 2000 ReliefWeb 2014-08-01 http://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/southern-africa-floods-report-15-mar-2000 Before Eline struck Mozambique, the worst floods since 1951 had affected the nation since January, killing about 150 people.Disaster Relief 2000-02-18 Tropical storm threatens flood-ravaged Mozambique 2014-09-01 http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/tropical-storm-threatens-flood-ravaged-mozambiqueEmelia Sithole 2000-02-23 Mozambique's Chissano urges post-cyclone aid Reuters ReliefWeb 2014-09-04 http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambiques-chissano-urges-post-cyclone-aid The additional rainfall and flooding from Eline created the country's worst natural disaster in a century.US Fund for UNICEF 2000-02-29 2014-09-08 Mozambique floods situation report 29 Feb 2000 ReliefWeb http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-floods-situation-report-29-feb-2000 The combined effects destroyed over 250000 ha acre on of crop fields and killed 40,000 cattle.Lutheran World Relief 2000-03-03 One woman ready to name her baby after the floods; 600 Mozambican families ready to build new lives ReliefWeb 2014-09-12 http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/one-woman-ready-name-her-baby-after-floods-600-mozambican-families-ready-build-new Eline's passage disrupted ongoing relief efforts,Cynthia Long 2000-02-23 Mozambique to appeal for aid in wake of Cyclone Eline Disaster Relief ReliefWeb 2014-09-06 http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-floods-ocha-situation-report-no-9 with the port in Beira blocked for two weeks due to five sunken ships. High levels along the Limpopo River isolated the town of Xai-Xai,United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 2000-02-24 Mozambique – Floods OCHA Situation Report No. 9 ReliefWeb 2014-09-04 http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/international-appeal-government-mozambique-emergency-relief-and-initial with water levels along the river reaching as high as 11 m ft on above normal in some areas, as well as 15 km mi on wide.Médecins Sans Frontières 2000-03-01 Mozambique: Chokwe flood victims face dam-burst threat 2014-09-09 ReliefWeb http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-chokwe-flood-victims-face-dam-burst-threat A dam broke along the river, flooding the town of Chokwe in the middle of the night and trapping several unprepared residents.World Relief 2000-02-27 Dam breaks, flooding Mozambican town; World Relief staff mounts rescue operation 2014-09-06 ReliefWeb http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/dam-breaks-flooding-mozambican-town-world-relief-staff-mounts-rescue-operation About 55 people drowned in Sofala Province after rescue helicopters arrived too late to save them.World Vision 2000-03-01 Floodwaters continue to rise in Mozambique 2014-09-09 ReliefWeb http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/floodwaters-continue-rise-mozambique Around 20,000 people in the capital city of Maputo lost their homes. In addition to the floods, strong winds blew away many roofs and some entire houses made of mud.Mail and Guardian 2000-02-23 250km/h wind hits flooded Mozambique Chris McGreal ReliefWeb 2014-09-04 http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/250kmh-wind-hits-flooded-mozambique The combined effects of the preceding floods and Eline left about 300,000 people homeless, about 700 deaths, and damage estimated at $500 million (2000 USD). The cyclone and the floods disrupted much of the economic progress Mozambique had made in the 1990s since the end of its civil war.Trócaire 2000-02-24 Trocaire launches appeal for Mozambique flood victims ReliefWeb 2014-09-06 http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/trocaire-launches-appeal-mozambique-flood-victims Elsewhere in southern Africa, Eline brought strong winds and heavy rainfall when it crossed into eastern Zimbabwe, due to maintaining a well-defined structure. Rivers overflowed their banks in the country,Christian Aid 2000-02-28 Latest update on flood alert in southern Africa ReliefWeb 2014-09-06 http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/latest-update-flood-alert-southern-africa damaging crops and houses while leaving 15,000 people homeless.World Health Organization 2000-02-24 Mozambique Government launches an international appeal ReliefWeb 2014-09-06 http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-government-launches-international-appeal The storm killed 12 people in the country. Flooding from the storm extended southward into Swaziland and South Africa. In the latter country, Eline dropped 503 mm in on of rainfall in Levubu over three days, causing the Limpopo River to reach its highest level in 15 years. Officials opened dams along the Limpopo River to prevent structural damage, which caused higher levels along the river to the east.Mail and Guardian 2000-02-24 300 000 homeless in Mozambique Chris McGreal ReliefWeb 2014-09-06 http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/300-000-homeless-mozambique At least 21 people died in the country,Agence France-Presse 2000-02-28 South Africa braces for influx of flood-affected refugees ReliefWeb 2014-09-06 http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/south-africa-braces-influx-flood-affected-refugees and about 80,000 people were left homeless, forcing many people into churches and schools. Damage in Limpopo Province alone was estimated at $300 million (USD).Pan African News Agency 2000-02-28 Pretoria Ready For Rescue Operations In Mozambique ReliefWeb 2014-09-06 http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/pretoria-ready-rescue-operations-mozambique To the north, Eline dropped about 90 mm in on of rainfall in southern Malawi, while gusty winds caused a power outage in Blantyre.Pan African News Agency 2000-02-26 Malawi Helicopters Assist Mozambican Raphael Tenthani ReliefWeb 2014-09-06 http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/malawi-helicopters-assist-mozambican-flood-victims Farther west, rainfall rates of 50 – 100 mm in on were also reported in Botswana. Severe Tropical Storm Felicia SWI Felicia 2000-02-22 0900Z.png Felicia 2000 track.png February 18 February 24 60 65 975 While Eline was making landfall on Madagascar, another area of convection formed to its east on February 17 within the ITCZ. Its structure was similar to a monsoon depression, due to a large circulation with weak winds near the center. However, it was organized enough to be classified as a tropical disturbance on February 18 to the southeast of Diego Garcia.Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 2000 Felicia (2000050S13078) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-07-25 http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-2000050S13078 https://web.archive.org/web/20151003020231/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-2000050S13078 October 3, 2015 dead mdy-all It moved southeastward with increasing convection, prompting the Mauritius Meteorological Service to name it Felicia while still as a tropical depression on February 20. The convection however remained disorganized, and there were several small circulations within the broad gyre. After turning to the southwest due to a nearby trough, Felicia's circulation became more compact, as evidenced by a QuikSCAT pass. Outflow increased as wind shear decreased, and Felicia became a moderate tropical storm on February 21. On the same day, the JTWC initiated advisories on the storm as Tropical Cyclone 12S. Late on February 22, the JTWC upgraded the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, while the MFR estimated peak 10‑minute winds of 110 km/h mph on. This was based on a 100 km mi on wide eye feature that had developed in the storm's center. Around the time of peak intensity, Felicia passed about 500 km mi on southeast of Rodrigues. The interaction of the trough and a ridge to the east increased wind shear, causing the storm to weaken. On February 24, the storm became extratropical while still maintaining a well-defined circulation. It slowed and looped back to the northwest due to a ridge to the south, gradually becoming less defined and dissipating on February 26. Severe Tropical Storm Gloria SWI Gloria Mar 2 2000 0715Z.jpg Gloria 2000 track.png February 27 March 10 50 50 985 Early 2000 Madagascar floods On February 27, a circulation formed within the monsoon trough between Diego Garcia and St. Brandon, displaced due to wind shear,Cyclone Season 1999–2000 http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/publications/data/cSaisoncyclonique19992000.pdf RSMC La Reunion Météo-France 2014-07-17 but organized enough for the MFR to track it as Tropical Disturbance 8.Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 2000 Gloria (2000058S14063) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-07-17 http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-2000058S14063 https://web.archive.org/web/20151002213321/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-2000058S14063 October 2, 2015 dead mdy-all The shear gradually decreased, allowing the thunderstorms to organize as it moved westward.Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary February 2000 2014-07-17 http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/summ0002.htm On February 28, the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 15S, and on February 29 the MFR upgraded it to tropical depression status. The depression turned west-northwestward before rounding a ridge and turning to the southwest. The thunderstorms organized into a central dense overcast on March 1, prompting the MFR to upgrade it to Moderate Tropical Storm Gloria only 150 km mi on from the northeast coast of Madagascar. Gloria continued quickly to the southwest, gradually intensifying and developing an eye feature; on that basis, the MFR estimated peak 10‑minute winds of 95 km/h mph on, or severe tropical storm status, by the time it made landfall 10 km mi on north of Sambava. Operationally, the JTWC upgraded Gloria to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, with 1‑minute winds of 120 km/h mph on, although the agency downgraded the storm to the same peak as the MFR. The structure initially remained well-defined, although the circulation became difficult to locate as it progressed through the country. On March 4, the system exited Madagascar into the Mozambique Channel with scattered thunderstorms slowly reforming. On the next day, the JTWC discontinued advisories, although the MFR continued monitoring the system, labeling it as a tropical disturbance on March 8. Later that day, Gloria made landfall near Inhambane in southeastern Mozambique before turning to a southward drift, dissipating on March 10. As a developing disturbance, Gloria produced winds approaching gale-force on St. Brandon. Similar conditions were reported on Tromelin. When Gloria struck Madagascar, it produced sustained winds of 72 km/h mph on at Antalaha, about 70 km mi on south of Sambava. The storm brought heavy rainfall, with Mananjary reporting a two‑day total of 427 mm in on. The rains from Gloria occurred less than two weeks after Cyclone Leon–Eline struck the country, bringing additional flooding, landslides, and damage. In Sambava, near where Gloria moved ashore, the storm killed 18 people, destroyed hundreds of homes, and damaged a road connecting the area to the capital of Madagascar, Antananarivo. Farther inland, the cyclone killed 40 people at Andapa. Overall, Gloria killed at least 66 people, although the exact toll was initially unknown due to disrupted communications. Before Gloria emerged into the Mozambique Channel, various news outlets noted the potential for the storm to affect storm-ravaged Mozambique. However, minimal rainfall accompanied Gloria's final landfall. The rains were enough to delay flights for a day, which were transporting relief aid following Eline's devastating landfall in Mozambique.ReliefWeb 2000-03-10 2014-07-23 WFP Emergency Report No. 10 of 2000 World Food Programme http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/wfp-emergency-report-no-10-2000 Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Hudah SWI Hudah 2000-03-31 0645Z.jpg Hudah 2000 track.png March 25 (Enter basin) April 9 120 125 905 Cyclone Hudah A tropical low formed in the Australian basin on March 24, moving westward due to a strong subtropical ridge to the south. Despite having intensified enough, the Bureau of Meteorology did not name the system, and on March 25 the system crossed into the South-West Indian Ocean, whereupon it was named Hudah.Tropical Cyclone Hudah http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/pdf/hudah.pdf Bureau of Meteorology 2013-05-25 Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre Perth, Australia An eye formed, and the storm intensified into a tropical cyclone on March 27 well to the southeast of Diego Garcia. The structure fluctuated due to dry air, although Hudah was able to intensify steadily on March 31 after conditions became more favorable. The next day, the MFR upgraded it to a very intense tropical cyclone, estimating peak 10‑minute winds of 225 km/h mph on. By contrast, the JTWC estimated 1‑minute winds of 235 km/h mph on.Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary April 2000 http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/summ0004.htm Gary Padgett 2013-05-25 Cyclone Hudah maintained peak winds until making landfall just southeast of Antalaha, Madagascar on April 2. It weakened greatly over land, but like Eline it re-intensified over the Mozambique Channel. It re-attained tropical cyclone status on April 5 and reached 10‑minute winds of 160 km/h mph on by the time it made landfall on Mozambique near Pebane, Mozambique on April 8. It dissipated by the next day. While in the vicinity, Hudah brought moderate winds to Rodrigues, St. Brandon, and Tromelin. The cyclone affected the same parts of Madagascar that were previously impacted by Eline and Gloria.Successive storms batter Madagascar, threaten Mozambique http://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/successive-storms-batter-madagascar-threaten-mozambique 2013-05-25 2000-04-03 Agence France-Presse ReliefWeb Antananarvio, Madagascar Waves reached at least 8 m ft on in height along the coast.Mozambique: Latest Information 4 Apr 2000 http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-latest-information-4-apr-2000 2013-05-26 2000-04-04 US Fund For UNICEF Situation Report ReliefWeb New York The storm was considered the worst to affect the Antalaha region in 20 years, where 90% of homes were destroyed. It was estimated that the storm left at least 100,000 people homeless in Madagascar,Cyclone Hudah leaves two dead, up to 100,000 homeless, in Madagascar http://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/cyclone-hudah-leaves-two-dead-100000-homeless-madagascar 2013-05-25 2000-04-03 Agence France-Presse ReliefWeb Antananarvio, Madagascar and there were 111 deaths. In Mozambique, damage was much less than expected,United States Agency for International Development 2000-04-10 Southern Africa Cyclone Hudah Fact Sheet #4 (FY 2000) ReliefWeb 2014-09-29 http://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/southern-africa-cyclone-hudah-fact-sheet-4-fy-2000 and the storm affected areas farther north in the country than where Eline struck. Heavy rainfall occurred along the coast, but was insufficient to cause river flooding.Government of Mozambique 2000-04-10 Mozambique: INGC Situation Report 10 Apr 2000 ReliefWeb 2014-09-29 http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-ingc-situation-report-10-apr-2000 Strong winds damaged roofs and downed trees, mostly around Pebane, and the storm killed three people. Subtropical Depression 13 SWI 13R Apr 13 2000 0755Z.png 13R 2000 track.png swsubdep April 7 April 15 50 992 On April 6, a cold front exited the southeast coast of Africa into the Mozambique Channel, producing a small circulation on the next day southeast of Mozambique. On April 7, the system organized into Subtropical Depression 13 and gradually separated from the dissipating cold front. A ridge to the south steered the depression northward as the system became better defined. However, persistent wind shear initially prevented convection from organizing over the center. On April 9, the depression turned northwestward toward Mozambique as thunderstorms increased, aided by a decrease in wind shear through a shift in the jet stream. The center came very close to the Mozambique coast near Inhambane. Due to the small radius of maximum winds, the coastline was spared from strong gusts, although the system dropped 93.8 mm in on of rainfall in Inhambane over 48 hours.Government of Mozambique 2000-04-14 Mozambique: INGC Situation Report 14 Apr 2000 ReliefWeb 2014-09-30 http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-ingc-situation-report-14-apr-2000 The storm turned toward the east on April 11 away from land. Convection organized thereafter into an eye feature, but was weaker than thunderstorms in typical tropical cyclones, resulting in its subtropical classification. The MFR estimated peak 10‑minute winds of 95 km/h mph on on April 12,Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 2000 1319992000 (2000099S28037) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-07-25 http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-2000099S28037 https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111201/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-2000099S28037 December 22, 2015 dead mdy-all noting that the system should have been named, but also that its "structure has had no recent analogue in [the basin]." Meanwhile, the JTWC issued three Tropical Cyclone Formation Alerts, but never issued advisories. An increase in wind shear deteriorated the eye feature and the convection, promptly causing weakening. On April 15, the circulation dissipated off the southwest coast of Madagascar. Moderate Tropical Storm Innocente SWI Innocente 2000-04-16 0510Z.jpg Innocente 2000 track.png April 12 (crossed 90°E) April 24 37 45 993 The final storm of the year had its origins in the Australian basin. An area of convection persisted on April 8 to the southwest of Indonesia, developing a distinct center two days later while moving to the west. However, the thunderstorms were unable to organize due to wind shear. On April 11, the MFR estimated that the system became a tropical disturbance, although since it was east of 90° E the agency did not issue advisories at that time. On the next day, the system crossed into the basin and was classified as Tropical Disturbance 14. Over the next few days, the convection waxed and waned, with the strongest winds in the northern periphery. On April 14, the JTWC began tracking the system as Tropical Cyclone 26S. The disturbance maintained a general west-southwest trajectory, influenced by a ridge to the south. After slowing down and encountering a more favorable environment, the system intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Innocente on April 17, reaching peak 10‑minute winds of 70 km/h mph on.Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 2000 Innocente (2000103S10095) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-08-27 http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-2000103S10095 https://web.archive.org/web/20151222140558/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-2000103S10095 December 22, 2015 dead mdy-all Operationally, the MFR upgraded Innocente to storm status a day earlier, only to downgrade and re-upgrade; it was maintained as a depression during this time. The return of wind shear again caused weakening, beginning on April 18. A weak circulation persisted for several days, turning to the northwest with brief increases in thunderstorms. On April 24, Innocente dissipated, although the circulation drew moisture from the south to produce heavy rainfall on Mauritius, peaking at around 400 mm in on. Other systems right|thumb|Satellite image of long-tracked tropical depression in March Throughout the latter half of January, thunderstorms persisted in the Mozambique Channel. On January 12, the MFR classified an area of convection as Tropical Disturbance 3, although the agency ceased issuing advisories on the next day. Convection persisted, with an associated exposed circulation as of January 22. Two days later, the MFR issued one bulletin on the system before dropping advisories. The JTWC tracked the system as an area of potential development until January 26, when the thunderstorms weakened. The disturbance brought heavy rainfall to southwestern Madagascar, which followed a prolonged drought. In Morombe, rainfall over 36 hours accumulated to the average yearly total. This caused flooding and damage to crops and preceded devastating flooding that affected the nation over the subsequent months.Food and Agriculture Organization 2000-06-01 FAO/WFP Mission to Assess the Impact of Cyclones and Drought on the Food Supply Situation in Madagascar 2014-08-20 http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/x7379e/x7379e00.htm Toward the end of February, the ITCZ produced a large area of convection in the eastern portion of the basin which would spawn two disturbances. On February 29, Tropical Disturbance 9 formed within the system well to the southeast of Diego Garcia.Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 2000 0919992000:HSK1899:TS17S (2000060S12086) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-08-25 http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-2000060S12086 https://web.archive.org/web/20151002155017/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-2000060S12086 October 2, 2015 dead mdy-all The convection organized slightly despite easterly wind shear, which left the circulation exposed. On March 1, the JTWC classified it as Tropical Cyclone 17S,Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary March 2000 Gary Padgett 2014-08-25 http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/summ0003.htm estimating winds of tropical storm force the next day. The MFR, by contrast, classified it as a tropical depression while moving generally southwestward. The convection weakened on March 3 due to the wind shear, and the circulation steered more to the west-northwest. After nearly dissipating on March 5, the thunderstorms reorganized, possibly due to influence from the monsoon. It turned back to the east, possibly due to interaction with the approaching Cyclone Norman in the Australian basin. Convection soon after diminished over the depression, and the system dissipated on March 11 near 90°E. On March 1, Tropical Disturbance 10 formed within the same system that spawned the previous depression, only farther to the west. It also encountered wind shear, preventing much intensification. The system remained nearly stationary and failed to organize more. The MFR issued its last advisory on March 3. The MFR also issued bulletins on Norman as Tropical Disturbance 11, which briefly entered the basin on March 10 before dissipating.Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 2000 Norman (2000060S17123) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-08-25 http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-2000060S17123 https://web.archive.org/web/20151003060503/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-2000060S17123 October 3, 2015 dead mdy-all Storm names A tropical disturbance is named when it reaches moderate tropical storm strength. If a tropical disturbance reaches moderate tropical storm status west of 55°E, then the Sub-regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre in Madagascar assigns the appropriate name to the storm. If a tropical disturbance reaches moderate tropical storm status between 55°E and 90°E, then the Sub-regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre in Mauritius assigns the appropriate name to the storm. A new annual list is used every year so no names are retired.2003 Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South Pacific and South-East Indian Ocean August 15, 2008 World Meteorological Organization http://ftp.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/TCP_vO/OperationPlans/TCP12-English2003.pdf June 2017 InternetArchiveBot yes This was the last season to feature all-female names in the basin (although the name Terrence is typically a male given name). Astride Babiola Connie Damienne Eline Felicia Gloria Hudah Innocente Jonna Kenetha Lisanne Maizy Nella Ortensia Priscilla Rebecca Sophia Terrence Victorine Wilna Yanselma Season effects |- | 01 Astride || 991223 December 23 – January 4 || bgcolor=#STS|4 Severe tropical storm || bgcolor=#STS|50 kn km/h mph on out 5 on || bgcolor=#STS|985 hPa inHg 4 on on || Réunion, Mozambique, Madagascar, Mauritius, Rodrigues || 0 None || 0 None || |- | 02 Babiola || 991223 January 3 – 12 || bgcolor=#TC|4 Tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#TC|85 kn km/h mph on out 5 on || bgcolor=#TC|950 hPa inHg 4 on on || Île Amsterdam || 0 None || 0 None || |- | 03 03 || 991223 January 12–26 || bgcolor=#DI|4 Tropical Disturbance || bgcolor=#DI|Not specified Not specified  || bgcolor=#DI|Unknown || Madagascar || 1 Unknown || 1 Unknown || |- | 04 Connie || 991223 January 25–February 1 || bgcolor=#ITC|4 Intense tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#ITC|100 kn km/h mph on out 5 on || bgcolor=#ITC|930 hPa inHg 4 on on || Mauritius, Réunion, Southern Africa || 1 Unknown || 3 || |- | 05 Damienne || 991223 January 30 – February 7 || bgcolor=#MTS|4 Moderate tropical storm || bgcolor=#MTS|35 kn km/h mph on out 5 on || bgcolor=#MTS|994 hPa inHg 4 on on || None || 0 None || 0 None || |- | 06 Eline || 991223 February 8–February 29 || bgcolor=#ITC|4 Intense tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#ITC|100 kn km/h mph on out 5 on || bgcolor=#ITC|930 hPa inHg 4 on on || Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues, Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Malawi, Botswana, Namibia || >$309 million >$309 million || 114 114-722 || In Madagascar, Eline killed at least 64 people, although subsequent Tropical Storm Gloria affected the same region just two weeks later. The death toll for both storms is 205, with 66 confirmed fatalities related to Gloria, resulting in 139 deaths potentially related to Eline. There were only 17 confirmed fatalities in Mozambique, although the death toll from the cyclone and preceding floods was around 700, with 150 deaths before Eline's arrival. Therefore, there are up to 550 deaths related to the storm in that country. Elsewhere, Eline killed 12 people in Zimbabwe and 21 in South Africa. "nb" |- | 07 07 || 991223 February 29–March 11 || bgcolor=#TD|4 Tropical depression || bgcolor=#TD|Not specified Not specified  || bgcolor=#TD|Unknown || None || 0 None || 0 None || |- | 08 Felicia || 991223 February 18 – February 24 || bgcolor=#STS|4 Severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#STS|60 kn km/h mph on out 5 on || bgcolor=#STS|975 hPa inHg 4 on on || None || 0 None || 0 None || |- | 09 Gloria || 991223 February 27–March 10 || bgcolor=#STS|4 Severe tropical storm || bgcolor=#STS|50 kn km/h mph on out 5 on || bgcolor=#STS|985 hPa inHg 4 on on || St. Brandon, Tromelin Island, Madagascar, Mozambique || 1 Unknown || 66 || Gloria killed at least 66 people, although the exact toll was initially unknown due to disrupted communications. "nb" |- | 10 10 || 991223 March 1–March 3 || bgcolor=#TD|4 Tropical depression || bgcolor=#TD|Not specified Not specified  || bgcolor=#TD|Unknown || None || 0 None || 0 None || |- | 10 11 || 991223 March 10 || bgcolor=#DI|4 Tropical disturbance || bgcolor=#DI|Not specified Not specified  || bgcolor=#DI|Unknown || None || 0 None || 0 None || |- | 12 Hudah || 991223 March 25–April 9 || bgcolor=#VITC|4 Very intense tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#VITC|120 kn km/h mph on out 5 on || bgcolor=#VITC|905 hPa inHg 4 on on || St. Brandon, Tromelin Island, Rodrigues, Madagascar, Mozambique || 1 Unknown || 114 || |- | 13 13 || 991223 April 7–April 15 || bgcolor=#TD|4 Subtropical depression || bgcolor=#TD|50 kn km/h mph on out 5 on || bgcolor=#TD|992 hPa inHg 4 on on || Mozambique || 0 None || 0 None || |- | 14 Innocente || 991223 April 12–April 24 || bgcolor=#MTS|4 Moderate tropical storm || bgcolor=#MTS|37 kn km/h mph on out 5 on || bgcolor=#MTS|993 hPa inHg 4 on on || Mauritius || 0 None || 0 None || |- 14 systems 23 December – 24 April 120 kn km/h mph on out 5 905 hPa 4 on inHg > $309 million > 1,019 See also Tropical cyclones 2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season – The deadliest cyclone season in the South-West Indian Ocean, which saw Cyclone Idai devastate the countries in southern Africa east of the Mozambique Channel List of Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons Atlantic hurricane seasons: 1999, 2000 Pacific hurricane seasons: 1999, 2000 Pacific typhoon seasons: 1999, 2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 1999, 2000 Notes nb References 2 External links Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) https://web.archive.org/web/20100301105349/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC March 1, 2010 . Météo France (RSMC La Réunion). World Meteorological Organization Joint Typhoon Warning Center 2000 ATCR 1999–00 Best Track Data from Météo France July 1999 to June 2000 Tropical Cyclone Summaries and Operational Track Data Gary Padgett's Southern Hemisphere 1999–2000 Tropical Cyclone Season Review 1999 y 1990 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone yes * Category:South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons 2000 SWIO