1891 in science

none thumb | right | Early compound microscope "Stand I" from the Optical Workshop Carl Zeiss in Jena, in 1891 1891 science 1891 The year 1891 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Biology March 3 – Yellowstone Timberland Reserve, predecessor of Shoshone National Forest, in Wyoming is established as the first United States National Forest. The New Zealand government sets aside Resolution Island in Fiordland as a nature reserve.Hill Susanne John 1987 Richard Henry of Resolution Island John McIndoe Dunedin 0-86868-094-X The New York Botanical Garden is founded in The Bronx largely due to the efforts of Nathaniel Lord Britton. Jane Willis Kirkaldy and Catherine Pollard become the first women to sit final examinations in biology at the University of Oxford (and achieve first class honours).The female firsts https://www.oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk/page.aspx?pid=959 Oxford Today 22 1 29 September 2009 2011-08-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20110927172840/https://www.oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk/page.aspx?pid=959 2011-09-27 Chemistry Agnes Pockels first publishes the results of her researches into surface tension.Agnes Pockels Surface tension Nature 43 1115 437–439 1891 10.1038/043437c0 1891Natur..43R.437R https://zenodo.org/record/1429323C. H. Giles S. D. Forrester The origins of the surface film balance: Studies in the early history of surface chemistry, part 3 Chemistry & Industry 43–53 9 January 1971 The Fischer projection is devised by German chemist Hermann Emil Fischer, Geology Hans Reusch describes what comes to be known as Reusch's Moraine in northern Norway: tillite from a Precambrian glaciation.Hoffman Paul F. Paul F. Hoffman Arnaud E. Halverson G.P. Shields-Zhou G. 2011 The Geological Record of Neoproterozoic Glaciations A history of Neoproterozoic glacial geology, 1871– 1997 36 17–37 Geological Society, London, Memoirs Geological Society of London Environment The Japan Meteorological Agency begins taking records of the global average temperature.Annual Anomalies of Global Average Surface Temperature (1891 - 2013) http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/tcc/tcc/products/gwp/temp/ann_wld.html JMA 14 November 2014 15 November 2014 Mathematics Fyodorov–Schoenflies theorem concluded by Yevgraf Fyodorov and Arthur Schoenflies from their work on crystallographic groups.Marjorie Senechal Marjorie Senechal Lima-de-Faria J. A brief history of geometrical crystallography Historical Atlas of Crystallography 1990 43–59 Kluwer 0-7923-0649-XTony Crilly 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know London Quercus 2007 978-1-84724-008-8 153 Édouard Lucas first formulates the ménage problem. Paleontology October – Eugène Dubois finds the first fragmentary bones of Pithecanthropus erectus (later redesignated Homo erectus), or 'Java Man', at Trinil on the Solo River.Sean B. Carroll Remarkable Creatures: Epic Adventures in the Search for the Origin of Species London Quercus 2009 978-1-84916-072-8 90–91 Physiology and medicine Julius Ludwig August Koch begins publication of Die psychopathischen Minderwertigkeiten in Ravensburg, introducing the concept of psychopathology.Jon Ronson Jon Ronson How to spot a psychopath Guardian Weekend 2011-05-21 31 Arnold Pick first uses the term dementia praecox in this form.Ueber primäre chronische Demenz (so. Dementia praecox) im jugendlichen Alter Prager medicinische Wochenschrift 16 312–15 1891 Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz names the neuron.H. W. G. von Waldeyer-Hartz Ueber einige neuere Forschungen im Gebiete der Anatomie des Centralnervensystems Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift Berlin 1891 17 1213–1356 Myxedema is first treated successfully, by George Redmayne Murray using thyroid extract. The earliest recorded attempt at hip replacement is carried out by Themistocles Gluck in Berlin, using ivory to replace the femoral head.Gomez Pablo F. Morcuende Jose A. Early attempts at hip arthroplasty, 1700s to 1950s 1888777 Iowa Orthopaedic Journal 25 25–9 2005 16089067 Viennese pathologist Hans Chiari describes a form of Chiari malformation. Technology March 10 – Almon B. Strowger, an undertaker in Topeka, Kansas, is granted a patent in the United StatesUS 447918 1891-03-10 Automatic telephone-exchange Strowger Almon B. for an automatic telephone exchange using the Strowger switch.Roger B. Hill The Early Years of the Strowger System http://www.privateline.com/Switching/EarlyYears.html Bell Laboratories Record 31 3 95–103 2011-11-03 March 1953 usurped https://web.archive.org/web/20111025123622/http://www.privateline.com/Switching/EarlyYears.html 2011-10-25 May 20 – First public demonstration of the Kinetograph moving picture system developed by W. K. L. Dickson under the direction of Thomas Alva Edison, a showing of the film known as Dickson Greeting. Edison files patents on the camera and peephole viewer on August 24.Mannoni Laurent Campagnoni, Donata Pesenti Robinson, David 1996 Light and Movement: Incunabula of the Motion Picture, 1420–1896 London BFI 88-86155-05-0 Crompton & Co. introduce the electric kettle, in the United Kingdom. Michelin patent the removable pneumatic bicycle tire.John Lloyd John Lloyd (writer) John Mitchinson The Second Book of General Ignorance London Faber 2010 978-0-571-26965-5 163 Panhard et Levassor produce the first Système Panhard automobile layout, consisting of four wheels with front-engine, rear-wheel drive and a sliding-gear transmission, designed by Émile Levassor.Georgano, G. N. Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars 1982 Ebury Press London 0-85223-234-9 William Le Baron Jenney develops the construction of steel frame skyscrapers in Chicago with the Ludington, Manhattan and Second Leiter Buildings. The modern taximeter is invented by Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn in Germany. Awards Copley Medal: Stanislao CannizzaroCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 23 July 2020 en Wollaston Medal for Geology: John Wesley Judd Births January 8 – Walther Bothe (died 1957), German physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1954). January 26 – Wilder Penfield (died 1976), American-born neurosurgeon. April 22 – Harold Jeffreys (died 1989), English mathematician. May 15 – Fritz Feigl (died 1971), Austrian-born Brazilian chemist July 5 – John Howard Northrop (suicide 1987), American biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1946) July 27 – Jacob van der Hoeden, Dutch-Israeli veterinary scientist (died 1968) August 17 – Aly Tewfik Shousha (died 1964), Egyptian bacteriologist. September 14 – Ivan Matveyevich Vinogradov (died 1983), Russian mathematician. September 24 – W. F. Friedman (died 1969), Bessarabian-born cryptanalyst. October 24 – Ernest Melville DuPorte (died 1981), Caribbean-born Canadian insect morphologist. November 14 – Frederick Banting (died 1941), Canadian discoverer of insulin, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1923). Deaths January 6 – Hugh Owen Thomas (born 1834), British orthopaedic surgeon. February 10 – Sofia Kovalevskaya (born 1850), Russian mathematician. March 9 – Amalie Dietrich (born 1821), German naturalist. May 11 – Edmond Becquerel (born 1820), French physicist. June 9 – Henry Edwards (born 1827), English-born American entomologist and actor. June 23 Sir Norman Pogson (born 1829), English-born astronomer. Wilhelm Eduard Weber (born 1804), German physicist. August 30 – Emanoil Bacaloglu (born 1830), Romanian polymath. September 18 – William Ferrel (born 1817), American meteorologist. October 3 – Édouard Lucas (born 1842), French mathematician. November 18 – Joseph Wolstenholme (born 1829), English mathematician. December 21 – William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire (born 1808), English landowner and promoter of science. References Category:19th century in science Category:1890s in science