1982 Formula One World Championship

36th season of FIA Formula One motor racing October 2020 1982 Drivers' Champion: Keke RosbergConstructors' Champion: Ferrari 3 450 Anefo 932-2378 Keke Rosberg, Zandvoort, 03-07-1982 - Restoration.jpg Keke Rosberg won his first and only Drivers' Championship with Williams with 44 points, despite having trailed for most of the season and having only won one race. Pironi celebrating at 1982 Dutch Grand Prix (cropped).jpg Didier Pironi, driving for Ferrari, finished runner-up with 39 points. He led the championship until suffering career-ending injuries in qualifying for the 1982 German, missing the final five rounds. John Watson WMCgf.jpg John Watson (pictured in 1975), driving for McLaren, finished third, losing the tie-break on countback to Pironi after both scored 39 points. Ferrari F1 126 C3 Arnoux 1983 (cropped).jpg Ferrari won the Constructors' Championship with the 126C2. John Watson 1982 British GP.jpg McLaren placed second with the MP4B. Rene Arnoux 1982 British GP.jpg Renault placed third with the RE30B. The 1982 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 36th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It included two competitions run over the course of the year, the 33rd Formula One World Championship for Drivers and the 25th Formula One World Championship for Constructors. The season featured sixteen rounds between 23 January and 25 September. The Drivers' Championship was won by Keke Rosberg and the Constructors' Championship by Scuderia Ferrari. The Championship started with a drivers' strike at the season opener in South Africa and saw a partial race boycott as part of the ongoing FISA–FOCA war at the San Marino Grand Prix. Two drivers died during 1982: Gilles Villeneuve during qualifying for the Belgian Grand Prix and Riccardo Paletti at the start of the Canadian Grand Prix. Championship front-runner Didier Pironi also suffered a career-ending accident while qualifying for the German Grand Prix. These incidents and several other major accidents led to regulation changes to increase driver safety for the 1983 season. Motorsport journalist Nigel Roebuck later wrote that 1982 was "an ugly year, pock-marked by tragedy, by dissension, by greed, and yet, paradoxically, it produced some of the most memorable racing ever seen".Roebuck 1999 170 Eventual champion Rosberg won only one race all season – the Swiss Grand Prix – but consistency gave him the Drivers' Championship, five points clear of Pironi and John Watson. Rosberg was the second driver to win the championship having won only one race in the season, after Mike Hawthorn in 1958. Eleven different drivers from seven different teams won a race during the season, with no driver winning more than twice; there was also a run of nine different winners in nine consecutive races from the Monaco Grand Prix to the Swiss Grand Prix. Ferrari, who replaced Villeneuve with Patrick Tambay and Pironi with 1978 World Champion Mario Andretti, managed to score enough points to secure the Constructors' Championship, finishing five points clear of McLaren with Renault third. Rosberg's team Williams finished fourth in the Constructors' standing a further four points behind McLaren, marking the only time since the Constructors' Championship was introduced in 1958 that a team containing the eventual Drivers' Champion finished outside the top 3 of the Constructors' standings. Drivers and constructors The following teams and drivers took part in the 1982 Formula One World Championship: + List of entrants into the 1982 Formula One World ChampionshipEntrantConstructorChassisEngineTyresNo. NumberDriverRounds Rounds entered GBR Parmalat Racing Brabham-BMW BT50 BMW M12/13 1.5 L4t Goodyear 1 BRA 1968 Nelson Piquet 1, 5–16 2 ITA Riccardo Patrese 1, 5, 9–16 Brabham-Ford BT49CBT49D Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 1 BRA 1968 Nelson Piquet 2–3 2 ITA Riccardo Patrese 2–3, 6–8 GBR Team Tyrrell Tyrrell-Ford 011 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 Goodyear 3 ITA Michele Alboreto All 4 SWE Slim Borgudd 1–3 GBR Brian Henton 4–16 GBR TAG Williams Team Williams-Ford FW07CFW07DFW08 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 Goodyear 5 ARG Carlos Reutemann 1–2 USA Mario Andretti 3 IRL Derek Daly 5–16 6 FIN Keke Rosberg 1–3, 5–16 GBR Marlboro McLaren International McLaren-Ford MP4/1B Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 Michelin 7 GBR John Watson 1–3, 5–16 8 AUT Niki Lauda 1–3, 5–16 FRG Team ATS ATS-Ford D5 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 AvonMichelin 9 FRG Manfred Winkelhock All 10 CHI Eliseo Salazar All GBR John Player Team Lotus Lotus-Ford 87B91 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 Goodyear 11 ITA Elio de Angelis 1–3, 5–16 12 GBR Nigel Mansell 1–3, 5–8, 10, 12–16 BRA 1968 Roberto Moreno 9 GBR Geoff Lees 11 GBR Ensign Racing Ensign-Ford N180BN181 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 AvonMichelin 14 COL Roberto Guerrero 1–3, 5–16 FRA 1974 Équipe Renault Elf Renault RE30B Renault-Gordini EF1 1.5 V6t Michelin 15 FRA 1974 Alain Prost All 16 FRA 1974 René Arnoux All GBR March Grand Prix TeamGBR Rothmans Racing with March Grand PrixGBR LBT Team March March-Ford 821 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 PirelliAvonMichelin 17 FRG Jochen Mass 1–3, 5–11 GBR Rupert Keegan 12–16 18 BRA 1968 Raul Boesel 1–3, 5–16 19 ESP Emilio de Villota 5–9 BRA 1968 Fittipaldi Automotive Fittipaldi-Ford F8DF9 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 Pirelli 20 BRA 1968 Chico Serra 1–3, 5–16 ITA Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo Alfa Romeo 179D182182B Alfa Romeo 1260 3.0 V12 Michelin 22 ITA Andrea de Cesaris All 23 ITA Bruno Giacomelli All FRA 1974 Équipe Talbot Gitanes Talbot Ligier-Matra JS17BJS19 Matra MS81 3.0 V12 Michelin 25 USA Eddie Cheever 1–3, 5–16 26 FRA 1974 Jacques Laffite 1–3, 5–16 ITA Ferrari Ferrari 126C2 Ferrari 021 1.5 V6t Goodyear 27 CAN Gilles Villeneuve 1–5 FRA 1974 Patrick Tambay 9–16 28 FRA 1974 Didier Pironi 1–12 USA Mario Andretti 15–16 GBR Ragno Arrows Arrows-Ford A4A5 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 Pirelli 29 GBR Brian Henton 1–3 SUI Marc Surer 5–16 30 ITA Mauro Baldi 1–3, 5–16 ITA Denim S.A.I.M.A. Team Osella Osella-Ford FA1CFA1D Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 Pirelli 31 FRA 1974 Jean-Pierre Jarier All 32 ITA Riccardo Paletti 1–8 HKG 1959 Theodore Racing Team Theodore-Ford TY01TY02 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 AvonGoodyear 33 IRL Derek Daly 1–3 NED Jan Lammers 5–7, 9–11 GBR Geoff Lees 8 IRL Tommy Byrne 12–16 GBR Candy Toleman MotorsportGBR Toleman Group Motorsport Toleman-Hart TG181BTG181CTG183 Hart 415T 1.5 L4t Pirelli 35 GBR Derek Warwick 1–6, 9–16 36 ITA Teo Fabi 1–6, 9–16 Source:Hilton 2007 23+ Tyre manufacturers Key Symbol Tyre manufacturerAvon AvonGoodyear GoodyearMichelin MichelinPirelli Pirelli Team changes All teams and constructors who had competed in 1981 returned for the new season. Brabham had entered an engine supply deal with German car manufacturer BMW for the use of their inline-four turbo engines. The team announced in January that they were committing to the use of the new BMW engine throughout the season,Denis Jenkinson Denis Jenkinson The Formula One Scene Motor Sport 7 July 2014 February 1982 26 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/february-1982/26/formula-one-scene 21 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180121134217/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/february-1982/26/formula-one-scene 21 January 2018 but after experiencing reliability problems with it, they reverted to the Cosworth DFV motor several times during the season.Nye 1986 112 Driver changes thumb|upright|Carlos Reutemann (pictured in 1981) stayed with the team of Frank Williams (right), only to retire from the sport after two races.|alt=Photograph of Carlos Reutemann in the background in conversation with Frank Williams, visible in the foreground with his head turned away from the camera. At the end of the 1981 season, both Williams drivers, 1980 World Champion Alan Jones and Carlos Reutemann, had announced their retirement from racing.Denis Jenkinson Denis Jenkinson The Formula One Scene Motor Sport 7 July 2014 January 1982 31 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/january-1982/31/formula-one-scene 21 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180121154602/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/january-1982/31/formula-one-scene 21 January 2018 Reutemann did in fact return for 1982,Hilton 2007 18 competing in the first two races, before retiring unexpectedly at the end of March.Lewin Ignacio Carlos Reutemann se retira y le sustituye Mario Andretti https://elpais.com/diario/1982/04/01/deportes/386460010_850215.html 21 January 2018 El País 1 April 1982 https://web.archive.org/web/20180121155323/https://elpais.com/diario/1982/04/01/deportes/386460010_850215.html 21 January 2018 es Jones was replaced by Keke Rosberg, who had previously entered 36 Grands Prix, with a third-place finish as his best result.Hilton 2007 13 The off season saw rumours of several former champions returning to the sport,Former World Champions Jackie Stewart and James Hunt were rumoured to return to the sport at the end of the 1981 season. but in the end only double World Champion Niki Lauda returned to Formula One after an absence of two years to partner John Watson at McLaren.Lang 1992 75 Ferrari and Renault retained their race-winning line-ups of Gilles Villeneuve and Didier Pironi and Alain Prost and René Arnoux, respectively.Hilton 2007 18–19 At Brabham, defending World Champion Nelson Piquet remained with the team, and was partnered by Riccardo Patrese, who moved from Arrows to replace Héctor Rebaque. The Osella team gave Riccardo Paletti his Grand Prix debut, while Toleman replaced Brian Henton with Teo Fabi, also a newcomer to Formula One.Hilton 2007 21 Marc Surer was hired by Arrows, but broke both his feet in pre-season testing at Kyalami. He was set to be replaced by Patrick Tambay, who was then fired after taking part in the drivers' strike at that race and the seat went to Henton.Hilton 2007 29 & 39 Eliseo Salazar transferred from Ensign Racing to the ATS team.Kyalami F1 testing Motor Sport February 1982 58 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/february-1982/58/kyalami-f1-testing 21 February 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180221170042/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/february-1982/58/kyalami-f1-testing 21 February 2018 dead Mid-season changes Following Reutemann's retirement, Williams hired 1978 World Champion Mario Andretti as a one-off replacement for the United States Grand Prix West. Derek Daly then became the permanent second driver at the team, as Andretti had racing obligations in the United States to fulfill.Hilton 2007 83 Andretti returned with Ferrari for the last two races of the season, replacing Pironi, who had suffered career-ending injuries at the German Grand Prix.Hilton 2007 246 Villeneuve, who died following a crash in qualifying for the Belgian Grand Prix, was replaced by Tambay starting from the Dutch Grand Prix.Hilton 2007 156 At Team Lotus, Nigel Mansell missed two races due to injuries from a crash in Canada. His substitute at the Dutch Grand Prix was Roberto Moreno, who failed to qualify.Hilton 2007 156 & 162 Mansell attempted a comeback at Brands Hatch, but was again replaced at the French Grand Prix, this time by Geoff Lees.Denis Jenkinson Denis Jenkinson The French Grand Prix Motor Sport 7 July 2014 September 1982 107 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/september-1982/107/french-grand-prix 21 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180121163728/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/september-1982/107/french-grand-prix 21 January 2018 An accident at the race in France led Jochen Mass, already deeply shaken by the fatal crash of Villeneuve, in which he was involved, to walk away from Grand Prix racing.Pappone Jeff F1 driver Mass explains why he quit racing after fatal Villeneuve crash https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/reviews/new-cars/f1-driver-mass-explains-why-he-quit-racing-after-fatal-villeneuve-crash/article4107108/ The Globe and Mail 22 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180122101053/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/reviews/new-cars/f1-driver-mass-explains-why-he-quit-racing-after-fatal-villeneuve-crash/article4107108/ 22 January 2018 7 May 2012 He was replaced at March by Rupert Keegan.Rupert Keegan https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/database/drivers/rupert-keegan Motor Sport 22 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180122101500/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/database/drivers/rupert-keegan 22 January 2018 Swedish driver Slim Borgudd had moved from ATS to Tyrrell in the off season, but was forced to leave the team after only three races when his sponsorship money ran out.Slim Borgudd https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/database/drivers/slim-borgudd Motor Sport 22 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180122101910/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/database/drivers/slim-borgudd 22 January 2018 Henton took his place from the Belgian Grand Prix onwards, as Surer returned to Arrows after his injuries had healed.Denis Jenkinson Denis Jenkinson Grote Prijs van Belgie Motor Sport 7 July 2014 June 1982 46 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/june-1982/46/grote-prijs-van-belgie 22 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180122102236/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/june-1982/46/grote-prijs-van-belgie 22 January 2018 Calendar thumb|A race in downtown Detroit was one of two new events on the calendar for 1982. RoundGrand PrixCircuitDate 1 South African Grand Prix RSA 1928 Kyalami Grand Prix Circuit, Midrand 23 January 2 Brazilian Grand Prix BRA 1968 Autodromo Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro 21 March 3 United States Grand Prix West USA Long Beach Street Circuit, California 4 April 4 San Marino Grand Prix ITA 1946 Autodromo Dino Ferrari, Imola 25 April 5 Belgian Grand Prix BEL Circuit Zolder, Heusden-Zolder 9 May 6 Monaco Grand Prix MCO Circuit de Monaco, Monte Carlo 23 May 7 Detroit Grand Prix USA Detroit Street Circuit, Michigan 6 June 8 Canadian Grand Prix CAN Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, Montreal 13 June 9 Dutch Grand Prix NED Circuit Park Zandvoort, Zandvoort 3 July 10 British Grand Prix GBR Brands Hatch, West Kingsdown 18 July 11 French Grand Prix FRA 1974 Circuit Paul Ricard, Le Castellet 25 July 12 German Grand Prix BRD Hockenheimring, Hockenheim 8 August 13 Austrian Grand Prix AUT Österreichring, Spielberg 15 August 14 Swiss Grand Prix FRA 1974 Circuit de Dijon-Prenois, Dijon 29 August 15 Italian Grand Prix ITA 1946 Autodromo Nazionale di Monza, Monza 12 September 16 Caesars Palace Grand PrixSaturday race Saturday race USA Caesars Palace Grand Prix Circuit, Las Vegas 25 September Source:1982 Race Results https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1982/races/94/great-britain/race-result.html formula1.com Formula One World Championship Limited 2 February 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180202101841/https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1982/races/94/great-britain/race-result.html 2 February 2018 https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/the-greatest-formula-1-title-showdowns-part-four-4999818/4999818/ The greatest Formula 1 title showdowns – part four Autosport 11 July 2017 15 September 2022 https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/f1-plans-trip-to-las-vegas-for-grand-prix-on-the-strip-9803084.html F1 plans trip to Las Vegas for grand prix on The Strip Sylt Christian The Independent 17 October 2014 15 September 2022 The Australian Grand Prix was a reserve, with a date of 3 October.January 1982 The 1982 International racing season https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/january-1982/35/the-1982-international-racing-season 2022-03-05 Motor Sport Magazine Calendar changes The Argentine Grand Prix was scheduled to take place on 7 March, but was cancelled due to lack of sponsors, as several pulled out due to uncertainty following the drivers' strike in the opening race.Pye Steven Remembering the tragedy and mayhem of the 1982 F1 World Championship https://www.theguardian.com/sport/that-1980s-sports-blog/2013/oct/14/remembering-1982-f1-world-championship The Guardian 21 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180121132910/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/that-1980s-sports-blog/2013/oct/14/remembering-1982-f1-world-championship 21 January 2018 14 October 2013 The Grand Prix was also cancelled due to political unrest in Argentina.David Hayhoe, Formula 1: The Knowledge records and trivia since 1950 – 2nd Edition, 2021, page 35. The Spanish Grand Prix was omitted from the calendar for several reasons. The Circuito del Jarama, where the race had been held the previous year, was unpopular with the drivers.Collantine Keith 30 years ago: Villeneuve's last and best F1 win https://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2011/06/21/30-years-today-villeneuves-f1-win/ F1Fanatic 21 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180121133554/https://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2011/06/21/30-years-today-villeneuves-f1-win/ 21 January 2018 21 June 2011 In addition, the organisers had failed to pay their fees for 1981.Denis Jenkinson Denis Jenkinson The 1982 International Racing Season Motor Sport 7 July 2014 February 1982 35 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/january-1982/35/1982-international-racing-season 21 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180121133611/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/january-1982/35/1982-international-racing-season 21 January 2018 Although the race was re-instated for 27 June after the organisers had paid off their debts to the Formula One Constructors' Association (FOCA),Denis Jenkinson Denis Jenkinson The Formula One Scene Motor Sport 7 July 2014 March 1982 32 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/march-1982/32/formula-one-scene 21 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180121134224/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/march-1982/32/formula-one-scene 21 January 2018 protests from the teams over the dangerous nature, the very narrow track, and outdated facilities of the Jarama venue led to the race being cancelled. Two new races were added to the calendar compared to 1981: the Detroit Grand Prix and the Swiss Grand Prix, the latter to be held at Circuit de Dijon-Prenois in France since motor racing has been outlawed in Switzerland since the 1955 Le Mans disaster.In 2015, Switzerland partially lifted the ban on motor racing, but just for fully electric vehicles, such as Formula E.Baldwin Alan Motor racing: Switzerland to host first race in more than 60 years https://www.reuters.com/article/us-motor-electric-switzerland/motor-racing-switzerland-to-host-first-race-in-more-than-60-years-idUSKCN1BW2WD Reuters 17 March 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180317210252/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-motor-electric-switzerland/motor-racing-switzerland-to-host-first-race-in-more-than-60-years-idUSKCN1BW2WD 17 March 2018 21 September 2017 dead The addition of Detroit meant that the United States hosted three Grands Prix, the only time one country had more than two races in one season until 2020, when Italy also hosted three Grands Prix.Larson Mike U.S. Grand Prix history review as Austin prepares for Formula One http://autoweek.com/article/formula-one/us-grand-prix-history-review-austin-prepares-formula-one Autoweek 23 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180123130902/http://autoweek.com/article/formula-one/us-grand-prix-history-review-austin-prepares-formula-one 23 January 2018 12 November 2012F1 Scraps American Races Due to COVID-19, Adds European Trio https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/top-stories/f1-scraps-american-races-due-to-covid-19-adds-european-trio/articleshow/77150799.cms 15 September 2020 The Times of India Reuters 24 July 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201019101552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/top-stories/f1-scraps-american-races-due-to-covid-19-adds-european-trio/articleshow/77150799.cms 19 October 2020 Background Politics thumb|upright|Bernie Ecclestone (pictured in 1991), owner of Brabham and chairman of FOCA, was one of the leading figures in the FISA–FOCA war.|alt=Portrait of Bernie Ecclestone Starting in the early 1970s, Bernie Ecclestone, owner of the Brabham team, had seized control of the Formula 1 Constructors Association, later renamed Formula One Constructors' Association. In this role, he began to negotiate more lucrative contracts between the teams and the track owners, including obtaining full control over television rights for FOCA.Diepraam Mattijs Poachers turned gamekeepers: how the FOCA became the new FIA http://8w.forix.com/fiasco-introduction-timeline.html forix.com Haymarket Media Group 28 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180128182350/http://8w.forix.com/fiasco-introduction-timeline.html 28 January 2018 21 November 2007 Realising the growing influence of Ecclestone and FOCA, the sport's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and its head, Paul Metternich, instated Frenchman Jean-Marie Balestre as the head of the Commission Sportive Internationale in 1978, which was then renamed to Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA). FIA delegated running of the sporting regulations governing Formula One to FISA.Saward Joe Why has FISA been abolished? http://www.grandprix.com/ft/ft00162.html grandprix.com 28 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180128183205/http://www.grandprix.com/ft/ft00162.html 28 January 2018 1 September 1993 Over the following years, a power struggle developed between FOCA and FISA and Ecclestone and Balestre in particular. This conflict is generally referred to as the FISA–FOCA war.FISA/FOCA war https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/27685/fisafoca-war autosport.com 28 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180128185406/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/27685/fisafoca-war 28 January 2018 1 June 1980 FOCA consisted of the majorly British constructor teams, while the manufacturer or "works" teams (Renault, Ferrari, Alfa Romeo and Talbot-Ligier), together with Osella and Toleman were aligned with FISA.Lang 1992 10 & 92Lang gives the FISA teams in 1980 as "Ferrari, Renault, Alfa-Romeo, Talbot-Ligier and Osella". By April 1982, Toleman has been added to the list, but "Guy Ligier had recently switched allegiance to FOCA".Lang 1992 10 & 92 The conflict came to a head at the 1980 Spanish Grand Prix, where the drivers of teams belonging to FOCA boycotted the obligatory drivers' briefing and were threatened by FISA with having their licences revoked. The race went ahead as a non-championship event, without the non-FOCA aligned teams participating. Following an aborted attempt to establish a breakaway World Championship, FOCA agreed to the Concorde Agreement with FISA in March 1981. This agreement stipulated that all teams were obliged to attend all rounds of the championship, while at the same time settling differences over future regulation changes. Regulation changes and technological development Sporting regulations The new rules for the 1982 season included an increase in the number of cars permitted to enter a Grand Prix from 30 to 34, and the number of starters from 24 to 26.The exemption to this rule was the Monaco Grand Prix, where only 20 cars were allowed to take the start, due to the narrow nature of the track. To avoid having all 34 cars on the track at one time, a pre-qualifying session was introduced in which the three teams with the worst record in the previous year would compete to be allowed into qualification proper. Just as the previous year, the best eleven results from all the races counted towards the Drivers' Championship. All races counted towards the Manufacturers Championship.Smith 2013 277 Technology In the years leading up to 1982, two major technological developments had shaped Formula One: the turbocharged engine and "ground effect". In 1977, Lotus had revolutionised aerodynamics in Formula One by introducing the Lotus 78, known as the "wing car".Trzesniowski 2010 135 The car used what is commonly referred to as "ground effect", with the physical principle applied being the "Venturi effect". The sides of the underside of the car would be shut off with skirts to trap the under-pressure airflow underneath the car, effectively "sucking" the vehicle to the ground.Re-writing the F1 rule book – Part 1: from wing cars to flat bottoms https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/technical/2017/2/f1-cars-rules-aerodynamics-ground-effect.html formula1.com Formula One World Championship Limited 22 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180122203736/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/technical/2017/2/f1-cars-rules-aerodynamics-ground-effect.html 22 January 2018 3 February 2017 This led to increased cornering speeds, but at the same time brought implications that had an adverse effect on the drivers' safety. Moveable skirts were thus banned in 1981, accompanied by a minimum ride height for the cars of 6 cm in on, targeted at minimising the "ground effect" and to reduce cornering speed.Smith 2013 266 For 1982, both regulations were reversed as a result of the new Concorde Agreement.Smith 2013 277Malsher David A year on the edge Motor Sport 7 July 2014 February 2002 22 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/february-2002/22/year-edge https://web.archive.org/web/20180122203944/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/february-2002/22/year-edge 22 January 2018 The skirts around the underpart of the chassis, which locked the airflow underneath the car, necessitated very stiff suspensions to work properly.Smith 2013 277 This meant that every bump on track was putting enormous strain on the drivers, shaking them around in the cockpit. Additionally, the cornering speed and the resulting high g-forces put pressure on both the drivers and the cars' suspensions, making them prone to breaking.Collantine Keith Banned: Ground effect https://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2007/06/07/banned-ground-effects/ F1Fanatic 22 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180122205553/https://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2007/06/07/banned-ground-effects/ 22 January 2018 7 June 2007 The cars would also move up and down on the road, in an effect called "porpoising", making the cars very hard to control. These adverse effects were particularly impactful at bumpy circuits, such as Jacarepaguá, where Riccardo Patrese retired due to exhaustion. Other drivers reported dizziness and blurred vision.Hilton 2007 49 & 51 thumb|The Cosworth DFV-powered Williams FW08 was the last naturally aspirated car used to win the Drivers' Championship until 1989. Pictured here is eventual World Champion Keke Rosberg at the British Grand Prix.|alt=Sideview of a white Williams racing car going through a corner during a race The potentially dangerous implications of "ground effect" were only worsened by the advent of very powerful turbocharged engines. In 1977, Renault had introduced the first turbocharged engine into the sport with their Renault RS01. The regulations at the time allowed for either three-litre normally aspirated or 1.5-litre turbocharged engines, with Renault being the first to attempt to go the latter route.Collantine Keith Renault RS01: F1's turbo pioneer https://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2011/07/02/renault-rs01-f1s-turbo-pioneer/ F1Fanatic 22 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180122201337/https://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2011/07/02/renault-rs01-f1s-turbo-pioneer/ 22 January 2018 2 July 2011 Over the next few seasons, the turbo engines proved fast, yet unreliable. The cars also suffered from an effect often labelled "turbo lag", meaning that a significant and indeterminable time gap existed between applying the throttle of the car and the point when the full power of the turbo was taking effect. This made the turbo cars very difficult to drive. In 1979, Renault took the first victory with a turbo-charged engine. In 1981, Ferrari had followed them by introducing their own turbo engine. Additionally, the Toleman team also used turbo engines for 1982, supplied by Hart, while Brabham started using turbocharged BMW engines at some, but not all, rounds that year.Hilton 2007 16–17 Alfa Romeo retained what motorsport writer Doug Nye called the most powerful three-litre engine seen in Formula One at that time, with 548 bhp kW on.Nye 1986 147 They tested their turbocharged V8 engine during practice for the Italian Grand Prix, but did not race with it until 1983.Denis Jenkinson Denis Jenkinson The Italian Grand Prix Motor Sport 7 July 2014 October 1982 46 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/october-1982/46/italian-grand-prix 21 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180121154006/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/october-1982/46/italian-grand-prix 21 January 2018 Most FOCA teams still relied upon the Cosworth DFV engine, which had been introduced by Lotus in 1967.Ford-Cosworth DFV: Eine Ikone der Formel-1-Motoren wird 50 http://www.motorsport-total.com/oldtimer/news/ford-cosworth-dfv-eine-ikone-der-formel-1-motoren-wird-50-17032701 motorsport-total.com 22 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180122202537/http://www.motorsport-total.com/oldtimer/news/ford-cosworth-dfv-eine-ikone-der-formel-1-motoren-wird-50-17032701 22 January 2018 de 27 March 2017 In 1981, McLaren had built the first monocoque car from carbon fibre composite. This resulted in lighter cars, while at the same time being more rigid. McLaren had proven that carbon-fibre cars could be quick, with John Watson winning the 1981 British Grand Prix. Watson's lack of severe injuries following a severe accident at that year's Italian Grand Prix had shown the superiority of the material in terms of safety.Case study: Carbon Fibre 2 September 2014 https://www.mclaren.com/technologygroup/case-studies/case-study-carbon-fibre/ McLaren 22 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180122211215/https://www.mclaren.com/technologygroup/case-studies/case-study-carbon-fibre/ 22 January 2018 Lotus followed suit for 1982, introducing carbon fibre for their Lotus 91.Pritchard 2015 115 Even with these effective technical advances in chassis design, the FOCA teams with a Cosworth DFV motor had a significant power disadvantage compared to the constructors who used a turbocharged engine. To counteract this, the non-turbo teams used a loophole in the regulations. The weight of the car was measured before and after the race, with oil and cooling liquids allowed to be refilled before the final weigh-in. The teams would therefore build their cars lighter than allowed by the regulations and added water tanks, which they claimed were used to cool brake temperatures, but in reality the water was dumped on the track as soon as the car left the pitlane, allowing them to run faster. Keke Rosberg later explained that "the water tank [...] was the one that gave us at least a theoretical chance to compete with the turbos."Hilton 2007 52–54 In other regulation changes, the minimum weight of the cars was reduced from 585 kg lb on to 580 kg lb on. A new "driver survival cell" cockpit protection was made mandatory as well.Smith 2013 277 Four companies, Goodyear, Michelin, Pirelli, and Avon, supplied tyres, including special qualifying tyres with an increased grip level. These qualifying tyres had originally been banned in 1980, but had since been reallowed.Smith 2013 277 For the first time the number of tyres permitted for qualification was limited to two sets per session,Smith 2013 277 creating a situation which Villeneuve thought "...unnecessarily dangerous. If I have only two chances to set a time, I need a clear track, OK? If it isn't clear, if there's someone in my way, I just have to hope he's looking in his mirrors – I mean, I can't lift, because this is my last chance."Roebuck 1999 175–176 The necessity of having a clear track to make the most of the short-lasting qualifying tyres led to drivers taking risks, further increasing the danger.Smith 2013 277 Season report Pre-season The week before the first Grand Prix weekend of the season in South Africa, teams gathered for a test session which was conducted at the Kyalami circuit. Prost set the fastest time during testing, at 1:05.71, almost eight seconds quicker than the previous track record. Surer, driving for the Arrows team, broke his feet in an accident and had to be replaced by Tambay.Hilton 2007 29 Mass also crashed in his March 821, but escaped uninjured. Ferrari did not have their new car, the 126C2, ready for testing and ran an updated version of their 1981 vehicle, the 126CK, instead. The Brabham team were satisfied with the progress of their new BT50 with the turbocharged BMW engine. Championship Opening rounds 240 Didier Pironi 1982.jpg Portrait of Didier Pironi Lauda at 1982 Dutch Grand Prix.jpg Portrait of Niki Lauda Didier Pironi (left) and Niki Lauda (right, both pictured at the 1982 Dutch Grand Prix) led a drivers' strike at the first race of the season. Before the start of the season, all drivers had received a letter from FISA, containing an application form for a new Super Licence. This new document stated that drivers would not be allowed to switch teams freely during the course of the season, with their licence being withdrawn should they do so. Additionally, the document forbade drivers from actions "which might harm the moral or material interests" of Formula One.Hilton 2007 27 The returning Lauda was displeased by this and communicated with Pironi, head of the Grand Prix Drivers' Association (GPDA). They contacted other drivers and ultimately, six drivers refused to sign the document, those being Lauda, Pironi, Villeneuve, Arnoux, Bruno Giacomelli and Andrea de Cesaris.Hilton 2007 24–28 thumb|Mechanics play football on the main straight of Kyalami during the drivers' strike|alt=Black-and-white photograph of men playing football on a racetrack On the Wednesday between testing and the first practice session of the South African Grand Prix, during a meeting of the Formula One Commission,The Formula One Commission is a group which discusses and votes upon changes to the sporting regulations of the sport. It consists of the teams, the FIA, race promoters and sponsor representatives.Baldwin Alan Formula One and FIA present 2021 rules package to teams https://de.reuters.com/article/us-motor-f1-rules/formula-one-and-fia-present-2021-rules-package-to-teams-idUSKCN1R72TU 15 September 2020 Reuters 26 March 2019 London dead https://web.archive.org/web/20201019101701/https://de.reuters.com/article/us-motor-f1-rules/formula-one-and-fia-present-2021-rules-package-to-teams-idUSKCN1R72TU 19 October 2020 Pironi, on behalf of the drivers, objected to the licence application. Balestre reacted strongly, excluding all drivers who had not signed from the following day's practice session. The drivers, almost all of themJochen Mass did not partake in the strike and Teo Fabi left it midway due to pressure from his team.Hilton 2007 31 & 37 and not just the ones who had refused to sign, in turn reacted by going on strike the next day, boarding a bus to a nearby hotel. The conflict continued until the next day, the Friday before the race was set to take place. It was partially resolved shortly before noon that day, with the drivers receiving half-hearted assurances towards their demands. They would ultimately be fined $5,000 each for the strike, with the new Super Licence being scrapped.Hilton 2007 30–38 & 46Roebuck 1999 173–175 Following the events in South Africa, the GPDA disbanded at a driver meeting in Paris, being replaced by the Professional Racing Drivers' Association (PRDA). When qualifying finally commenced, Arnoux took pole position from Piquet, with Villeneuve and Patrese on the second row of the grid. At the start, Arnoux led while Piquet did not get away well and was overtaken by several cars, including Prost, who jumped from fifth to second. Piquet and Villeneuve retired early, while Prost took the lead from his teammate Arnoux on lap 14. He would lead until lap 41, when he punctured his left rear tyre, forcing him to come into the pitlane for new tyres. He emerged in eighth place, one lap behind the leader, but with this fresh set, Prost was the quickest driver on the course, allowing him to overtake relatively easily. On lap 68, he once again took the lead from Arnoux and went on to win the race. Reutemann also overtook Arnoux late in the race and finished second, with Lauda in fourth place on his return to Formula One racing.Hilton 2007 39–43Lang 1992 82–84Jenkinson Denis Denis Jenkinson The South African Grand Prix Motor Sport 7 July 2014 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/march-1982/36/south-african-grand-prix March 1982 36 27 August 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180827201126/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/march-1982/36/south-african-grand-prix 27 August 2018 The teams then travelled to Brazil for the second round. Brabham abandoned their turbo-charged BT50 for the time being on grounds of its unreliability, reverting to an updated BT49D for this race, powered by the Cosworth DFV engine.Lang 1992 85 The cars once again proved just how quick they had become, when Prost qualified on pole position 6.27 seconds faster than Piquet had done the year before.Roebuck 1999 175 Villeneuve was second on the grid and went into the lead at the start, followed by Rosberg, with the two Renault drivers behind. Rosberg fell behind the Renaults on the first lap and was overtaken by Patrese on lap three and by Piquet two laps later. Villeneuve led until lap 30, when he spun out. This allowed Piquet into the lead, closely followed by Rosberg, with the two having battled for position during the preceding laps. The order remained to the finish, with Piquet winning from Rosberg, Prost, Watson and Mansell.Hilton 2007 50–52Henry Alan Brazilian Grand Prix April 1982 70 Motor Sport 7 July 2014 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/april-1982/70/brazilian-grand-prix 27 August 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180827201631/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/april-1982/70/brazilian-grand-prix 27 August 2018 The heavy strain posed onto the drivers by the bumpy circuit and hot, humid weather was showcased not only by Patrese retiring on lap 34 due to exhaustion, but also when Piquet fainted on the winners' rostrum.Lang 1992 84–88 Following the race, both Ferrari and Renault protested the first- and second-place finishes of Piquet and Rosberg, citing the water tanks used by Brabham and Williams to be illegal. The case was taken to FISA in Paris, with no outcome until after the next race.Hilton 2007 52 thumb|Andrea de Cesaris (left) took a surprise pole position at Long Beach in his Alfa Romeo 182 (pictured).|alt=Two men in suits standing left and right of a red-and-white racing car The third race of the season took place at the street circuit in Long Beach. During Saturday's qualifying, Lauda did just one run of a few laps, setting a fast time that put him on top of the leaderboard. In the closing seconds of the session, de Cesaris bettered Lauda's time, clinching pole position for Alfa Romeo. De Cesaris had been ousted by McLaren for Lauda over the winter and was moved to tears by his accomplishment.Hilton 2007 61–66 De Cesaris led from the start, while Lauda was overtaken by Arnoux for second place. On lap six, Giacomelli, running fourth, tried to outbrake Lauda and in the process hit Arnoux, forcing both to retire. This allowed Villeneuve into third place, ahead of Watson. Pironi and Prost both retired after hitting the wall on laps seven and eleven respectively. On lap 15, Lauda took advantage of de Cesaris missing a gear change and moved into the lead, immediately beginning to pull away. Rosberg overtook Villeneuve for third on lap 21. This turned into second place on lap 34, when de Cesaris crashed into the wall after his engine had failed. The order remained until the chequered flag, with Lauda winning in only his third Grand Prix back in the sport.Hilton 2007 61–66Jenkinson Denis Denis Jenkinson United States (West) Grand Prix May 1982 46 Motor Sport 7 July 2014 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/may-1982/46/united-stateswest-grand-prix 27 August 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180827202004/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/may-1982/46/united-stateswest-grand-prix 27 August 2018 Villeneuve was later excluded from the results in Long Beach, following a protest by Ken Tyrrell over Ferrari's use of a double rear wing.Lang 1992 88–92 First European rounds In the week before the next round, the San Marino Grand Prix, the FIA International Court of Appeal sided with Ferrari and Renault on their complaint over the water tanks at the race in Brazil and disqualified Piquet and Rosberg, handing victory to Prost. It was further decided that the cars would now be weighed after the race in the condition in which they had finished, eliminating the Cosworth-powered teams' use of water tanks to increase their performance.Lang 1992 92 All other runners' results from the Brazilian Grand Prix were upheld, including Watson's, who inherited second place even though his use of the water tanks had been as illegal as the others.Hilton 2007 71Roebuck 1999 178–180 The FOCA teams requested a postponement of the next race until July to allow consideration of the effects of the court's judgement, on the grounds that it changed the regulations of the sport. The race organisers refused to delay the race, which went ahead without the majority of the FOCA teams.Lang 1992 92 At this stage in the championship, Prost led with 18 points, six ahead of Lauda, with Rosberg and Watson sharing third position on eight points.Hilton 2007 67 With the FOCA teams boycotting the race, the San Marino Grand Prix was run with just 14 cars present.The Tyrrell team, although a member of FOCA, attended the event. They were exempted from the boycott due to Italian sponsors providing much-needed money for the team.Roebuck 1999 180 The turbocharged Renaults and Ferraris were heavily favoured and Arnoux duly took pole position ahead of Prost, with Villeneuve and Pironi on the second row. Due to the fast nature of the Imola track, Ferrari team boss Mauro Forghieri told his drivers to save fuel. Arnoux led from the start while Prost lost two positions to the Ferrari drivers on the first lap. He eventually retired on lap seven. After some changes of position with Villeneuve and Pironi, Arnoux pulled away, but retired as well after 44 laps when his engine expired. This left only the Ferrari drivers in a position to win the Grand Prix. Their team held out "slow" signs from the pit wall, urging them to conserve fuel. Villeneuve, who led, understood this to mean that the cars were to finish in the current order. Pironi appeared to disregard the signals from the pitwall and took the lead on lap 46. He then sped up, pulling Villeneuve with him, who retook the lead again on lap 49. They changed position three more times; as Villeneuve slowed down each time he took the lead, Pironi would overtake him again. Eventually, Pironi won the race and Villeneuve was furious at his teammate for allegedly not following team orders.Hilton 2007 68–79Jenkinson Denis Denis Jenkinson The San Marino Grand Prix June 1982 104 Motor Sport 7 July 2014 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/june-1982/104/san-marino-grand-prix 27 August 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180827202154/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/june-1982/104/san-marino-grand-prix 27 August 2018 After the race, he said: "People seem to think we had the battle of our lives! [...] I was coasting those last 15 laps." Pironi said that "The 'slow' sign means only to use your head [... not that] if you think you can win, don't do it." In an interview the following week, Villeneuve said that he would never speak to Pironi again.Donaldson 2003 289–290 "I've declared war. Absolute war. Finishing second is one thing – I'd have been mad at myself for not being quick enough if he'd beaten me. But finishing second because the bastard steals it..." Gilles Villeneuve describing his relationship with teammate Didier Pironi after the San Marino Grand Prix.Roebuck 1999 183 31% right Two weeks later, the paddock moved to Zolder for the Belgian Grand Prix. In qualifying, Villeneuve went out onto the track on his second set of fast tyres, which were already used and had only one more fast lap to go before their performance became compromised. On his flying lap, he failed to better the time of teammate Pironi, but instead of slowing down, as drivers usually did on laps at the end of which they were supposed to head back to the pits, Villeneuve continued to drive fast.Hilton 2007 85–87 It has been speculated that he was determined to beat Pironi's time due to the animosity between the two.Lang 1992 96–97Watkins 1997 98 It is unclear if this is true, with Forghieri claiming that Villeneuve had indeed planned to return to the pitlane.Donaldson 2003 296–298 In any event, Villeneuve caught Jochen Mass travelling much more slowly through a left-handed bend and moved to the right to pass him at the same instant that Mass also moved right to let Villeneuve through on the racing line. The two collided and Villeneuve was thrown out of his disintegrating car. He died of a fractured neck in a local hospital at 9:12 that evening.Donaldson 2003 296–298 Ferrari withdrew from the race, which Watson won for McLaren.Belgian Grand Prix June 1982 88 Motor Sport 7 July 2014 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/june-1982/88/belgian-grand-prix 27 August 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180827202434/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/june-1982/88/belgian-grand-prix 27 August 2018 His teammate Lauda, who had finished third behind Rosberg, was disqualified after the race for an underweight car. The results were dominated by the returning FOCA teams; even the only turbo-engined finisher, Piquet, was one of them, after Brabham reintroduced the BMW-powered BT50 for this race.Jenkinson Denis Notes on the cars at Zolder Motor Sport 7 July 2014 June 1982 49 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/june-1982/49/notes-on-the-cars-at-zolder-3 27 September 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201019102052/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/june-1982/49/notes-on-the-cars-at-zolder-3 19 October 2020Bamsey 1983 51 Motorsport journalist Nigel Roebuck stated that the next race, the Monaco Grand Prix, "was a sombre, edgy place [...] the sense of [Villeneuve's] absence was overwhelming"; the Canadian had lived in the principality and had won the previous year's race.Roebuck 1999 186 Ferrari chose to only run one car, not replacing Villeneuve for the time being.Hilton 2007 117 In the race itself, Arnoux led early on from pole position before spinning off, handing the lead to his Renault teammate Prost. The latter in turn built up a massive lead, but a light rain shower in the closing laps triggered a chaotic finish. Prost crashed out, handing the lead to Patrese, still running the Cosworth-powered Brabham BT49D.Hilton 2007 108 Patrese spun on the penultimate lap and stalled, allowing Pironi into the lead, followed by de Cesaris. On the final lap, Pironi, de Cesaris, and Daly all retired because they ran out of fuel while in potential race winning positions. Meanwhile, Patrese bump-started his car by coasting down a hill, completed the final two laps, and took his first career victory.Roebuck 1999 187Lang 1992 99–102 Pironi was classified second, despite running out of fuel and stopping on the last lap.Jenkinson Denis Denis Jenkinson The Monaco Grand Prix July 1982 62 Motor Sport 7 July 2014 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/july-1982/62/monaco-grand-prix 27 August 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180827202633/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/july-1982/62/monaco-grand-prix 27 August 2018 After the race, Prost, who had scored no points since the Brazilian Grand Prix in March, led the championship by one point from Watson and two points from Pironi.Bamsey 1983 57 North American rounds thumb|Defending champion Nelson Piquet (pictured at the British Grand Prix), failed to qualify in Detroit, but won the next race in Canada.|alt=Sideview of a white-and-dark blue Brabham racing car during a race The next race was the inaugural Detroit Grand Prix, which was marred by lack of track preparation, delaying the practice session on a circuit that had never hosted a motor race before. During the shortened qualifying session, Prost took pole position ahead of de Cesaris, with Rosberg in third. The big surprise of the day was defending World Champion Piquet, who failed to qualify as his Brabham BT50 had engine problems and the spare car was not performing well either. In the race, Prost led comfortably until an accident between Roberto Guerrero, Elio de Angelis and Patrese led to the race being suspended. De Cesaris had retired at this point and at the restart, Prost led Rosberg and Pironi. A problem with the fuel injection slowed Prost down, handing the lead to Rosberg. Watson, who qualified 17th on the grid, got his Michelin tyres working well on the Detroit circuit and overtook one driver after another until, on lap 37, he went into the lead, as Rosberg had gearbox issues. Watson won the race from Eddie Cheever and Pironi, taking the lead in the World Championship.Denis Jenkinson Denis Jenkinson The Grand Prix of Detroit Motor Sport July 1982 43–47 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/july-1982/43/grand-prix-detroit 6 March 2018 6 March 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180306101113/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/july-1982/43/grand-prix-detroit deadLang 1992 103–107 Tragedy struck again at the Canadian Grand Prix. Pironi qualified on pole, but stalled at the start. His stationary car was hit by the Osella of young Italian Riccardo Paletti, who was competing in only his second race in Formula One. Paletti suffered severe internal injuries and his car caught fire while the track marshals tried to extract him from his vehicle. He was pronounced dead upon arrival in the hospital. The race was restarted and won by Piquet in the BMW-powered Brabham ahead of teammate Patrese, still in the Cosworth-powered BT49D. It would be the last one-two finish for the Brabham team in their Formula One history.Frankel Andrew Simply the Best Motor Sport 7 July 2014 May 1999 46–49 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/may-1999/46/simply-the-best 9 October 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201019102205/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/may-1999/46/simply-the-best 19 October 2020 Watson finished third to consolidate his lead in the championship.Denis Jenkinson Denis Jenkinson The Canadian Grand Prix Motor Sport July 1982 48–50 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/july-1982/48/canadian-grand-prix 6 March 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180306104905/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/july-1982/48/canadian-grand-prix 6 March 2018 dead After the Canadian round, Watson was on 30 points, ten ahead of Pironi, followed by Patrese on 19, Prost with 18 and Rosberg with 17 points.Hilton 2007 151 Back to Europe At the Dutch Grand Prix, Ferrari introduced Patrick Tambay as a replacement for Villeneuve. The Renault drivers once more locked out the front row, Arnoux ahead of Prost. The latter took the lead at the start, followed by Arnoux and Pironi. On lap two, Pironi overtook Arnoux and three laps later moved ahead of Prost into the lead. While Prost retired with an engine failure, Arnoux was lucky to survive a heavy accident on lap 22 at Tarzan corner. His left front wheel broke off as he approached the corner, sending his car into the tyre wall. Pironi won the race without serious competition, ahead of Piquet and Rosberg.Hilton 2007 160–173Dutch GP, 1982 http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/rr366.html grandprix.com 27 August 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180827204001/http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/rr366.html 27 August 2018 thumb|Niki Lauda won two races in his comeback season, first in Long Beach, then in the United Kingdom (pictured).|alt=Sideview of a red-and-white McLaren racing car during a race For the next race at Brands Hatch, the British Grand Prix, Brabham had devised what they referred to as "The Ploy". Inspired by Prost's comeback drive at the season opener at Kyalami, the team planned to send out their cars with tanks only half full and softer, and therefore faster, tyres. A pit stop midway through the race was supposed to refuel the car and change tyres, giving the Brabham drivers the advantage to be able to lap quicker than everybody else and gain enough of a lead to win.Hilton 2007 174–178 On top of that, both drivers were now committed to the BMW-powered BT50 chassis.Jenkinson Denis The British Grand Prix: Summer Fayre Motor Sport 5 May 2015 August 1982 1014 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/issues/august-1982 9 October 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201019102329/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/issues/august-1982 19 October 2020 In qualifying, Rosberg surprised by taking only the second, and last, non-turbocharged pole position of the season. At the start of the warm-up lap, a fuel pressure issue led to his car being stationary on the grid while the other cars got underway. His mechanics helped him to a push start, but he did not reach the field in time and had to start the race last. This handed the front starting spot to Patrese, but he stalled. Both Arnoux and Fabi ran into him, taking all three out on the spot. Piquet as the only remaining Brabham left led from Lauda, but "The Ploy" was not to be executed, as Piquet retired with fuel injection problems on lap ten. This left Lauda to take his second victory of the season, followed by Pironi and Tambay. Pironi took over the lead of the championship, now five points ahead of Watson.Hilton 2007 182–189British GP, 1982 http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/rr367.html grandprix.com 27 August 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180827204110/http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/rr367.html 27 August 2018 vertical 240px Pironi and Alboreto at 1982 Dutch Grand Prix.jpg Black-and-white photograph of two racing cars going through a corner Grand Prix op Zandvoort wagen Arnoux in de vangrail, Bestanddeelnr 253-8756.jpg A badly damaged yellow-and-white racing car after impact into a tyre wall Didier Pironi (top) won the Dutch Grand Prix for Ferrari, while René Arnoux survived a heavy accident (bottom). The Renaults were dominant at their home race, the French Grand Prix at Circuit Paul Ricard. Arnoux qualified ahead of Prost, and with Prost being better positioned in the championship, the team decided that if the cars should run first and second, he should win. Arnoux did not honour the agreement and took the victory ahead of his teammate, much to Prost's dismay. Another heavy accident marred the race, as Mass ran into the back of Mauro Baldi at Signes corner. As Mass's car slid towards the barrier, it was catapulted into the grandstands full of spectators. Although several people had minor injures, the accident did not result in any fatalities or serious injuries.Hilton 2007 194–201Lang 1992 119–122Jenkinson Denis Denis Jenkinson The French Grand Prix September 1982 107 Motor Sport 7 July 2014 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/september-1982/107/french-grand-prix 27 August 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180827204156/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/september-1982/107/french-grand-prix 27 August 2018 At this stage, Pironi led the championship by nine points ahead of WatsonHilton 2007 201 and was seen as the likely favourite to win the title. At the following event, the German Grand Prix at Hockenheim, Pironi qualified on pole position, but collided with Prost's Renault in wet conditions later in the session. Pironi's car was thrown into the air and though he survived the impact, he suffered severe leg injuries and would never compete in Formula One again.Lang 1992 123 The race took place with the first slot on the grid vacant.Hilton 2007 206 Brabham were again attempting to employ the strategy of having their cars refuel and change tyres halfway through the race. Piquet led comfortably when he collided with Salazar while trying to lap him, leading Piquet to furiously hit and kick his competitor after he got out of the car. Tambay went on to win the race for Ferrari, his first victory in a Grand Prix, ahead of Arnoux and Rosberg, who was now third in the championship.Hilton 2007 211–215Jenkinson Denis Denis Jenkinson The German Grand Prix September 1982 41 Motor Sport 7 July 2014 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/september-1982/41/german-grand-prix 27 August 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180827204359/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/september-1982/41/german-grand-prix 27 August 2018 At the Austrian Grand Prix on the Österreichring, most turbocharged runners retired early, leaving Prost in the lead, only to retire with fuel injection issues five laps from the finish.Lang 1992 129 This left de Angelis and Rosberg to fight out the race victory, with de Angelis reaching the finish line 0.050 seconds ahead to win his first ever Grand Prix.Hilton 2007 227Austrian GP, 1982 http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/rr370.html grandprix.com 27 August 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180827204552/http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/rr370.html 27 August 2018 The Grand Prix also saw the Brabham drivers make it to their mid-race pit stops for the first time, only for both to retire later on.Roebuck 1999 211–212 Rosberg in turn achieved his maiden victory at the next race, the Swiss Grand Prix, held at the Dijon-Prenois circuit and scheduled for 80 laps. By now, several other teams planned and executed fuel-and-tyres pit stops, with varying degrees of success. The Renaults of Prost and Arnoux had qualified on the front row. Rosberg, consistently lapping quicker than all other drivers, was held up by de Cesaris, but eventually found a way past him. He overtook Arnoux on lap 73 and Prost on lap 78 to take the lead and the race victory. In doing so, he also took the lead in the championship.Hilton 2007 238–241The Swiss Grand Prix October 1982 42 Motor Sport 7 July 2014 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/october-1982/42/swiss-grand-prix 27 August 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180827204648/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/october-1982/42/swiss-grand-prix 27 August 2018 At the Italian Grand Prix, Mario Andretti returned to take over the seat at Ferrari left vacant by Pironi and qualified in pole position. The race was won by Arnoux, leading home the Ferraris of Tambay and Andretti. Rosberg did not score points, having finished eighth. Watson meanwhile took three points for fourth place, leaving him with a mathematical chance of winning the title; this would require him to win the last race of the season with Rosberg failing to score.Hilton 2007 246–257 Last round and title decision "To be honest, I've hated every second of this season. There's something very wrong when the chequered flag comes down, and all you feel is relief that another race weekend is out of the way without someone getting killed."FISA circuit inspector Derek Ongaro speaking about the 1982 season.Roebuck 1999 217 25% right At the last race of the season, the Caesars Palace Grand Prix in Las Vegas, Prost took pole position ahead of Arnoux. The race was held in 98.8 F C flip degree weather during a particularly hot time of year in Las Vegas. While Arnoux retired from the race itself, Prost was hampered by blistering tyres to finish fourth. Michele Alboreto took a surprising victory for Tyrrell. Watson finished second, meaning that Rosberg's fifth-place finish was enough to secure the title.United States GP, 1982 http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/rr373.html grandprix.com 27 August 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180827205139/http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/rr373.html 27 August 2018Hilton 2007 264–2731982 Las Vegas Grand Prix race report Motor Sport November 1982 43–46 https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/november-1982/43/las-vegas-grand-prix 28 September 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201019102515/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/november-1982/43/las-vegas-grand-prix 19 October 2020 He became the first driver since Mike Hawthorn in 1958 to clinch the championship having won just one Grand Prix.Elegant champion: Hawthorn triumphs in F1 with style http://70.ferrari.com/en/legacy/story/elegant-champion ferrari.com Scuderia Ferrari 7 March 2018 Post-season The 1982 season was the last for Lotus team owner Colin Chapman, who died on 16 December 1982 having suffered a heart attack.Roebuck 1999 217 Following "a season touched by tragedy, clouded in controversy and enveloped in excitement", FISA announced that the "ground effect" would be banned for 1983 to make the cars safer.Roebuck 1999 217 Overall, the 1982 season saw 11 different winners in 16 races, with no driver scoring more than two victories. This included nine different winners in the same number of consecutive races.Lynch Steven 'Nine different winners in nine races' – Ask Steven http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/story/79610.html ESPN dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120528081307/http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/story/79610.html 28 May 2012 23 January 2016 Five drivers scored their first ever Grand Prix victory: Patrese, Tambay, de Angelis, Rosberg, and Alboreto. Results and standings Grands Prix thumb|Renault was dominant in qualifying, taking 10 out of 16 pole positions, but finished only third in the Constructors' Championship due to poor reliability of their RE30B (pictured).|alt=Frontview of a yellow-and-white Renault racing car during a race RoundRacePole PositionFastest LapWinning driverConstructorReport 1 ZAF 1928 South African Grand Prix FRA 1974 René Arnoux FRA 1974 Alain Prost FRA 1974 Alain Prost FRA 1974 Renault Report 2 BRA 1968 Brazilian Grand Prix FRA 1974 Alain Prost FRA 1974 Alain Prost FRA 1974 Alain ProstNelson Piquet and Keke Rosberg originally finished first and second, but were both disqualified due to an underweight car. Alain Prost, initially classified third, inherited the win. FRA 1974 Renault Report 3 USA United States Grand Prix West ITA Andrea de Cesaris AUT Niki Lauda AUT Niki Lauda GBR McLaren-Ford Report 4 ITA San Marino Grand Prix FRA 1974 René Arnoux FRA 1974 Didier Pironi FRA 1974 Didier Pironi ITA Ferrari Report 5 BEL Belgian Grand Prix FRA 1974 Alain Prost GBR John Watson GBR John Watson GBR McLaren-Ford Report 6 MCO Monaco Grand Prix FRA 1974 René Arnoux ITA Riccardo Patrese ITA Riccardo Patrese GBR Brabham-Ford Report 7 USA Detroit Grand Prix FRA 1974 Alain Prost FRA 1974 Alain Prost GBR John Watson GBR McLaren-Ford Report 8 CAN Canadian Grand Prix FRA 1974 Didier Pironi FRA 1974 Didier Pironi BRA 1968 Nelson Piquet GBR Brabham-BMW Report 9 NLD Dutch Grand Prix FRA 1974 René Arnoux GBR Derek Warwick FRA 1974 Didier Pironi ITA Ferrari Report 10 GBR British Grand Prix FIN Keke Rosberg GBR Brian Henton AUT Niki Lauda GBR McLaren-Ford Report 11 FRA 1974 French Grand Prix FRA 1974 René Arnoux ITA Riccardo Patrese FRA 1974 René Arnoux FRA 1974 Renault Report 12 FRG German Grand Prix FRA 1974 Didier PironiDidier Pironi set the fastest time in qualifying, but did not start the race after an accident during practice. Pole position was left vacant on the grid, but Pironi is still considered to have held pole position. BRA 1968 Nelson Piquet FRA 1974 Patrick Tambay ITA Ferrari Report 13 AUT Austrian Grand Prix BRA 1968 Nelson Piquet BRA 1968 Nelson Piquet ITA Elio de Angelis GBR Lotus-Ford Report 14 FRA 1974 Swiss Grand Prix FRA 1974 Alain Prost FRA 1974 Alain Prost FIN Keke Rosberg GBR Williams-Ford Report 15 ITA Italian Grand Prix USA Mario Andretti FRA 1974 René Arnoux FRA 1974 René Arnoux FRA 1974 Renault Report 16 USA Caesars Palace Grand Prix FRA 1974 Alain Prost ITA Michele Alboreto ITA Michele Alboreto GBR Tyrrell-Ford ReportSource:1982 Race Results https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1982/races.html formula1.com Formula One World Championship Limited 16 March 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180316211444/https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1982/races.html 16 March 2018 Scoring system List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems thumb|Cumulative points of the top five drivers Points were awarded to the top six classified finishers.Higham 1995 6 For the Drivers' Championship, the best eleven results were counted,Smith 2013 277 while, for the Constructors' Championship, all rounds were counted. No driver classified in more than eleven points-scoring positions, so no drop-rounds applied for this season. Points were awarded in the following system: Position 1st  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th Race964321Source:18 January 2019 World Championship points systems http://8w.forix.com/6thgear/points.html https://web.archive.org/web/20190924032459/http://8w.forix.com/6thgear/points.html 24 September 2019 21 December 2020 8W Forix World Drivers' Championship standings Pos Position Driver RSAZAF 1928 BRABRA 1968 USWUSA SMRITA BELBEL MONMCO DETUSA CANCAN NEDNLD GBRGBR FRAFRA 1974 GERFRG AUTAUT SUIFRA 1974 ITAITA CPLUSA Points 1 FIN Keke Rosberg 5 DSQ 2 2 Ret 4 Ret 3 Ret p 5 3 2 1 8 5 44 2 FRA 1974 Didier Pironi 18 6 Ret 1 f DNS 2 3 9 p f 1 2 3 DNS p 39 3 GBR John Watson 6 2 6 1 f Ret 1 3 9 Ret Ret Ret Ret 13 4 2 39 4 FRA 1974 Alain Prost 1 f 1 p f Ret Ret Ret p 7 NC p f Ret Ret 6 2 Ret 8 2 p f Ret 4 p 34 5 AUT Niki Lauda 4 Ret 1 f DSQ Ret Ret Ret 4 1 8 DNS 5 3 Ret Ret 30 6 FRA 1974 René Arnoux 3 p Ret Ret Ret p Ret Ret p 10 Ret Ret p Ret 1 p 2 Ret 16 1 f Ret 28 7 FRA 1974 Patrick Tambay 8 3 4 1 4 DNS 2 DNS 25 8 ITA Michele Alboreto 7 4 4 3 Ret 10 Ret Ret 7 Ret 6 4 Ret 7 5 1 f 25 9 ITA Elio de Angelis 8 Ret 5 4 5 Ret 4 Ret 4 Ret Ret 1 6 Ret Ret 23 10 ITA Riccardo Patrese Ret Ret 3 Ret 1 f Ret 2 15 Ret Ret f Ret Ret 5 Ret Ret 21 11 BRA 1968 Nelson Piquet Ret DSQ Ret 5 Ret DNQ 1 2 Ret Ret Ret f Ret p f 4 Ret Ret 20 12 USA Eddie Cheever Ret Ret Ret 3 Ret 2 10 DNQ Ret 16 Ret Ret Ret 6 3 15 13 IRL Derek Daly 14 Ret Ret Ret 6 5 7 5 5 7 Ret Ret 9 Ret 6 8 14 GBR Nigel Mansell Ret 3 7 Ret 4 Ret Ret Ret 9 Ret 8 7 Ret 7 15 ARG Carlos Reutemann 2 Ret 6 = CAN Gilles Villeneuve Ret Ret DSQ 2 DNS† 6 17 ITA Andrea de Cesaris 13 Ret Ret p Ret Ret 3 Ret 6 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 10 10 9 5 18 FRA 1974 Jacques Laffite Ret Ret Ret 9 Ret 6 Ret Ret Ret 14 Ret 3 Ret Ret Ret 5 19 USA Mario Andretti Ret 3 p Ret 4 20 FRA 1974 Jean-Pierre Jarier Ret 9 Ret 4 Ret DNQ Ret Ret 14 Ret Ret Ret DNQ Ret Ret DNS 3 21 SUI Marc Surer 7 9 8 5 10 Ret 13 6 Ret 15 Ret 7 3 22 ITA Bruno Giacomelli 11 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 11 7 9 5 Ret 12 Ret 10 2 23 CHI Eliseo Salazar 9 Ret Ret 5 Ret Ret Ret Ret 13 DNQ Ret Ret DNQ 14 9 DNQ 2 24 FRG Manfred Winkelhock 10 5 Ret DSQ Ret Ret Ret DNQ 12 DNQ 11 Ret Ret Ret DNQ NC 2 25 ITA Mauro Baldi DNQ 10 DNQ Ret DNQ Ret 8 6 9 Ret Ret 6 DNQ 12 11 2 26 BRA 1968 Chico Serra 17 Ret DNQ 6 DNPQ 11 DNQ Ret Ret DNQ 11 7 DNQ 11 DNQ 1 — GBR Brian Henton DNQ DNQ Ret Ret Ret 8 9 NC Ret 8 f 10 7 Ret 11 Ret 8 0 — FRG Jochen Mass 12 8 8 Ret DNQ 7 11 Ret 10 Ret 0 — SWE Slim Borgudd 16 7 10 0 — BRA 1968 Raul Boesel 15 Ret 9 8 DNPQ Ret Ret Ret DNQ DNQ Ret DNQ Ret DNQ 13 0 — COL Roberto Guerrero WD DNQ Ret DNQ DNQ Ret Ret DNQ Ret DNQ 8 Ret Ret NC DNS 0 — GBR Derek Warwick Ret DNQ DNPQ Ret Ret DNQ Ret f Ret 15 10 Ret Ret Ret Ret 0 — GBR Rupert Keegan DNQ Ret Ret DNQ 12 0 — GBR Geoff Lees Ret 12 0 — ITA Teo Fabi DNQ DNQ DNQ NC Ret DNPQ DNQ Ret Ret DNQ Ret Ret Ret DNQ 0 — ITA Riccardo Paletti DNQ DNPQ DNQ Ret DNPQ DNPQ DNS Ret† 0 — IRL Tommy Byrne DNQ Ret DNQ DNQ Ret 0 — NED Jan Lammers DNQ DNQ DNQ Ret DNQ DNQ 0 — ESP Emilio de Villota DNPQ DNPQ DNQ DNQ DNPQ 0 — BRA 1968 Roberto Moreno DNQ 0 Pos Position DriverRSAZAF 1928BRABRA 1968USWUSASMRITABELBELMONMCODETUSACANCANNEDNLDGBRGBRFRAFRA 1974GERFRGAUTAUTSUIFRA 1974ITAITACPLUSA PointsSources:1982 Driver Standings https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1982/drivers.html https://web.archive.org/web/20180316211748/https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1982/drivers.html 16 March 2018 16 March 2018 formula1.com Formula One World Championship Limited World Constructors' Championship standings Pos PositionConstructorRSAZAF 1928BRABRA 1968USWUSASMRITABELBELMONMCODETUSACANCANNEDNLDGBRGBRFRAFRA 1974GERFRGAUTAUTSUIFRA 1974ITAITACPLUSAPoints 1 ITA Ferrari Ret Ret DSQ 2 DNS 8 3 4 1 4 DNS 2 DNS 74 18 6 Ret 1F DNS 2 3 9PF 1 2 3 DNSP 3P Ret 2 GBR McLaren-Ford 6 2 6 1F Ret 1 3 9 Ret Ret Ret 9 13 4 2 69 4 Ret 1F DSQ Ret Ret Ret 4 1 8 DNS 5 3 Ret Ret 3 FRA 1974 Renault 1F 1PF Ret Ret RetP 7 NCPF Ret Ret 6 2 Ret 8 2PF Ret 4P 62 3P Ret Ret RetP Ret RetP 10 Ret RetP Ret 1P 2 Ret 16 1F Ret 4 GBR Williams-Ford 2 Ret Ret Ret 6 5 7 5 5 7 Ret Ret 9 Ret 6 58 5 DSQ 2 2 Ret 4 Ret 3 RetP 5 3 2 1 8 5 5 GBR Lotus-Ford 8 Ret 5 4 5 Ret 4 Ret 4 Ret Ret 1 6 Ret Ret 30 Ret 3 7 Ret 4 Ret Ret DNQ Ret 12 9 Ret 8 7 Ret 6 GBR Tyrrell-Ford 7 4 4 3 Ret 10 Ret Ret 7 Ret 6 4 Ret 7 5 1F 25 16 7 10 Ret Ret 8 9 NC Ret 8F 10 7 Ret 11 Ret 8 7 GBR Brabham-BMW Ret 5 Ret DNQ 1 2 Ret Ret RetF RetPF 4 Ret Ret 22 Ret Ret 15 Ret RetF Ret Ret 5 Ret Ret 8 FRA 1974 Talbot Ligier-Matra Ret Ret Ret 3 Ret 2 10 DNQ Ret 16 Ret Ret Ret 6 3 20 Ret Ret Ret 9 Ret 6 Ret Ret Ret 14 Ret 3 Ret Ret Ret 9 GBR Brabham-Ford DSQ Ret 19 Ret 3 1F Ret 2 10 ITA Alfa Romeo 13 Ret RetP Ret Ret 3 Ret 6 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 10 10 9 7 11 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 11 7 9 5 Ret 12 Ret 10 11 GBR Arrows-Ford DNQ DNQ Ret 7 9 8 5 10 Ret 13 6 Ret 15 Ret 7 5 DNQ 10 DNQ Ret DNQ Ret 8 6 9 Ret Ret 6 DNQ 12 11 12 FRG ATS-Ford 10 5 Ret DSQ Ret Ret Ret DNQ 12 DNQ 11 Ret Ret Ret DNQ NC 4 9 Ret Ret 5 Ret Ret Ret Ret 13 DNQ Ret Ret DNQ 14 9 DNQ 13 ITA Osella-Ford Ret 9 Ret 4 Ret DNQ Ret Ret 14 Ret Ret Ret DNQ Ret Ret DNS 3 DNQ DNPQ DNQ Ret DNPQ DNPQ DNS Ret 14 BRA 1968 Fittipaldi-Ford 17 Ret DNQ 6 DNPQ 11 DNQ Ret Ret DNQ 11 7 DNQ 11 DNQ 1 — GBR March-Ford 12 8 8 Ret DNQ 7 11 Ret 10 Ret DNQ Ret Ret DNQ 12 0 15 Ret 9 8 DNPQ Ret Ret Ret DNQ DNQ Ret DNQ Ret DNQ 13 DNPQ DNPQ DNQ DNQ DNPQ — GBR Ensign-Ford WD DNQ Ret DNQ DNQ Ret Ret DNQ Ret DNQ 8 Ret Ret NC DNS 0 — GBR Toleman-Hart Ret DNQ DNPQ Ret Ret DNQ RetF Ret 15 10 Ret Ret Ret Ret 0 DNQ DNQ DNQ NC Ret DNPQ DNQ Ret Ret DNQ Ret Ret Ret DNQ — HKG 1959 Theodore-Ford 14 Ret Ret DNQ DNQ DNQ Ret Ret DNQ DNQ DNQ Ret DNQ DNQ Ret 0Pos PositionConstructorRSAZAF 1928BRABRA 1968USWUSASMRITABELBELMONMCODETUSACANCANNEDNLDGBRGBRFRAFRA 1974GERFRGAUTAUTSUIFRA 1974ITAITACPLUSAPointsSource:https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1982/team.html 1982 Constructor Standings www.formula1.com 9 December 2016 Formula One World Championship Limited 21 February 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180221171102/https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1982/team.html dead Notes References Bibliography Bamsey Ian Automobile Sport 82–83 Haynes Manuals Sparkford 1983 0-946321-01-9 Donaldson Gerald Gilles Villeneuve Virgin London 2003 0-7535-0747-1 Higham Peter The Guinness Guide to International Motor Racing https://archive.org/details/guinnessguidetoi00high/ registration 1995 Motorbooks International London 978-0-7603-0152-4 Hilton Christopher 1982: The Inside Story of an Astonishing Grand Prix Season 2007 Haynes Publishing Newbury Park, CT; Sparkford 978-1-84425-404-0 Lang Mike Grand Prix! Race-by-Race Account of Formula 1 World Championship Motor Racing Haynes Publishing 4 Sparkford 1992 0-85429-733-2 Nye Doug Doug Nye Autocourse History of the Grand Prix Car 1966–85 Hazleton Publishing 1986 0-905138-37-6 Pritchard Anthony Grand Prix Ford: Ford, Cosworth and the DFV 2015 Veloce Publishing Ltd. Poundbury 978-1-84584-624-4 Roebuck Nigel Nigel Roebuck Chasing the Title. Memorable Moments from Fifty Years of Formula 1 Haynes Publications Sparkford 1999 1-85960-604-0 Smith Roger Formula 1: All the Races. The World Championship Story Race-by-Race 1950–2012 2013 Haynes Publishing Sparkford 978-0-85733-350-6 2nd Trzesniowski Michael Rennwagentechnik: Grundlagen, Konstruktion, Komponenten, Systeme 2010 Vieweg+Teubner Verlag Wiesbaden 978-3-8348-0857-8 de Watkins Sid Sid Watkins Life at the Limit: Triumph and Tragedy in Formula One Pan Books London 1997 0-330-35139-7 External links Result archive on the official Formula One website February 2002 issue of Motor Sport magazine, focusing on the 1982 season Category:Formula One seasons