1906 Valparaíso earthquake

8.2 Mw earthquake in Chile October 2024 1906 Valparaíso earthquake 1906-08-17 00:40:04 iscgemsup16957911 16957911 1906 08 16 19 55 -4:00 19:55 Terremoto Valparaíso 1906.jpg Damage in Valparaíso after the earthquake Damage in Valparaíso after the earthquake USGS ShakeMap Chile 8.2 w y 11Significant Earthquake Database https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/2779 National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA 10.7289/V5TD9V7K 1972 Data Set 25 km mi 0 on 32 24 S 71 24 W type:event_region:CL inline,title Chile Yes dead 1906 Valparaíso earthquake.jpg The 1906 Valparaíso earthquake occurred on August 16 at 19:55 local time. Its epicenter was offshore of the Valparaíso Region of Chile, and its magnitude was estimated at 8.2 w y.Valparaiso, Chile 1906 iscgemsup16957911 M 8.2 – Valparaiso, Chile August 16, 2018 cs1 This earthquake occurred thirty minutes after an 8.35 Mw earthquake near the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Much of Valparaíso was destroyed; there was severe damage in Central Chile from Illapel to Talca. The earthquake was felt from Tacna to Puerto Montt. Reports said the earthquake lasted four minutes. A tsunami was also generated. The earthquake killed a reported 3,882 people. The record of previous seismic activity includes major earthquakes in 1647, 1730 and 1822.Korrat I. R. Madariaga Rupture of the Valparaiso (Chile) Gap from 1971–1985 https://books.google.com/books?id=hh1dTskgyDEC&pg=PA251 Earthquake Source Mechanics 1986 251 American Geophysical Union 9780875904054 The 1906 disaster was predicted by Captain Arturo Middleton, Chief of the Chilean Army Meteorological Office, in a letter that was published in El Mercurio, one week before it occurred. Admiral Luis Gómez Carreño ordered the shooting of at least 15 people, who were caught looting after the earthquake. A Board for Reconstruction was formed some weeks after the earthquake. The Seismological Service of Chile was also created. Background List of earthquakes in Chile Chile lies above a convergent plate boundary, an area where the Nazca plate under the Pacific Ocean is subducted or moved beneath the South American plate. In the region around Valparaiso, the rate of convergence is about 70 mm/yr.https://web.archive.org/web/20101101123940/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010tfan/ November 1, 2010 dead https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010tfan/#summary Magnitude 8.8 – OFFSHORE MAULE, CHILE United States Geological Survey October 8, 2010 October 15, 2010 As these two plates converge, it drives the Nazca plate with massive movements called megathrust earthquakes. The 1906 event was one of many large earthquakes in Chile along this plate boundary. Earthquakes can originate at the plate interface itself or within either the subducting or overriding plates.August 2019 Citing the conjunction of Neptune with the moon, http://diario.elmercurio.com/detalle/index.asp?id={87680ded-8f54-459b-84b5-0cbfa1dc7b4d} Materialismo sísmico (y 2) El Mercurio June 5, 2010 Spanish October 11, 2010 Captain Arturo Middleton, Chief of the Chilean Army's Meteorological Office, predicted the earthquake in a letter published in the Valparaíso newspaper El Mercurio on August 6. http://www.mer.cl/modulos/generacion/mobileASP/detailNew.asp?idNoticia=C38954220100529&strNamePage=SAPRO038201005291H.SWF&codCuerpo=745&codRev=889&iNumPag=038&strFecha=2010-05-29&iPage=1&tipoPantalla= Materialismo sísmico El Mercurio May 29, 2010 Spanish October 11, 2010 Captain Middleton was severely criticized in the following days, and was described as "ignorant and obscurantist." Earthquake characteristics On August 16, 1906, at 19:55 local time,Memoria Chilena http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0000522.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20120316004918/http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0000522.pdf March 16, 2012 live La catástrofe del 16 de agosto de 1906 en Chile Spanish February 27, 2013 while most Chileans were dining, a subterraneous sound was heard, and before it ended, the first tremor occurred, lasting about four minutes. The second tremor occurred at 20:06 and, although it lasted only two minutes, was much more violent. There were numerous aftershocks: at least 56 of them occurred during the first 24 hours after the beginning tremors. The magnitude of the earthquake has been estimated to be 8.4 l y, 8.2 w yServicio Sismológico de la Universidad de Chile https://web.archive.org/web/20061231163803/http://www.sismologia.cl/home/terrem.html December 31, 2006 dead http://www.sismologia.cl/home/terrem.html SISMOS IMPORTANTES Y/O DESTRUCTIVOS (1570 – Mayo 2005) Spanish October 11, 2010 or s y 8.2–8.3. The energy release has been re-evaluated with an estimated seismic moment of 2.8 × 1028, equivalent to a magnitude of 8.26 w. The rupture length of the earthquake has been estimated at 200 km with a focal depth of about 40 km. The focal mechanism has been assessed using contemporary seismograph records from five stations, which were published soon after the earthquake. The data suggest that the earthquake was probably along the subduction interface. Modelling of a tsunami using these source parameters shows that this earthquake was the origin of the transpacific tsunamis recorded that same day in Hawaii and Japan, rather than the almost contemporaneous 1906 Aleutian Islands earthquake. The 30-minute time gap between the Aleutian and Chilean earthquakes is thought to be coincidental, with no causal link between the two.Okal E.A. 2005 A re-evaluation of the great Aleutian and Chilean earthquakes of 1906 August 17 Geophysical Journal International 161 2 268–282 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02582.x 2005GeoJI.161..268O free Damage thumb|upright|El Mercurio newspaper on August 17, 1906, reporting the earthquake of the day before The earthquake caused damage throughout Central Chile, from Illapel to Talca. There were several destructive fires in El Almendral (from Plaza de la Victoria to Cerro Barón), Mercado Cardonal, Teatro de la Victoria (Victory Theatre), the Intendencia, the Maritime Government in Sotomayor Square and the Fiscal Dock at the port.Ciudad de Valparaíso http://www.ciudaddevalparaiso.cl/inicio/patrimonio_historia_sxxi.php?id_hito=14 Valparaíso: las tragedias que marcaron su identidad Spanish October 11, 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20110707010634/http://www.ciudaddevalparaiso.cl/inicio/patrimonio_historia_sxxi.php?id_hito=14 July 7, 2011 dead The earthquake was also felt in Santiago, the capital of Chile and all the way to Brazil. The newspaper El Mercurio reported in its August 17 edition that "the earthquake was produced in a violent way since its beginning, and provoked an indescribable panic through all the four thousands of inhabitants of Santiago and an unprecedented terror in the last years. Two or three-story buildings, even the most solid ones such as the National Congress, were swinging like a vessel in the sea. The shakings were so strong that many people thought the earth was going to open itself in deep and long strips."Diario el Día El terremoto del Centenario. October 11, 2010 According to the University of Chile, there were deaths.https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths since 1900 United States Geological Survey October 11, 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20130114225331/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php January 14, 2013 dead The earthquake left more than 20,000 injured. On August 19, Admiral Luis Gómez Carreño was appointed Plaza Port Chief. Gómez ordered the distribution of water and food, removal of corpses and demolition of buildings in risk of collapse, from a tent in Plaza de La Victoria.La Tercera https://web.archive.org/web/20110723233935/http://latercera.com/contenido/1453_230311_9.shtml July 23, 2011 dead http://latercera.com/contenido/1453_230311_9.shtml Gómez Carreño, el "sheriff" que controló Valparaíso en el sismo de 1906. Spanish October 11, 2010 Adm. Gómez ordered the shooting of at least 15 people who had committed crimes during the aftermath. Others received public lashings for warning about another disaster or attacking the police.Savala Joshua "Let Us Bring it with Love": Violence, Solidarity, and the Making of a Social Disaster in the Wake of the 1906 Earthquake in Valparaíso, Chile https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shx021 Journal of Social History 2018 51 4 934–935 10.1093/jsh/shx021 Project Muse subscription Relief efforts Despite the state of the city, authorities quickly organized themselves into relief groups. Firefighters from other cities of Chile, including Santiago, Concepción and Talcahuano, moved to Valparaíso to help the local Fire Bureau.http://www.bomberil.cl/varios/viaje.htm La jornada del hambre October 11, 2010 Ponce, Galvarino https://web.archive.org/web/20110707005848/http://www.bomberil.cl/varios/viaje.htm July 7, 2011 dead Spanish Physician José Grossi worked to counteract the plagues that followed the earthquake. http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/dest.asp?id=terremotosvalparaiso https://web.archive.org/web/20120620091642/http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/dest.asp?id=terremotosvalparaiso June 20, 2012 live Terremoto Valparaíso Memoria Chilena Spanish October 16, 2010 http://diario.elmercurio.cl/detalle/index.asp?id={02794789-2639-4bee-a4c4-bb18e7c20759} La noche en que Valparaíso se desplomó July 30, 2006 Spanish El Mercurio October 11, 2010 On August 25, President Germán Riesco and President-Elect Pedro Montt arrived at Valparaíso. They arrived there by train, on foot, or horseback to survey the magnitude of the disaster. Working class organizations—mutual aid societies, labor unions, and Left organizations—held fundraisers to financially support those they thought were left behind or forgotten by state efforts. Some organizations in Santiago sent money to labor groups in Valparaíso; they also helped to temporarily house working class victims from Valparaíso in Santiago.Savala Joshua 2018 "Let Us Bring it with Love": Violence, Solidarity, and the Making of a Social Disaster in the Wake of the 1906 Earthquake in Valparaíso, Chile https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shx021 Journal of Social History 51 4 938–944 10.1093/jsh/shx021 Project Muse subscription Some weeks after the earthquake, a Board for Reconstruction was formed, using money received from other countries. Aftermath In 1906, the Seismological Service of Chile (Servicio Sismológico de Chile) was created. Its first chief executive was Fernand de Montessus de Ballore.http://www.dgf.uchile.cl/montessus/valparaiso.html https://web.archive.org/web/20130228011026/http://www.dgf.uchile.cl/montessus/valparaiso.html February 28, 2013 dead Fernand de Montessus de Ballore Primer Director del Servicio Sismológico, 1908–1923 Seismological Service of Chile Spanish 2006 October 11, 2010 The effects of this historic seismic event in the Valparaíso rupture zone would be studied and measurable in the context of further seismic activity in this vicinity.Korrat I. Madariaga R. Geophysical Monograph Series Rupture of the Valparaiso (Chile) Gap from 1971 to 1985 American Geophysical Union Washington, D. C. 1986 978-1-118-66486-5 10.1029/gm037p0247 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/GM037p0247 247 See also List of earthquakes in 1906 List of earthquakes in Chile Seismicity of the Chilean coast Notes References Das, Shamita; John Boatwright and C. H. Scholz. (1986). Earthquake Source Mechanics. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. 9780875904054; OCLC 13526041 Further reading Rodríguez Rozas Alfredo Gajardo Cruzat Carlos La catástrofe del 16 de agosto de 1906 en la República de Chile 1906 Imprenta y Litografía Barcelona Santiago, Chile Spanish External links Terremoto de 1906 in Valparaíso Fire Bureau's website (archive) es 16957911 Valparaiso Earthquake, 1906 Category:1906 in Chile Category:Natural disasters in Chile Category:Megathrust earthquakes in Chile Category:1900s tsunamis Category:Valparaíso Category:August 1906 in South America