1860–61 United States Senate elections

none March 2026 January 2025 1860–61 United States Senate elections United States 1859 legislative no 1858–59 United States Senate elections 1858 & 1859 1862–63 United States Senate elections 1862 & 1863 Class 3 1854–55 United States Senate elections 1854 & 1855 1866–67 United States Senate elections 1866 & 1867 31Includes late elections of the 68 seats in the United States Senate 35 January 14, 1860–April 2, 1861One seat (Kentucky) was previously elected on December 12, 1859. Special elections were held in Virginia (July 9, 1861,) and Kentucky (December 10, 1861,) following the start of the 37th Congress. 160x180px Seats up Races won Democratic Party (US) Democratic Party (United States) Dem No formal leadership N/A 38 31Including 2 Douglas Democrats, 1 Breckinridge Democrat, and 1 Lecompton Democrat. Democrats lost an additional 16 seats as a result of secession, reducing their caucus to 15 seats. 8 15 7 Republican Party (US) File:Hon. John P. Hale, N.H - NARA - 528278 (cropped).tif John P. HaleAs chairman of the Senate Republican Conference New Hampshire 25 31 6 9 15 Know Nothing 2 1 1 1 0 350px Results#0671b0 Democratic gain #ca0120 Republican gain#92C5DE Democratic hold #F48882 Republican hold The 1860–61 United States Senate elections were held from January 14, 1860, to April 2, 1861. Regularly scheduled elections were held for 23 out of the 68 seats in the United States Senate, and special elections were held in California, Oregon, Maine, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. One seat was previously elected on December 12, 1859. Following the start of the 37th Congress on July 4, 1861, special elections were held in Virginia and Kentucky to fill vacancies resulting from the secession of the Confederacy. The Republican Party flipped six Democratic-held seats and gained control of the Senate for the first time following the departure of senators representing Confederate states. U.S. senators are divided into three classes whose six-year terms are staggered, such that one-third of the Senate is elected every two years. Senators in Class 3 were elected in 1860 and 1861. Prior to ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were elected by the U.S. state legislatures. There was no fixed calendar, and states held elections on various dates preceding the first session of Congress. In states with split partisan control of the legislature, multiple rounds of voting could be required to elect a senator, leading to extended vacancies.National Archives 2022 Republicans flipped Democratic-held seats in Indiana, Ohio, Oregon, and Pennsylvania and added two seats representing the new state of Kansas, swelling their caucus to 31 senators. The Democrats flipped a Know Nothing-held seat in Kentucky, but lost five seats from states that seceded before the end of the 36th Congress; the departure of 16 more Southern senators before July 4 reduced the Democratic caucus to 15 seats. In special elections held after the start of Congress, Unionists filled two vacancies in Virginia and flipped a Democratic-held seat in Kentucky, reducing the Democratic caucus to 14 seats by the end of 1861.Evening Journal Almanac 1862 42–46 The Republican victory in the 1860 United States presidential election precipitated the resignations of senators Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, Simon Cameron of Pennsylvania, and Salmon P. Chase of Ohio, who became vice president, secretary of war, and secretary of the treasury, respectively, in the incoming Lincoln administration; Republicans won all three special elections to select their replacements. Other notable departures included William H. Seward of New York, who retired in order to accept an appointment as secretary of state; Stephen A. Douglas, who died on June 3, 1861, and was replaced by a Republican appointee; John C. Breckinridge, who was expelled from the Senate in December 1861 after enlisting in the Confederate States Army; and Joseph Lane of Oregon, whose seat was filled by a Douglas Democrat.Evening Journal Almanac 1862 42–46 Background The elections took place amidst rising sectional tension over slavery and the related issue of territorial expansion. In the previous Congress, the debate on the proposed Lecompton Constitution and the application of the Dred Scott decision split the Democratic Party between allies of Stephen A. Douglas, who opposed the measures, and the administration of James Buchanan. Douglas was nominated for president by his supporters in 1860, while the Buchanan wing consisting of most Southern Democrats and doughfaces coalesced behind the outgoing vice president and senator-elect from Kentucky, John C. Breckinridge.McPherson 1988 166–67, 214–16 In California, Missouri, and Oregon, vote-splitting between Douglas and Breckinridge Democrats resulted in gridlock that persisted over multiple rounds of balloting. Republicans were the beneficiaries of Democratic infighting, picking up an open seat in Oregon and using their influence to elect a Douglas Democrat over his Breckinridge Democratic opponent in California.Buchanan 1936 205–6 Switzler 1879 312–13 Johannsen 1955 222–24 In the slave states, the opposition to the Democrats was fragmented and generally lacked sufficient numbers to threaten Democratic senators. Of the five slave states to hold regularly scheduled elections, only in Missouri was there a protracted struggle over the selection of the state's senator.Switzler 1879 312–13 In Maryland the Know Nothings were the second party in the legislature, and in North Carolina the Whig label was revived; elsewhere the opponents of the Democrats were called Oppositionists or Constitutional Unionists.Baker 1973 35 Kruman 1983 181 Collins Collins 1924 81 Parrish 1971 6 These groups subsequently would join forces with unionist Democrats and Republicans in Union coalitions that resisted secession in the Upper South and border states during and after 1861.Baker 1973 62 Kruman 1983 207, 218 Summary results Parties Total Democratic Republican Know Nothing Union Vacant Last elections (1858–59) 38 25 2 — 1 66 Not up 23 16 1 — — 40 Class 1 (1856–57→1862–63) 10 8 1 — — 19 Class 2 (1858–59→1864–65) 13 8 — — — 21 Up 15 9 1ky Includes the Kentucky Class 3 seat. Democrat John C. Breckinridge won the regularly scheduled election for this seat in 1859 but was subsequently expelled from the Senate, triggering a special election held in 1861. — 3 28 Class 3 (1854–55→1860–61) 14ohio Includes the Ohio Class 3 seat. Republican Salmon P. Chase won the regularly scheduled election for this seat in 1860 but subsequently resigned, triggering a special election held in 1861. 7 1 — — 22 Special: Class 1 & 2 1 2ohio — — 1 4 Special: Class 3 — 1ohio — — — 1 New states — — — — 2Kansas 2 General election 1859 — — 1ky — — 1 Replaced by other party 1 Know Nothing replaced by 1 Democratky 1 Result 1ky — — — — 1 1860 5ohio 4 — — — 9 Held by same party 3 4 — — — 7 Replaced by other party 1 Democrat replaced by 1 Republicanohio 1 Democrat replaced by 1 vacancy 2 Result 3 5ohio — — 1South Carolina 9 1861 9 3 — — 2 14 Held by same party 3 3 — — — 6 Replaced by other party 4 Democrats replaced by 4 vacancies 2 Democrats replaced by 2 Republicans 2 vacancies replaced by 2 Republicans 8 Result 3 7 — — 4Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Louisiana 14 Special elections 1860 1 — — — 1 2 Held by same party 1 — — — — 1 Replaced by other party 1 vacancy replaced by 1 Republican 1 Result 1 1 — — — 2 1861 — 3ohio — — — 3 Held by same party — 3ohio — — — 3 Result — 3ohio — — — 3 Secession Before March 4, 1861 9 — — — — 9 Replaced by other party 9 Democrats replaced by 9 vacancies 9 Result — — — — 9 9 After March 4, 1861 8 — — — — 8 Held by same party 1 — — — — 1 Replaced by other party 7 Democrats replaced by 7 vacancies 7 Result 1 — — — 7 8 Result 15 31 1 — 21 68 Changes after July 4, 1861 1 3 2 68 Maps Change in composition Each block represents one of the 66 seats in the U.S. Senate. (The admission of Kansas on January 29, 1861, increased the number of seats in the Senate to 68.) "KN#" is a Know Nothing senator, "D#" is a Democratic senator, "R#" is a Republican senator, "U#" is a Union senator, and "V#" is a vacant seat. They are arranged so that the parties are separated, and a majority is clear by crossing the middle. Before the elections This diagram shows the composition of the Senate on January 1, 1860.Congressional Quarterly 1985 579–606 Greeley 1861 17 Evening Journal Almanac 1861 16 D3 D2 D1 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D23 D22 D21 D20 D19 D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D24Md. MarylandRan D25Mo. MissouriRan D26N.C. North CarolinaRan D27OhioRan D28Ark. ArkansasRetired D29Calif. (reg) California (regular)Retired D30Calif. (sp) California (special)Retired D31Ind. IndianaRetired D32Ore. (reg) Oregon (regular)Retired D33Pa. PennsylvaniaRetired Majority → D34Ala. AlabamaWithdrew R23Vt. VermontRan R24N.Y. New YorkRetired R25Wis. WisconsinRetired KN1 KN2Ky. KentuckyRetired D38S.C. South CarolinaWithdrew D37La. LouisianaWithdrew D36Ga. GeorgiaWithdrew D35Fla. FloridaWithdrew R22N.H. New HampshireRan R21IowaRan R20Ill. IllinoisRan R19Conn. ConnecticutRan R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R19 R10 R11 R12 R2 R1 V1Ore. (sp) Oregon (special) After the elections This diagram shows the projected composition of the Senate as a result of the regularly scheduled elections for the Class III seats and special elections in California and Oregon. In consequence of secession, several more seats had been vacated by the time the 37th United States Congress convened, as shown below.Congressional Quarterly 1985 579–606 Greeley 1861 17 Evening Journal Almanac 1861 16 Greeley 1862 17 Evening Journal Almanac 1862 43–46 D1 V3Ga. GeorgiaD Loss V2Fla. FloridaD Loss V1Ala. AlabamaD Loss D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D21 D20 D19 D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D22 D23 D24Ark. ArkansasHold D25Calif. (reg) California (regular)Hold D26Calif. (sp) California (special)Hold D27Ky. KentuckyGain D28Md. MarylandRe-elected D29Mo. MissouriHold D30N.C. North CarolinaRe-elected D31Ore. (reg) Oregon (regular)Hold No majority R23Kan. KansasGain R24Kan. KansasGain R25N.H. New HampshireRe-elected R26N.Y. New YorkHold R27OhioGain R28Ore. (sp) Oregon (special)Gain R29Pa. PennsylvaniaGain R30Vt. VermontRe-elected R31Wis. WisconsinHold KN1 R22IowaRe-elected R21Ind. IndianaGain R20Ill. IllinoisRe-elected R19Conn. ConnecticutRe-elected R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R2 R1 V5S.C. South CarolinaD Loss V4La. LouisianaD Loss Beginning of the first session This diagram shows the composition of the Senate on July 11, 1861, after the start of the first session, following the withdrawal or expulsion of 16 senators from states which had seceded from the Union between Election Day (November 8, 1860,) and the opening of Congress on July 4. Special elections held in Pennsylvania, Maine, and Ohio filled three vacancies which had occurred on or before March 4; a final vacancy, occurring as a result of the death of Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, was filled by appointment pending a special election.Congressional Quarterly 1985 579–606 Greeley 1862 17 Evening Journal Almanac 1862 43–46 V4 V3 V2 V1 V5 V6Ala. AlabamaD Loss V7Ark. ArkansasD Loss V8Ark. ArkansasD Loss V9Fla. FloridaD Loss V10Ga. GeorgiaD Loss V11La. LouisianaD Loss D1 D2 D3 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D14 KN1 R32Pa. (sp) Pennsylvania (special)Hold R31Ohio (sp) Ohio (special)Hold R30Maine (sp) Maine (special)Hold R29Ill. (ap) Illinois (appointed)Gain R28 R27 R26 R25 Majority → R24 R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R5 V16S.C. South CarolinaD Loss V17Tenn. TennesseeD Loss V18TexasD Loss V19TexasD Loss V20Va. VirginiaD Loss V21Va. VirginiaD Loss R1 R2 R3 R4 V15N.C. North CarolinaD Loss V14N.C. North CarolinaD Loss V13Miss. MississippiD Loss V12Miss. MississippiD Loss Beginning of the second session This diagram shows the composition of the Senate on December 10, 1861, after the start of the second session, following special elections held in Kentucky and Virginia to fill vacancies resulting from the expulsion of pro-Confederate senators; a final vacancy, occurring from the death of Edward D. Baker, was filled by appointment pending a special election.Congressional Quarterly 1985 579–606 Greeley 1862 17 Evening Journal Almanac 1862 43–46 V4 V3 V2 V1 V5 V6 V7 V8 V9 V10 D1 D2 D3 D4 D14Ore. (ap) Oregon (appointed)Gain D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 KN1 U1Ky. (sp) Kentucky (special)Gain U2Va. (sp) Virginia (special)Gain U3Va. (sp) Virginia (special)Gain R31 R30 R29 R28 R27 R26 Majority → R25 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 V15 V16 V17 V18 V19 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 V14 V13 V12 V11 Key: KN# Know Nothing D# Democratic R# Republican U# Union V# Vacant Race summary Special elections during the preceding Congress Special elections were held between January 14, 1860, and January 9, 1861, to fill three vacancies in the 36th United States Congress. State Incumbent This race Senator Party Electoralhistory Results Candidates California(Class 1) Henry P. Haun 1859 (app. appointed) Interim appointee retired.New member elected January 14, 1860.Democratic hold. First ballot (January 14, 1860) Lecompton Democrat Milton Latham (Lecompton Democratic) 97 Anti-Lecompton DemocratEdward Randolph (Anti-Lecompton Democratic) 14 Republican Party (US)Oscar L. Shafter (Republican) 3 Oregon(Class 2) Vacant (legislature failed to elect) Seat vacant since March 4, 1859.New member elected October 2, 1860.Republican gain. Fourteenth ballot (October 2, 1860) Republican Party (US) Edward D. Baker (Republican) 26 Democratic Party (US)George H. Williams (Douglas Democratic) 20 Southern Democratic (US)George L. Curry (Breckinridge Democratic) 2 Southern Democratic (US)Lansing Stout (Breckinridge Democratic) 1 Blank 1 Maine(Class 1) Hannibal Hamlin 1848 (sp. special)18511857 (r. resigned)1857 Incumbent resigned January 7, 1861.New member elected January 9, 1861.Republican hold. First ballot (January 9, 1861) Republican Party (US) Lot M. Morrill (Republican) 124 H Maine House of Representatives; 29 S Maine Senate Democratic Party (US)George F. Shepley (Democratic) 23 H Maine House of Representatives; 0 S Maine Senate Elections leading to the next Congress Eighteen senators were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1861. State Incumbent This race Senator Party Electoralhistory Results Candidates Alabama Benjamin Fitzpatrick 1848 (app. appointed)1849 (ret. retired)1853 (app. appointed)1853 (sp. special)1855 No election.Democratic loss. None. Arkansas Robert W. Johnson 1853 (app. appointed)1854 (sp. special)1855 Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. Ninth ballot (December 20, 1860) Democratic Party (US)Charles B. Mitchel (Democratic) 52 Democratic Party (US)Samuel H. Hempstead (Democratic) 26 Democratic Party (US)George C. Watkins (Democratic) 8 Democratic Party (US)Robert W. Johnson (Democratic) 2 Scattering 5 California William M. Gwin 18501855 (f. failure to elect)1857 (sp. special) Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. Twenty-third ballot (April 2, 1861) Northern Democratic Party James A. McDougall (DD–A-L Douglas Democratic (Anti-Lecompton)) 57 Lecompton DemocratJohn Nugent (DD–L Douglas Democratic (Lecompton)) 39 Southern Democratic (US)John B. Weller (Breckinridge Democratic) 4 Scattering 2 Connecticut Lafayette S. Foster 1854 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (May 10, 1860) Republican Party (US) Lafayette S. Foster (Republican) 139 H Connecticut House of Representatives; 16 S Connecticut Senate Democratic Party (US)William W. Eaton (Democratic) 70 H Connecticut House of Representatives; 7 S Connecticut Senate Florida David L. Yulee 1855 No election.Democratic loss. None. Georgia Alfred Iverson 1854–55 No election.Democratic loss. None. Illinois Lyman Trumbull 1855 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 10, 1861) Republican Party (US) Lyman Trumbull (Republican) 54 Democratic Party (US)Samuel S. Marshall (Democratic) 46 Indiana Graham N. Fitch 1857 (sp. special) Incumbent retired.Republican gain. First ballot (January 16, 1861) Republican Party (US) Henry S. Lane (Republican) 88 Democratic Party (US)Joseph A. Wright (Democratic) 57 Iowa James Harlan 18551857 (inv. election invalidated)1857 (sp. special) Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 14, 1860) Republican Party (US) James Harlan (Republican) 73 Democratic Party (US)Augustus C. Dodge (Democratic) 52 Kansas(2 seats) None (new state) Seat created January 29, 1861.Republican gain. First ballot (April 4, 1861) Republican Party (US) James H. Lane (Republican) 55 Republican Party (US) Samuel C. Pomeroy (Republican) 52 Republican Party (US)Marcus J. Parrott (Republican) 49 Republican Party (US)Frederick P. Stanton (Republican) 21 Democratic Party (US)A. J. Isacks (Democratic) 11 Republican Party (US)Samuel A. Kingman (Republican) 3 Republican Party (US)Mark W. Delahay (Republican) 2 Scattering 2 Seat created January 29, 1861.Republican gain. Kentucky John J. Crittenden Know Nothing 18161819 (r. resigned)18351841 (ret. retired)1842 (app. appointed)1842 (sp. special)18431848 (r. resigned)1854 Incumbent retired.Democratic gain. First ballot (December 12, 1859) Democratic Party (US) John C. Breckinridge (Democratic) 81 Opposition Party (US)Joshua F. Bell (Opposition) 52 Louisiana John Slidell 1853 (sp. special)1854–55 No election.Democratic loss. None. Maryland James Pearce 184318491855 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (March 3, 1860) Democratic Party (US) James Pearce (Democratic) 50 Know NothingJames U. Dennis (Know Nothing) 34 Blank 1 Missouri James S. Green 1857 (sp. special) Incumbent withdrew during election.Democratic hold. Fifteenth ballot (March 18, 1861) Southern Democratic (US) Waldo P. Johnson (Breckinridge Democratic) 81 Constitutional Union Party (US)Alexander W. Doniphan (Constitutional Union) 36 Democratic Party (US)Thomas B. English (Douglas Democratic) 29 New Hampshire Daniel Clark 1857 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (June 13, 1860) Republican Party (US) Daniel Clark (Republican) 184 H New Hampshire House of Representatives; 8 S New Hampshire Senate Democratic Party (US)John S. Wells (Democratic) 108 H New Hampshire House of Representatives; 2 S New Hampshire Senate Scattering 2 H New Hampshire House of Representatives; 0 S New Hampshire Senate New York William H. Seward 18491855 Incumbent retired.Republican hold. First ballot (February 5, 1861) Republican Party (US) Ira Harris (Republican) 88 A New York State Assembly; 22 S New York State Senate Democratic Party (US)Horatio Seymour (Democratic) 31 A New York State Assembly; 9 S New York State Senate North Carolina Thomas L. Clingman 1858 (app. appointed)1858 (sp. special) Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 31, 1861) Democratic Party (US) Thomas L. Clingman (Democratic) 85 Whig Party (US)William A. Graham (Whig) 17 Democratic Party (US)Bedford Brown (Democratic) 16 Whig Party (US)Sion H. Rogers (Whig) 11 Whig Party (US)Burgess S. Gaither (Whig) 6 Whig Party (US)William N. H. Smith (Whig) 4 Whig Party (US)Richard S. Donnell (Whig) 2 Scattering 6 Ohio George E. Pugh 1854 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. First ballot (February 3, 1860) Republican Party (US) Salmon P. Chase (Republican) 76 Democratic Party (US)George E. Pugh (Democratic) 53 Republican Party (US)Thomas Corwin (Republican) 5 Oregon Joseph Lane 1859 Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. Fourteenth ballot (October 2, 1860) Democratic Party (US) James Nesmith (Douglas Democratic) 27 Southern Democratic (US)Matthew Deady (Breckinridge Democratic) 22 Blank 1 Pennsylvania William Bigler 1856 Incumbent retired.People's gain. First ballot (January 8, 1861) Republican Party (US) Edgar Cowan (People's) 98 Democratic Party (US)Henry D. Foster (Democratic) 35 South Carolina James H. Hammond 1857 No election.Democratic loss. None. Vermont Jacob Collamer 1855 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (October 16, 1860) Republican Party (US) Jacob Collamer (Republican) 198 H Vermont House of Representatives; 27 S Vermont Senate Democratic Party (US)Paul Dillingham (Democratic) 24 H Vermont House of Representatives; 1 S Vermont Senate Wisconsin Charles Durkee 1855 Incumbent retired.Republican hold. First ballot (January 23, 1861) Republican Party (US) Timothy O. Howe (Republican) 82 Democratic Party (US)Henry L. Palmer (Democratic) 34 Special elections during the next Congress State Incumbent This race Senator Party Electoralhistory Results Candidates Pennsylvania(Class 1) Simon Cameron People's 1857 Incumbent resigned March 4, 1861.New member elected March 14, 1861.People's hold. First ballot (March 14, 1861) Republican Party (US) David Wilmot (People's) 95 Democratic Party (US)William H. Welsh (Democratic) 35 Scattering 2 Ohio(Class 3) Salmon P. Chase Republican 18491855 (ret. retired)1860 Incumbent resigned March 6, 1861.New member elected March 21, 1861.Republican hold. First ballot (March 21, 1861) Republican Party (US) John Sherman (Republican) 76 Democratic Party (US)William Kennon (Democratic) 53 Virginia(Class 1) James M. Mason Democratic 1847 (sp. special)18501856 Incumbent expelled July 11, 1861.New member elected July 9, 1861.Union gain. First ballot (July 9, 1861) Unionist politician (American Civil War) Waitman T. Willey (Union) 22 Unionist politician (American Civil War)Peter G. Van Winkle (Union) 10 Unionist politician (American Civil War)Daniel Lamb (Union) 6 Virginia(Class 2) Robert M. T. Hunter Democratic 184618521858 Incumbent expelled July 11, 1861.New member elected July 9, 1861.Union gain. First ballot (July 9, 1861) Unionist politician (American Civil War) John S. Carlile (Union) 38 Kentucky(Class 3) John C. Breckinridge Democratic 1859 Incumbent expelled December 4, 1861.New member elected December 10, 1861.Union gain. First ballot (December 10, 1861) Unionist politician (American Civil War) Garrett Davis (Union) 84 Southern Rights PartyWilliam Johnson (Southern Rights) 12 Unionist politician (American Civil War)William O. Butler (Union) 1 Alabama List of United States senators from Alabama Alabama election presidential no 1855 United States Senate election in Alabama 1855 1868 United States Senate election in Alabama 1868 No election Senator Benjamin Fitzpatrick Democratic Party (United States) None (vacant from January 21, 1861) One-term Democrat Benjamin Fitzpatrick was elected in 1855. He withdrew from the Senate on January 21, 1861, following the secession of Alabama. The Alabama Legislature did not hold an election for the next term, and the seat remained vacant until 1868.Congressional Quarterly 1985 579 Arkansas 1860 United States Senate election in Arkansas List of United States senators from Arkansas 1860 United States House of Representatives elections in Arkansas Arkansas election presidential no 1855 United States Senate election in Arkansas 1855 1868 United States Senate election in Arkansas 1868 December 20, 1860 Members of the Arkansas General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 9th ballot File:Charles Mitchel.jpg Charles B. Mitchel Democratic Party (United States) 27 (29.7%) 52 (55.9%) 3x4.svg Samuel H. Hempstead Democratic Party (United States) 33 (33.0%) 26 (28.0%) File:George C. Watkins.jpg George C. Watkins Democratic Party (United States) 23 (25.3%) 8 (8.6%) Senator Robert W. Johnson Democratic Party (United States) Charles B. Mitchel Democratic Party (United States) One-term Democrat Robert W. Johnson was elected in 1855. He was not a candidate for re-election.Ferguson 1965 14 The Arkansas General Assembly met on December 20, 1860, to hold an election for the next term. Democrats Charles B. Mitchel, Samuel H. Hempstead, N. B. Burrow, and George C. Watkins were nominated as candidates.Arkansas 1861 394 Burrow, a secessionist, declined to be considered; the remaining candidates were notably cautious in their responses to Lincoln's election.Ferguson 1965 15 Mitchel was elected with 52 votes on the ninth ballot.Arkansas 1861 403 He subsequently was expelled from Congress on July 11, 1861, following the secession of Arkansas.Congressional Quarterly 1985 580 California List of United States senators from California 1861 United States House of Representatives elections in California There were two elections in California, due to the death of David C. Broderick. California (special) 1860 United States Senate special election in California California special election presidential no 1857 United States Senate election in California 1857 1863 United States Senate election in California 1863 January 9, 1860 Members of the California State LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 1st ballot 130x130px Latham1 3x4.jpg Milton Latham Lecompton Democrat 97 (85.1%) 3x4.svg Edmund Randolph Anti-Lecompton Democrat 14 (12.3%) Senator Henry Haun (interim) Democratic Party (United States) Milton Latham Lecompton Democrat Incumbent Democrat Henry P. Haun was appointed in 1859 to fill the vacancy created by Broderick's death.Congressional Quarterly 1985 580 The California State Legislature met in joint session on January 14, 1861, to hold a special election for the unexpired term.California 1860 122 The Lecompton Democratic governor of California Milton Latham defeated the Anti-Lecompton Democrat Edward Randolph. The Republican candidate Oscar L. Shafter received only three votes out of the 114 cast.Hittell 1898 260 California (regular) 1861 United States Senate election in California California election presidential no 1857 United States Senate special election in California 1857 (special) 1865 United States Senate election in California 1865 March 9–20, 1861 (1st–22nd)April 2, 1861 (23rd) Members of the California State LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 23rd ballot Hon. James A. McDougall, Ill - NARA - 527723 3x4.jpg James A. McDougall Douglas Democratic(Anti-Lecompton) 27 (23.9%) 57 (54.8%) John Nugent (journalist).jpg John Nugent Douglas Democratic (Lecompton) Lecompton Democrat 9 (8.0%) 39 (37.5%) File:John B. Weller Destiny Road Alt Crop.jpg John B. Weller Breckinridge Democratic 27 (23.9%) 4 (3.8%) File:Timothy Guy Phelps Portrait.jpg Timothy G. Phelps Republican Party (United States) 23 (20.4%) — File:GenJohnWDenver (1).jpg James W. Denver Douglas Democratic (Lecompton) Lecompton Democrat 16 (14.3%) — Senator William M. Gwin Democratic Party (United States) James A. McDougall Democratic Party (United States) Two-term Democrat William M. Gwin was re-elected in 1857 following the failure of the California State Legislature to elect a senator in 1855. He was not a candidate for re-election.Congressional Quarterly 1985 580 The California Democratic Party was divided between proslavery Chivalry or Lecompton Democrats, and free soil Anti-Lecompton Democrats. The 1860 U.S. presidential election multiplied these divisions, producing splits between supporters of the presidential candidacies of Stephen A. Douglas and John C. Breckinridge, and between Lecompton and Anti-Lecompton Douglas Democrats. The Constitutional Union Party, composed of conservative former Whigs, was of minimal importance. California Republicans were able to capitalize on the bitterness between the Democratic factions to carry the state in the national election with less than one third of the votes cast.Buchanan 1936 205 Hittell 1898 272–73 Gwin's term ended on March 3, 1861, without the legislature having chosen his successor.Hittell 1898 278 On March 9, the Senate and the House of Representatives met in joint session to hold an election for the next term.California 1861 333 Anti-Lecompton Douglas Democrat James A. McDougall, Breckinridge Democrat John B. Weller, Republican Timothy G. Phelps, and Lecompton Douglas Democrats James W. Denver and John Nugent were the major candidates.Buchanan 1936 205 Several coalitions of various factions were attempted during the balloting. Lacking the votes to elect their own candidate, the Republicans threw their support to McDougall in order to forestall a coalition of the Breckinridge and Lecompton Douglas Democrats.Buchanan 1936 205–6 After multiple rounds of voting spread out over several days, McDougall was apparently elected on March 20 with 56 votes on the 22nd ballot.Hittell 1898 279 Subsequently, it was discovered that McDougall's total fell one vote short of the requisite majority for a legal election. The joint session reconvened on April 2, when McDougall received the necessary 57 votes on the first (23rd overall) ballot.Buchanan 1936 206 Connecticut 1860 United States Senate election in Connecticut List of United States senators from Connecticut 1861 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut Connecticut election presidential no 1854 United States Senate election in Connecticut 1854 1866 United States Senate election in Connecticut 1864 May 10, 1860 Members of the Connecticut General AssemblyMajority in both houses needed to win 130x130px House Senate File:Lafayette S. Foster - Brady-Handy (3x4a).jpg Lafayette S. Foster Republican Party (United States) 139 (66.5%) 16 (69.6%) File:William W. Eaton - Brady-Handy.jpg William W. Eaton Democratic Party (United States) 70 (33.5%) 7 (21.4%) Senator Lafayette S. Foster Republican Party (United States) Lafayette S. Foster Republican Party (United States) One-term Republican Lafayette S. Foster was elected in 1854. The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on May 10, 1860, to hold an election for the next term. Foster defeated the Democratic candidate William W. Eaton on the first ballot.From New Haven https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83035143/1860-05-11/ed-1/seq-3/ Cleveland Morning Leader May 11, 1860 Florida List of United States senators from Florida 1860 United States House of Representatives election in Florida Florida election presidential no 1855 United States Senate election in Florida 1855 1868 United States Senate special elections in Florida 1868 (special) No election Senator David L. Yulee Democratic Party (United States) None (vacant from January 21, 1861) One-term Democrat David L. Yulee was elected in 1855. He withdrew from the Senate on January 21, 1861, following the secession of Florida. The Florida Legislature did not hold an election for the next term, and the seat remained vacant until 1868.Congressional Quarterly 1985 583 Georgia List of United States senators from Georgia Georgia election presidential no 1854–55 United States Senate elections 1854–55 1867 United States Senate election in Georgia 1867 No election Senator Alfred Iverson Democratic Party (United States) None (vacant from January 28, 1861) One-term Democrat Alfred Iverson was elected in 1854 or 1855. He withdrew from the Senate on January 28, 1861, following the secession of Georgia. The Georgia Legislature did not hold an election for the next term, and the seat remained vacant until 1871.Congressional Quarterly 1985 584 Illinois 1861 United States Senate election in Illinois List of United States senators from Illinois 1860 United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois Illinois election presidential no 1855 United States Senate election in Illinois 1855 1867 United States Senate election in Illinois 1867 January 10, 1861 Members of the Illinois General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:LTrumbull.jpg Lyman Trumbull Republican Party (United States) 54 (54.0%) File:SamuelSMarshall (1).jpg Samuel S. Marshall Democratic Party (United States) 46 (46.0%) Senator Lyman Trumbull Republican Party (United States) Lyman Trumbull Republican Party (United States) One-term Republican Lyman Trumbull was elected in 1855. The Illinois General Assembly met in joint session on January 10, 1861, to hold an election for the next term. Trumbull defeated the Democratic candidate Samuel S. Marshall on the first ballot.Illinois 1861 31 Indiana 1861 United States Senate election in Indiana List of United States senators from Indiana 1860 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana Indiana election presidential no 1857 United States Senate special election in Indiana 1857 (special) 1867 United States Senate election in Indiana 1867 January 16, 1861 Members of the Indiana General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Sen Henry Smith Lane (cropped).jpg Henry S. Lane Republican Party (United States) 88 (60.7%) File:Joseph A Wright Portrait.jpg Joseph A. Wright Democratic Party (United States) 57 (39.3%) Senator Graham N. Fitch Democratic Party (United States) Henry S. Lane Republican Party (United States) Incumbent Democrat Graham N. Fitch was elected in 1857 following the failure of the legislature to elect a senator in 1855. He was not a candidate for re-election.Thornbrough 1995 78 The Indiana General Assembly met in joint session on January 16, 1861, to hold an election for the next term. The Republican governor of Indiana Henry S. Lane defeated the Democratic former governor Joseph A. Wright on the first ballot.U.S. Senator Elected https://newspapers.library.in.gov/?a=d&d=CWJ18610117.1.2 Crawfordsville Weekly Journal January 17, 1861 Wright was subsequently appointed to the other Indiana seat following the expulsion of Democrat Jesse D. Bright later in 1861. Lane's election elevated the lieutenant governor Oliver P. Morton to the governorship in accordance with an arrangement between the two men worked out in advance of the 1860 state elections.Thornbrough 1995 116, 101 Iowa 1860 United States Senate election in Iowa List of United States senators from Iowa 1860 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa Iowa election presidential no 1857 United States Senate special election in Iowa 1857 (special) 1867 United States Senate election in Indiana 1867 January 14, 1860 Members of the Iowa General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:James-Harlan (cropped).jpg James Harlan Republican Party (United States) 73 (58.4%) File:Augustus Caesar Dodge.jpg Augustus C. Dodge Democratic Party (United States) 52 (41.6%) Senator James Harlan Republican Party (United States) James Harlan Republican Party (United States) One-term Republican James Harlan was re-elected in 1857 following the invalidation of his initial election in 1855.Congressional Quarterly 1985 596 The Iowa General Assembly met in joint session on January 14, 1860, to hold an election for the next term. Harlan defeated the Democratic candidate Augustus C. Dodge on the first ballot.Iowa 1860 80 Kansas 1861 United States Senate elections in Kansas List of United States senators from Kansas Kansas election presidential no 1865 (Class 2) →1867 (Class 3) April 4, 1861 100 members of the Kansas Legislature51 votes needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:James Henry Lane.jpg James H. Lane Republican Party (United States) 55 (55.0%) File:Samuel C. Pomeroy - Brady-Handy.jpg Samuel C. Pomeroy Republican Party (United States) 52 (52.0%) File:Marcus J. Parrott (Kansas Congressman).jpg Marcus J. Parrott Republican Party (United States) 49 (49.0%) File:Frederick P. Stanton (A stand hist of KS & Kansans, v.2, 1918).png Frederick P. Stanton Republican Party (United States) 21 (21.0%) 3x4.svg A. J. Isacks Democratic Party (United States) 11 (11.0%) Senators None James H. Lane (Class 2)Samuel C. Pomeroy (Class 3) Republican Party (United States) Kansas elected two senators following its admission on January 29, 1861. The Kansas Legislature met in joint session on April 4, 1861, to hold elections for both seats. Members voted for two candidates, with the first and second-place finishers being elected.Kansas 1861 73 James H. Lane, Marcus J. Parrott, Samuel C. Pomeroy, and Frederick P. Stanton were the leading Republican candidates in a field that also included Mark W. Delahay and Thomas Ewing. Ewing withdrew prior to the election, while Delahay exerted little effort on his own behalf. The Kansas Democratic Party was hopelessly outnumbered in the legislature, and those Democrats like Archibald Williams and P. T. Abell who allowed their names to be mentioned did not seriously hope to be elected.Gaeddert 1940 99 Voting took place over two hours, with members switching their votes frequently as the fortunes of the candidates rose and fell.Gaeddert 1940 106 Lane and Pomeroy had 55 and 52 votes, respectively, on the final tally and were pronounced elected.Kansas 1861 76 Kentucky List of United States senators from Kentucky 1861 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky Two elections were held in Kentucky, due to the election and subsequent expulsion of John C. Breckinridge. Kentucky (regular) 1859 United States Senate election in Kentucky Kentucky election presidential no 1854 United States Senate election in Kentucky 1854 1861 United States Senate special election in Kentucky 1861 (special) December 12, 1859 Members of the Kentucky General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:John C Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg John C. Breckinridge Democratic Party (United States) 81 (60.9%) File:Joshua-Fry-Bell.jpg Joshua F. Bell Opposition Party (Southern U.S.) 52 (39.1%) Senator John J. Crittenden Know Nothing John C. Breckinridge Democratic Party (United States) Three-term Know Nothing John J. Crittenden was re-elected in 1854. Crittenden had served previous non-consecutive terms from 1817 to 1819, from 1835 to 1841, and from 1842 to 1848.Congressional Quarterly 1985 587 He was not a candidate for re-election. Linn Boyd, John C. Breckinridge, Elijah Hise, and John C. Mason were candidates for the Democratic nomination. A caucus of Democratic legislators selected Breckinridge on December 11, 1859, in advance of the election.The Kentucky Senatorship https://newspapers.library.in.gov/?a=d&d=IR18591214.1.2 Indiana Reveille December 14, 1859 The Kentucky General Assembly met in joint session on December 12, 1859, to hold an election for the next term, more than a year before the expiration of Crittenden's term.Kentucky 1859 109 Breckinridge defeated the Opposition candidate Joshua F. Bell on the first ballot.Collins Collins 1924 81 Kentucky (special) 1861 United States Senate special election in Kentucky Kentucky special election presidential no 1859 United States Senate election in Kentucky 1859 1867 United States Senate election in Kentucky 1867 December 10, 1861 Members of the Kentucky General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Hon. Garrett Davis, Ky - NARA - 528757 (cropped).jpg Garrett Davis Unionist politician (American Civil War) 84 (86.6%) 3x4.svg William Johnson Southern Rights Party 12 (12.4%) Senator None (vacant from March 4, 1861) Garrett Davis Unionist politician (American Civil War) Breckinridge did not return to Washington when the Senate resumed session on December 2, 1861, having enlisted in the Confederate States Army.Davis 2010 289–90 He was expelled from Congress on December 4 for supporting the Confederacy.Congressional Quarterly 1985 587–88 The Unionist members of the legislature held a caucus on December 10, 1861, in advance of the special election. Garrett Davis, James Guthrie, Joshua F. Bell, John J. Crittenden, Joseph R. Underwood, and Joseph Holt were candidates on the first ballot. Allies of Crittenden, now a U.S. representative, asked that his name be withdrawn from further consideration, for fear that a special election for his congressional seat could be won by a secessionist. The contest then narrowed to Bell, Davis, and Guthrie. After several rounds of voting yielded no result, Bell withdrew his candidacy; Davis defeated Guthrie on the 10th ballot with 65 votes to Guthrie's 64.From Frankfort https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn88078724/1861-12-12/ed-1 Weekly Lancaster Gazette December 12, 1861 Breckinridge's Successor https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84031490/1861-12-12/ed-1 Chicago Daily Tribune December 12, 1861 The Kentucky General Assembly met on December 10, 1861, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Voting proceeded separately in the Senate and the House of Representatives, after which the votes were tallied jointly.Kentucky 1861 421–22 Davis defeated the Southern Rights candidate William Johnson on the first ballot. Louisiana List of United States senators from Louisiana Louisiana election presidential no 1854–55 United States Senate elections 1854–55 1868 United States Senate election in Louisiana 1868 No election Senator John Slidell Democratic Party (United States) None (vacant from February 4, 1861) One-term Democrat John Slidell was elected in 1854 or 1855. He withdrew from the Senate on February 4, 1861, following the secession of Louisiana. The Louisiana State Legislature did not hold an election for the next term, and the seat remained vacant until 1868.Congressional Quarterly 1985 588 Maine (special) 1861 United States Senate special election in Maine List of United States senators from Maryland 1860 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland Maine special election presidential no 1857 United States Senate election in Maine 1857 1863 United States Senate election in Maine 1863 January 9, 1861 Members of the Maine LegislatureMajority in both houses needed to win 130x130px House Senate File:Lot Morrill, Brady-Handy photo portrait, ca1865-1880.jpg Lot M. Morrill Republican Party (United States) 124 (84.4%) 29 (100.0%) File:George F Shepley.jpg George F. Shepley Democratic Party (United States) 23 (15.6%) — Senator Hannibal Hamlin Republican Party (United States) Lot M. Morrill Republican Party (United States) Two-term Republican Hannibal Hamlin was re-elected in 1857. Hamlin was elected vice president in 1860 and resigned his Senate seat on January 7, 1861.Congressional Quarterly 1985 589 The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 9, 1861, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. The Republican candidate Lot M. Morrill defeated the Democratic candidate George F. Shepley on the first ballot.Maine Legislature https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022374/1861-01-18/ed-1/seq-1 Ellsworth American January 18, 1861 Ellsworth, ME Maryland 1860 United States Senate election in Maryland List of United States senators from Maryland 1861 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland Maryland election presidential no 1855 United States Senate election in Maryland 1855 1864 United States Senate special election in Maryland 1864 (special) March 2, 1860 Members of the Maryland General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:James Alfred Pearce, standing.jpg James A. Pearce Democratic Party (United States) 50 (59.5%) 3x4.svg James U. Dennis Know Nothing 34 (40.5%) Senator James A. Pearce Democratic Party (United States) James A. Pearce Democratic Party (United States) Three-term Democrat James A. Pearce was re-elected in 1855. The Maryland General Assembly met on March 2, 1860, to hold an election for the next term. Voting proceeded separately in the Senate and the House of Delegates, after which the tellers withdrew and to count the ballots in the Senate chamber.Maryland 1860 708 Pearce defeated the Know Nothing candidate James U. Dennis on the first ballot.The Maryland Legislature [...] https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1860-03-03/ed-1/seq-2/ Evening Star March 3, 1860 Missouri 1861 United States Senate election in Missouri List of United States senators from Missouri 1860 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri Missouri election presidential no 1857 United States Senate special election in Missouri 1857 (special) 1863 United States Senate special election in Missouri 1863 (special) March 13–18, 1861 Members of the Missouri General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 15th ballot File:WPJohnson.jpg Waldo P. Johnson Breckinridge Democratic — 81 (55.5%) File:Alexander William Doniphan.jpg Alexander W. Doniphan Constitutional Union Party (United States) 26 (16.9%) 36 (24.6%) 3x4.svg Thomas B. English Douglas Democratic 9 (5.8%) 29 (19.9%) File:JSGreen.jpg James S. Green Breckinridge Democratic 68 (44.2%) — File:John S. Phelps - Brady-Handy.jpg John S. Phelps Douglas Democratic 13 (8.4%) — File:RobWilson-Miss.jpg Robert Wilson Constitutional Union Party (United States) 10 (6.5%) — File:Willard Preble Hall.jpg Willard P. Hall Douglas Democratic 8 (5.2%) — Senator James S. Green Democratic Party (United States) Waldo P. Johnson Breckinridge Democratic One-term Democrat James S. Green was elected in 1857 following the failure of the legislature to elect a senator in 1855.Congressional Quarterly 1985 593 Green's term expired on March 4, 1861. The Missouri General Assembly met in joint session on March 13 to hold an election for the next term. No candidate had a majority on the first ballot, necessitating several subsequent rounds of voting over the ensuing five days.The Senatorial Election https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86063325/1861-03-21/ed-1/seq-3/ Glasgow Weekly Times March 21, 1861 Green, Constitutional Unionist Alexander W. Doniphan, and Douglas Democrats John S. Phelps and Thomas B. English were the leading candidates on the first ballot, with several other candidates polling between one and 10 votes. Green's secessionist, proslavery views were an issue during the election; supporters argued that failure to re-elect the incumbent would be interpreted as a concession to the abolitionist movement.Switzler 1879 312–13 Green's support dwindled over the first two days of balloting. On March 18, prior to the start of voting, his supporters withdrew his name in favor of Breckinridge Democrat Waldo P. Johnson, who was elected on the 15th ballot. Johnson, a secessionist, did not attend the 37th Congress when it convened on July 4, 1861. He was expelled from the Senate on January 10, 1862, for supporting the Confederacy. Robert Wilson, who received 10 votes as a Constitutional Unionist on the first ballot, was appointed to Johnson's vacant seat pending a special election in 1863.Parrish 1963 87 New Hampshire 1860 United States Senate election in New Hampshire List of United States senators from New Hampshire 1860 United States House of Representatives elections in New Hampshire New Hampshire election presidential no 1857 United States Senate special election in New Hampshire 1857 1866 United States Senate election in New Hampshire 1866 June 13, 1860 Members of the New Hampshire General CourtMajority in both houses needed to win 130x130px House Senate File:Daniel Clark 1809-1891 - Brady-Handy.jpg Daniel Clark Republican Party (United States) 184 (62.6%) 8 (80.0%) File:JSWelles.jpg John S. Wells Democratic Party (United States) 108 (36.7%) 2 (20.0%) Senator Daniel Clark Republican Party (United States) Daniel Clark Republican Party (United States) Incumbent Republican Daniel Clark was elected in 1857 to fill the vacancy created by the death of James Bell.Congressional Quarterly 1985 595 The Republican members of the New Hampshire General Court nominated Clark for re-election at their caucus on June 12, 1861, in advance of the election. The Democrats nominated John S. Wells.New Hampshire Politics https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83021205/1860-06-13/ed-1/seq-3/ Worcester Daily Spy June 13, 1860 The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on June 13, 1861, to hold an election for the next term. Clark defeated Wells on the first ballot.New Hampshire 1860a 70 New Hampshire 1860b 30 New York 1861 United States Senate election in New York List of United States senators from New York 1860 United States House of Representatives elections in New York New York election presidential no 1855 United States Senate election in New York 1855 1867 United States Senate election in New York 1867 February 5, 1861 Members of the New York State LegislatureMajority in both houses needed to win 130x130px Assembly Senate File:Ira Harris.jpg Ira Harris Republican Party (United States) 88 (73.9%) 22 (71.0%) File:Hon. Horatio Seymour, N.Y - NARA - 528568 (cropped).jpg Horatio Seymour Democratic Party (United States) 31 (26.0%) 9 (29.0%) Senator William H. Seward Republican Party (United States) Ira Harris Republican Party (United States) Two-term Republican William H. Seward was re-elected in 1855. He was not a candidate for re-election.Congressional Quarterly 1985 596 The Senate and the Assembly met separately on February 5, 1861, to hold an election for the next term. The Republican candidate Ira Harris defeated the Democratic candidate Horatio Seymour on the first ballot.New York 1861a 248 New York 1861b 187 North Carolina 1861 United States Senate election in North Carolina List of United States senators from North Carolina North Carolina election presidential no 1858 United States Senate special election in North Carolina 1858 (special) 1868 United States Senate special elections in North Carolina 1868 (special) January 31, 1861 Members of the North Carolina General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Hon. Thomas L. Clingman, N.C - NARA - 528409.jpg Thomas L. Clingman Democratic Party (United States) 85 (57.8%) File:William Alexander Graham - Brady-Handy.jpg William A. Graham Whig Party (United States) 17 (11.6%) File:BedfordBrown.jpg Bedford Brown Democratic Party (United States) 16 (10.9%) File:Sion Hart Rogers.png Sion H. Rogers Whig Party (United States) 11 (7.5%) Senator Thomas L. Clingman Democratic Party (United States) Thomas L. Clingman Democratic Party (United States) Incumbent Democrat Thomas L. Clingman was elected in 1858 to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Asa Biggs.Congressional Quarterly 1985 597 Although it declined nationally after 1855, the Whig Party survived in North Carolina and contested the 1860 state elections under its former name.Kruman 1983 178, 195 Whigs elected 19 senators and 55 members of the House of Commons, holding the Democrats to narrow majorities in both chambers.Legislature of North Carolina, 1860–'61 https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84020712/1860-08-21/ed-1/seq-3/ Western Democrat August 21, 1860 Clingman, a former Whig from Western North Carolina, was by 1860 the leader of the state's secessionist Democrats. Unionists in the North Carolina Senate attempted to draft Democrat Bedford Brown, but he declined consideration. Opposition to Clingman was divided and distracted by the proposal to call a state convention to consider secession which had passed the legislature on January 29.Walton 1976 191 The North Carolina General Assembly met on January 31, 1861, to hold an election for the next term. Voting proceeded separately in the Senate and the House of Commons, after which the votes were tallied jointly. Clingman and Whig Sion H. Rogers were nominated by members of the House of Commons, while Brown was nominated by the Senate.North Carolina 1861 252–54 Clingman defeated his various rivals on the first ballot.Election of U. S. Senator https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84020712/1861-02-05/ed-1/seq-3/ Western Democrat February 5, 1861 North Carolina seceded on May 20, 1861.Inscoe 1989 254 Clingman did not attend the 37th Congress when it convened on July 4 and was expelled on July 11 for supporting the Confederacy.Congressional Quarterly 1985 597 Ohio List of United States senators from Ohio 1860 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio Two elections were held in Ohio, due to the election and subsequent resignation of Salmon P. Chase. Ohio (regular) 1860 United States Senate election in Ohio Ohio election presidential no 1854 United States Senate election in Ohio 1854 1861 United States Senate special election in Ohio 1861 (special) February 3, 1860 Members of the Ohio General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Mathew Brady, Portrait of Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase, officer of the United States government (1860–1865).jpg Salmon P. Chase Republican Party (United States) 76 (56.7%) File:Original Caption - Hon. Stephen R. Mallory, Florida. Corrected Caption - Hon. George E. Pugh, Ohio - NARA - 528727.jpg George E. Pugh Democratic Party (United States) 53 (39.6%) Senator George E. Pugh Democratic Party (United States) Salmon P. Chase Republican Party (United States) One-term Democrat George E. Pugh was elected in 1854.Congressional Quarterly 1985 598 The Ohio General Assembly met in joint session on February 3, 1860, to hold an election for the next term. The Republican candidate Salmon P. Chase defeated Pugh on the first ballot.Ohio 1860 158 Ohio (special) 1861 United States Senate special election in Ohio Ohio special election presidential no 1860 United States Senate election in Ohio 1860 1866 United States Senate election in Ohio 1866 March 21, 1861 Members of the Ohio General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Sherman, John.jpg John Sherman Republican Party (United States) 76 (58.9%) File:William Kennon, Sr.jpg William Kennon Democratic Party (United States) 53 (41.1%) Senator None (vacant from March 6, 1861) John Sherman Republican Party (United States) Chase resigned from the Senate on March 6, 1861, following his appointment as U.S. secretary of the treasury.Congressional Quarterly 1985 598 The Ohio General Assembly met in joint session on March 21 to hold a special election for the unexpired term. The Republican candidate John Sherman defeated the Democratic candidate William Kennon on the first ballot.Ohio 1861 353 Oregon List of United States senators from Oregon 1860 United States House of Representatives elections in Oregon There were two elections in Oregon, due to the vacancy of the Class 2 seat. Democrats Joseph Lane and Delazon Smith were elected in 1858, Smith for the term ending March 3, 1859, and Lane for the term ending March 3, 1861. After the expiration of Smith's term, but before the 36th Congress convened, the governor of Oregon John Whiteaker called a special session of the Oregon Legislative Assembly in May 1859 to hold an election for the succeeding term. The Oregon Democratic Party was divided between partisans of Lane and Asahel Bush, who were identified with support or opposition to the Buchanan administration's policy on slavery in the U.S. territories, respectively. In the Democratic caucus, Smith, a Lane Democrat, was narrowly renominated with 22 out of 43 votes. The Bush Democrats subsequently refused to support Smith's re-election in the legislative joint session, and the legislature adjourned on July 4 without having elected a senator.Johannsen 1955 81–82, 67, 72–73 In the interim, Lane was nominated for vice president by the Breckinridge Democratic National Convention; the Lane faction became identified with Breckinridge's presidential candidacy in Oregon, while the Anti-Lane forces supported Stephen Douglas. In elections held in June 1860, an ad-hoc Anti-Lane coalition of Republicans and Douglas Democrats handed a decisive defeat to the Lane faction, which was reduced to a minority in the legislature. Besides their shared hatred of Lane, both groups opposed the United States Supreme Court's ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford and supported popular sovereignty. The election of an Anti-Lane majority cleared the way for a cooperation between Republicans and Douglas Democrats in the upcoming senatorial elections.Johannsen 1955 117–21 The legislature met again in joint session on September 21, 1860, to hold concurrent elections for both seats.Oregon 1860 45 The combined membership of both chambers included 19 Lane Democrats, 18 Douglas Democrats, and 13 Republicans. In an attempt to prevent a quorum in the Senate, six Lane Democrats absented themselves from the proceedings; during their absence, the House of Representatives attempted to conduct the election, but no candidate for either seat gained a majority over twenty ballots.Johannsen 1955 118, 122–24 At length, the absent senators were persuaded to return, and balloting resumed on October 1. A coalition between the Republicans and Douglas Democrats remained elusive until the following day, when Douglas Democrat James Nesmith and Republican Edward D. Baker were elected on the 14th (34th overall) ballot. Oregon (regular) Oregon election presidential no 1858 United States Senate election in Oregon 1858 1866 United States Senate election in Oregon 1866 October 2, 1860 Members of the Oregon Legislative AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 14th ballot File:James Nesmith from Centennial History of Oregon.png James Nesmith Douglas Democratic 16 (32.0%) 27 (54.0%) File:Matthew Paul Deady.jpg Matthew Deady Breckinridge Democratic — 22 (44.0%) File:DelazonSmith.jpg Delazon Smith Breckinridge Democratic 19 (38.0%) — File:Edward Dickinson Baker.jpg Edward D. Baker Republican Party (United States) 12 (24.0%) — Senator Joseph Lane Democratic Party (United States) James Nesmith Douglas Democratic The incumbent Lane was not a candidate for re-election. Republican Edward D. Baker, Douglas Democrat James Nesmith, and Breckinridge Democrats Delazon Smith and Matthew Deady were the major candidates.Carey 1922 644 On October 2, Baker withdrew his candidacy for the Class 3 seat in order to seek election to the Class 2 seat. The Republican members switched their support to Nesmith, who was elected.Johannsen 1955 124 Oregon (special) 1860 United States Senate special election in Oregon Oregon special election presidential no 1858 United States Senate election in Oregon 1858 1862 United States Senate special election in Oregon 1862 (special) October 2, 1860 Members of the Oregon Legislative AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 14th ballot File:Edward Dickinson Baker.jpg Edward D. Baker Republican Party (United States) — 26 (52.0%) File:George Henry Williams - Brady-Handy - Restored & Cropped.jpg George H. Williams Douglas Democratic 11 (22.4%) 20 (40.0%) File:George Law Curry in 1860s.jpg George L. Curry Breckinridge Democratic 8 (16.3%) 2 (4.0%) File:La Fayette Grover - Brady-Handy.jpg La Fayette Grover Douglas Democratic 16 (32.6%) — File:Amory Holbrook.png Amory Holbrook Republican Party (United States) 11 (22.4%) — Senator None (vacant from March 4, 1859) Edward D. Baker Republican Party (United States) The term of the previous incumbent Smith ended on March 4, 1859, after which the seat was vacant.Congressional Quarterly 1985 599 Republican Amory Holbrook, Douglas Democrats George H. Williams and La Fayette Grover, and Breckinridge Democrat George L. Curry were the major candidates during the balloting on October 1.Oregon 1860 45–50 On October 2, the Republican members switched their votes from Holbrook to Baker, who had withdrawn his candidacy for the Class 3 seat. Fifteen Douglas Democrats joined the Republicans to elect Baker.Carey 1922 644 Holbrook, who thought fusion ill-advised and mistrusted Baker's Republican credentials, cast a blank ballot all through the voting on October 2.Johannsen 1955 125 Pennsylvania List of United States senators from Pennsylvania 1860 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania There were two elections in Pennsylvania, due to the resignation of Simon Cameron. Pennsylvania (regular) 1861 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania election presidential no 1856 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania 1856 (special) 1867 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania 1867 January 8, 1861 Members of the Pennsylvania General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Edgar Cowan - Brady-Handy.jpg Edgar Cowan People's 98 (73.7%) File:HDFoster.jpg Henry D. Foster Democratic Party (United States) 35 (26.3%) Senator William Bigler Democratic Party (United States) Edgar Cowan People's One-term Democrat William Bigler was elected in 1856 following the failure of the legislature to elect a senator in 1855.Congressional Quarterly 1985 600 The People's Party held a caucus on January 7, 1861, in advance of the election. Edgar Cowan and David Wilmot were the leading candidates. Wilmot was famous for his opposition to slavery in the U.S. territories and had the support of the incoming governor of Pennsylvania Andrew G. Curtin, but was opposed by conservative members who alleged his election would further antagonize the slave states. The junior U.S. senator from Pennsylvania Simon Cameron remained publicly neutral in the campaign for the Republican nomination while privately backing Cowan. In the caucus, Cowan defeated Wilmot on the sixth ballot with 58 votesto Wilmot's 38.Bradley 1964 120–23 The Democrats selected Henry D. Foster over the incumbent Bigler.Bradley 1964 123 The Pennsylvania General Assembly met in joint session on January 8, 1861, to hold an election for the next term. Cowan defeated Foster on the first ballot.Pennsylvania 1861 57–58 Pennsylvania (special) 1861 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania special election presidential no 1857 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania 1857 1863 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania 1863 March 14, 1861 Members of the Pennsylvania General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:David Wilmot.png David Wilmot People's 95 (73.5%) 3x4.svg William H. Welsh Democratic Party (United States) 34 (26.0%) Senator None (vacant from March 4, 1861) David Wilmot People's One-term People's incumbent Simon Cameron was elected in 1857. Cameron resigned from the Senate on March 4, 1861, following his appointment as U.S. secretary of war.Congressional Quarterly 1985 599 Wilmot was nominated by the People's Party caucus on the first ballot with 76 votes to 21 for other candidates. The Democrats selected William H. Welsh after the frontrunner for the nomination, William H. Witte, withdrew.Bradley 1964 125 The Pennsylvania General Assembly met in joint session on March 14, 1861, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Wilmot defeated Welsh on the first ballot.Pennsylvania 1861 522 South Carolina List of United States senators from South Carolina 1860 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina South Carolina election presidential no 1857 United States Senate special election in South Carolina 1857 (special) 1868 United States Senate election in South Carolina 1868 No election Senator James H. Hammond Democratic Party (United States) None (vacant from November 11, 1860) Incumbent Democrat James H. Hammond was elected in 1857 to fill the vacancy created by the death of Andrew Butler. He withdrew from the Senate on November 11, 1860, in anticipation of the secession of South Carolina. The South Carolina General Assembly did not hold an election for the next term, and the seat remained vacant until 1868.Congressional Quarterly 1985 601 Vermont 1860 United States Senate election in Vermont List of United States senators from Vermont 1860 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont Vermont election presidential no 1855 United States Senate election in Vermont 1855 1866 United States Senate special elections in Vermont 1866 (special) October 16, 1860 Members of the Vermont General AssemblyMajority in both houses needed to win 130x130px House Senate File:JCollamer2.jpg Jacob Collamer Republican Party (United States) 198 (89.2%) 27 (96.4%) File:Paul Dillingham (Vermont Governor).jpg Paul Dillingham Democratic Party (United States) 24 (10.8%) 1 (3.6%) Senator Jacob Collamer Republican Party (United States) Jacob Collamer Republican Party (United States) One-term Republican Jacob Collamer was elected in 1855.Congressional Quarterly 1985 604 The Republican members of the legislature held a caucus on October 15, 1860, in advance of the election; Collamer was nominated unanimously on the first ballot.Editorial Correspondence https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn98060050/1860-10-20/ed-1/ Vermont Phoenix October 20, 1860 The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on October 16, 1860, to hold an election for the next term.Vermont Legislature https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84023127/1860-10-19/ed-1 Burlington Free Press October 19, 1860 Collamer defeated the Democratic candidate Paul Dillingham the first ballot. Virginia (special) 1861 United States Senate special elections in Virginia List of United States senators from Virginia 1861 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia Two special elections were held in Virginia, due to the expulsions of Robert M. T. Hunter and James M. Mason. The Restored Virginia General Assembly met on July 9, 1861, to hold concurrent special elections for the unexpired terms. Voting proceeded separately in the Senate and the House of Delegates, after which the votes were tallied jointly. Waitman T. Willey and John S. Carlile were elected.Restored Government of Virginia 1861 31–32 Virginia (Class 1) Virginia special election presidential no 1856 United States Senate election in Virginia 1856 1863 United States Senate election in Virginia 1863 July 9, 1861 Members of the Restored Virginia General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Waitman T. Willey - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg Waitman T. Willey Unionist politician (American Civil War) 22 (57.9%) File:Peter G. Van Winkle - Brady-Handy.jpg Peter G. Van Winkle Unionist politician (American Civil War) 10 (26.3%) 3x4.svg Daniel Lamb Unionist politician (American Civil War) 6 (15.8%) Senator James M. Mason Democratic Party (United States) Waitman T. Willey Unionist politician (American Civil War) Two-term Democrat James M. Mason was re-elected in 1856.Congressional Quarterly 1985 604 Mason did not attend the 37th Congress when it convened on July 4, 1861, and was expelled on July 11 for supporting the Confederacy.Taft Furber Buck 1903 957 The Restored Virginia General Assembly met on July 9 to hold a special election for the unexpired term, anticipating Mason's expulsion. Unionist Waitman T. Willey defeated Peter G. Van Winkle and Daniel Lamb on the first ballot.Restored Government of Virginia 1861 32 Virginia (Class 2) Virginia special election presidential no 1858 United States Senate election in Virginia 1858 1870 United States Senate special elections in Virginia 1870 July 9, 1861 Members of the Restored Virginia General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:JCarlile (cropped).jpg John S. Carlile Unionist politician (American Civil War) 38 (100.0%) Senator Robert M. T. Hunter Democratic Party (United States) John S. Carlile Unionist politician (American Civil War) Three-term Democrat Robert M. T. Hunter was re-elected in 1858.Congressional Quarterly 1985 604 Hunter did not attend the 37th Congress when it convened on July 4, 1861, and was expelled on July 11 for supporting the Confederacy.Taft Furber Buck 1903 957 The Restored Virginia General Assembly met on July 9 to hold a special election for the unexpired term, anticipating Hunter's expulsion. Unionist John S. Carlile was elected unanimously on the first ballot.Restored Government of Virginia 1861 32 Wisconsin 1861 United States Senate election in Wisconsin List of United States senators from Wisconsin 1860 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin Wisconsin election presidential no 1855 United States Senate election in Wisconsin 1855 1867 United States Senate election in Wisconsin 1867 January 23, 1861 Members of the Wisconsin LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Hon. Timothy O. Howe, Wis - NARA - 525971 (cropped).png Timothy O. Howe Republican Party (United States) 92 (73.0%) File:Henry L. Palmer.jpg Henry L. Palmer Democratic Party (United States) 34 (27.0%) Senator Charles Durkee Republican Party (United States) Timothy O. Howe Republican Party (United States) One-term Republican Charles Durkee was elected in 1855. He was not a candidate for re-election.Congressional Quarterly 1985 606 The Republican members of the legislature held a caucus from January 17–22, 1861, in advance of the election. Timothy O. Howe, Cadwallader C. Washburn, and Alexander W. Randall were the leading candidates. Voting continued for several days with no result. Randall eventually withdrew his candidacy in favor of Howe, who defeated Washburn on the final ballot with 52 votes to 36 for Washburn, and three abstentions.letter to the editor https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86086437/1861-01-30/ed-1/ River Falls Journal January 30, 1861 The Wisconsin Legislature met in joint session on January 23, 1861, to hold an election for the next term.Wisconsin 1861 110 Howe defeated the Democratic candidate Henry L. Palmer on the first ballot. See also 1860 United States elections 1860 United States presidential election 1860–61 United States House of Representatives elections 36th United States Congress 37th United States Congress Notes Bibliography Primary sources Arkansas Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1861 none n.p. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2881554&seq=1 California Journal of the House of Assembly of California [...] 1860 none Sacramento https://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/archive/DailyJournal/1860/Volumes/1860_jnl.PDF California Journal of the House of Assembly of California [...] 1861 none Sacramento https://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/archive/DailyJournal/1861/Volumes/1861_jnl.PDF Evening Journal Almanac Evening Journal Almanac: 1861 1861 none Albany https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101064003971&seq=233 Evening Journal Almanac Evening Journal Almanac: 1862 1862 none Albany https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101064003971&seq=315 Greeley Horace Tribune Almanac for 1861 1861 none New York https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951002271729k&seq=5 Greeley Horace Tribune Almanac for 1862 1862 none New York https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951002271729k&seq=85 Illinois Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1861 none Springfield https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.15559690&view=1up&seq=1 Iowa Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1860 none Des Moines https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2881580&seq=1 Kansas House Journal [...] 1861 none Lawrence https://www.google.com/books/edition/House_Journal_of_the_Legislative_Assembl/Hi8tAQAAMAAJ Kentucky Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1859 none Frankfort https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433004432559&seq=1 Kentucky Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1861 none Frankfort https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ky_state_journals/40/ Maryland Journal of the Proceedings of the House of Delegates 1860 none Annapolis https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_Proceedings_of_the_House/5DktAQAAMAAJ New Hampshire Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1860a none Concord https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.095661930&seq=189 New Hampshire Journal of the Honorable Senate [...] 1860b none Concord https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.095661930&seq=5 New York Journal of the Assembly [...] 1861a none Albany https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_Assembly_of_the_State_of/qUktAQAAMAAJ New York Journal of the Senate [...] 1861b none Albany https://archive.org/details/journal94senagoog North Carolina Journal of the Senate [...] 1861 none Raleigh https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112085283767&seq=1 Ohio Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1860 none Columbus https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_House_of_Representatives/DEgwAQAAMAAJ Ohio Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1861 none Columbus https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_House_of_Representatives/tYs_AQAAMAAJ Oregon Journal of the Proceedings of the Senate of the Legislative Assembly of Oregon [...] 1860 none Salem https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.a0003090933&seq=1 Pennsylvania Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1861 none Harrisburg https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.78117872&seq=1 Restored Government of Virginia Journal of the House of Delegates [...] 1861 none Wheeling https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_House_of_Delegates_of_the/_3pDAQAAMAAJ Wisconsin Journal of the Assembly of Wisconsin 1861 none Madison https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.78130553&seq=1 Secondary sources Baker Jean H. The Politics of Continuity: Maryland Political Parties from 1858 to 1870 1973 Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore https://archive.org/details/politicsofcontin0000bake/mode/2up Bradley Erwin Stanley The Triumph of Militant Republicanism: A Study of Pennsylvania and Presidential Politics, 1860–1872 1964 University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia https://archive.org/details/triumphofmilitan0000brad Buchanan Russell James A. McDougall: A Forgotten Senator California Historical Society Quarterly September 1936 15 3 199–212 https://www.jstor.org/stable/25160648 Carey Charles Henry History of Oregon 1922 Pioneer Historical Publishing Company Chicago https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_Oregon/ox2iAeFUGXQC Collins Lewis Collins Richard H. History of Kentucky 1 1924 John P. Morton and Company Louisville https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_Kentucky/EXPc2ar__GQC Congressional Quarterly Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections 2nd 1985 Congressional Quarterly Washington D.C. 978-0-87187-339-2 https://archive.org/details/congressionalqua0000unse Davis William C. Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol 2010 University Press of Kentucky Lexington https://www.google.com/books/edition/Breckinridge/mbAfBgAAQBAJ Ferguson John F. Arkansas and the Civil War 1965 [Pioneer Press] [Little Rock, AR] 64-25874 https://archive.org/details/arkansascivilwar0000ferg Gaeddert G. Raymond The Birth of Kansas 1940 University of Kansas Lawrence https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015020439843&seq=1 Hittell Theodore H. History of California 1898 none San Francisco https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_California/zLw-AAAAYAAJ Inscoe John C. Mountain Masters, Slavery, and the Sectional Crisis in Western North Carolina 1989 University of Tennessee Press Knoxville https://archive.org/details/mountainmasterss0000insc Johannsen Robert W. Frontier Politics and the Sectional Conflict: The Pacific Northwest on the Eve of the Civil War 1955 University of Washington Press Seattle https://archive.org/details/frontierpolitics0000unse Kruman Mark W. Parties and Politics in North Carolina, 1836–1865 1983 Louisiana State University Press Baton Rouge https://archive.org/details/partiespoliticsi0000krum McPherson James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era 1988 Oxford University Press New York https://archive.org/details/battlecryoffreed0000jame National Archives 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913) https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/17th-amendment National Archives and Records Administration August 6, 2025 February 8, 2022 Parrish William E. A History of Missouri, Volume 3: 1860 to 1875 1971 University of Missouri Press Columbia, Missouri https://archive.org/details/historyofmissour Parrish William E. Turbulent Partnership: Missouri and the Union, 1861–1865 1963 University of Missouri Press Columbia https://archive.org/details/turbulentpartner00parr Taft George S. Furber George P. Buck George M. Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1885 1903 Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Compilation_of_Senate_Election_Cases_fro/XrItAAAAYAAJ Thornbrough Emma Lou Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850–1880 1995 Indiana Historical Society Indianapolis https://archive.org/details/indianaincivilwa0003thor Switzler W. F. Barns C. R. Switzler's History of Missouri from 1541 to 1877 none St. Louis 1879 303–21 Chapter 26 https://www.google.com/books/edition/Switzler_s_Illustrated_History_of_Missou/qfIuAAAAYAAJ Walton Brian G. Elections to the United States Senate in North Carolina, 1835-1861 North Carolina Historical Review April 1976 53 2 168–92 https://www.jstor.org/stable/23529620