1871 in science

none 1871 science 1871 The year 1871 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy and space sciences October 5 – The Società degli Spettroscopisti Italiani (laterSocietà Astronomica Italiana) is established in Rome, the first scientific organisation in the world dedicated to astrophysics. Exploration May 19–September 27 – Benjamin Leigh Smith's 1871 expedition to Svalbard.Capelotti P. J. 2006 Benjamin Leigh Smith's first Arctic expedition: Svalbard, 1871 Polar Record 42 220 1–14 10.1017/S0032247405004821 2006PoRec..42....1C 233317272 June 8–October 2 – Hayden Geological Survey of 1871 in the United States, including what will next year become the Yellowstone National Park. Between July 21–August 26, the first ever photographs of this region are taken by William Henry Jackson. Physics November 17 – George Biddell Airy presents his discovery that astronomical aberration is independent of the local medium.Airy, G.B. On the Supposed Alteration in the Amount of Astronomical Aberration of Light, Produced by the Passage of the Light through a Considerable Thickness of Refracting Medium Proceedings of the Royal Society 20 130–138 1871 35–39 http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56114d/f79 1871RSPS...20...35A 10.1098/rspl.1871.0011 2015-01-03 free James Clerk Maxwell makes public the thought experiment which will become known as Maxwell's demon in the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics, in his book Theory of HeatLeff, Harvey S. Rex, Andrew F. 2002 Maxwell's Demon 2: Entropy, Classical and Quantum Information, Computing CRC Press 978-0-7503-0759-8 370 and establishes Maxwell relations, statements of equality among the second derivatives of the thermodynamic potentials with respect to different thermodynamic variables. John Strutt publishes his first papers on the theory of acoustic resonance and on the phenomenon now called Rayleigh scattering, explaining why the sky is blue.Kostas Gavroglu Strutt, John William, third Baron Rayleigh (1842–1919) 2004 http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36359 2011-11-03 10.1093/ref:odnb/36359 Physiology and medicine Porphyria is first explained biochemically by Felix Hoppe-Seyler.Hoppe-Seyler, F. Das Hämatin Tübinger Med-Chem Untersuch 1871 4 523–33 Friedrich Trendelenburg describes the first successful elective human tracheotomy to be performed for the purpose of administering general anaesthesia.F Trendelenburg Beiträge zu den Operationen an den Luftwegen Contributions to airways surgery German Archiv für Klinische Chirurgie 12 112–33 1871R. Hargrave Endotraheal Anesthesia in Surgery of the Head and Neck Canadian Medical Association Journal 30 6 633–7 1934 403396 20319535Bain J. A. Spoerel W. E. Observation on the use of cuffed tracheqstomy tubes (with particular reference to the james tube) Canadian Anaesthetists' Society Journal 11 598–608 1964 10.1007/BF03004104 14232175 6 freeWawersik Juergen History of Anesthesia in Germany Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 3 3 235–44 1991 1878238 10.1016/0952-8180(91)90167-L Friedrich Miescher publishes his 1869 isolation of what will subsequently be called nucleic acid.Miescher, Friedrich (1871). "Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung der Eiterzellen" (On the chemical composition of pus cells). Medicinisch-chemische Untersuchungen 4:441–460. From p. 456: "Ich habe mich daher später mit meinen Versuchen an die ganzen Kerne gehalten, die Trennung der Körper, die ich einstweilen ohne weiteres Präjudiz als lösliches und unlösliches Nuclein bezeichnen will, einem günstigeren Material überlassend. ("Therefore, in my experiments I subsequently limited myself to the whole nucleus, leaving to a more favorable material the separation of the substances, that for the present, without further prejudice, I will designate as soluble and insoluble nuclear material ('Nuclein').") Technology Institution of Electrical Engineers established in the United Kingdom as the Society of Telegraph Engineers. Souter Lighthouse in England is the first to use alternating current electricity. Ralph Hart Tweddell invents the portable hydraulic riveter, manufactured by Fielding & Platt of Gloucester in England. The "Hoe web perfecting press", an improved rotary printing press invented by Richard March Hoe, is first used to print the New-York Tribune.Hoe, Robert Montague Redgrave is granted U.S. Patent #115,357 for his Improvements in Bagatelle, the basis of the spring-loaded plunger used in pinball machines.http://www.ipdb.org/showpic.pl?id=4542&depth=0&picno=6000 Internet Pinball Machine Database: M. Redgrave Bagatelle Company '1871 Redgrave Parlor Bagatelle' Images Ipdb.org 2012-10-27 Publications Cosmos: A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe by Alexander von Humboldt, covering a large number of topics in scientific exploration and invention. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex by Charles Darwin, outlining his theory for man's origins and his theory of sexual selection, and including his first published use of the term evolution (published by John Murray in London, February 24). A History of the Birds of Europe by Henry Eeles Dresser (publication begins). Awards Copley Medal: Julius Robert von MayerCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 23 July 2020 en Wollaston Medal for Geology: Andrew Ramsay Births January 7 – Émile Borel (died 1956), French mathematician. February 15 – Martin Knudsen (died 1949), Danish physicist. May 19 Walter Russell (died 1963), American polymath. Inez Whipple Wilder (died 1929), American herpetologist and anatomist. August 15 – Arthur Tansley (died 1955), English botanist and ecologist. August 19 – Orville Wright (died 1948), American pioneer aviator. August 30 – Ernest Rutherford (died 1937), New Zealand-born British physicist and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics. September 17 – Eivind Astrup (died 1895), Norwegian Arctic explorer. October 19 – Walter Bradford Cannon (died 1945), American physiologist. October 26 – Albert Stewart Meek (died 1943), English-born ornithologist. Deaths January 25 – Jeanne Villepreux-Power (born 1794), French marine biologist. March 18 – Augustus De Morgan (born 1806), British logician. April 8 – Francisco Javier Muñiz (born 1795), Argentine physician and paleontologist. April 16 – Johann Ritter von Oppolzer (born 1808), Austrian physician. June 9 – Anna Atkins (b. 1799), British botanist.Catharine M. C. Haines International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950 Santa Barbara ABC-CLIO 2001 978-1-57607-090-1 10 May 11 – John Herschel (born 1792), English mathematician and astronomer. October 18 – Charles Babbage (born 1791), English mathematician and inventor of computing machines. December 8 – James Murray (born 1788), Irish physician. References Category:19th century in science Category:1870s in science