1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County, Georgia

Racially motivated violence and subsequent racial cleansing in Forysth County in 1912 January 2026 November 2021 thumb|upright=1.2|Headline and lead paragraph in The Atlanta Georgian of September 10, 1912, reporting the lynching of Rob Edwards thumb|right|Location of Forsyth County within the U.S. state of Georgia In Forsyth County, Georgia, in September 1912, two separate alleged attacks on white women in the Cumming area resulted in black men being accused as suspects. First, a white woman reportedly awoke to find a black man in her bedroom. Days later, a white teenage girl was beaten and raped, later dying of her injuries. Following the first alleged assault, a black preacher who made disparaging remarks about the victim was harshly beaten. Local law enforcement locked the preacher inside the courthouse overnight to protect him from the mob waiting outside. Other black men, arrested in connection with the alleged assault, were moved to Atlanta for their safety. A grand jury dropped the case months later. Following the second assault, a 16-year-old black boy was linked to the attack by a pocket mirror sold to him at a local store. He confessed, under duress, and implicated accomplices. Rob Edwards was one of the men arrested and held in the small jail in Cumming. He was taken from the jail by a white mob and shot and beaten to death, and his body was hanged from a telephone pole. The 16-year-old and a 17-year-old black boy were later convicted by an all-white jury after the older boy's sister testified against both them and sentenced to death by hanging. The sentences were carried out weeks later in what became a public execution. Immediately prior to his execution, the younger black boy made a voluntary confession of his guilt. However, his older codefendant maintained his innocence.Ernest Knox, GA, 1912 October 25 https://archives.albany.edu/description/catalog/apap301aspace_c84f25b3d7fdd4e710bbe45b7db0272f 2025-12-14 archives.albany.edu In the following months, a group of men called "Night Riders"notkkk terrorized black citizens, warning them to leave in 24 hours or be killed. Those who resisted were subjected to further harassment, including shots fired into their homes, or livestock killed. An estimated 98% of the black residents of Forsyth County left. Background March 2023 210px right The 'Racial Cleansing' That Drove 1,100 Black Residents Out Of Forsyth County, Ga., 38:57, Fresh Air with Terry Gross, NPR, September 15, 2016. After the American Civil War, black enslaved persons in the South were emancipated and granted citizenship and the franchise through constitutional amendments. But by the turn of the 20th century, all Southern states disfranchised blacks by passing constitutions and other laws to impede voter registration and voting. Georgia Democrats passed such a law in 1908, resulting in the disfranchisement of blacks in the state. In addition, the white-dominated Southern legislatures passed laws imposing racial segregation in public facilities, and Jim Crow customs ruled. Most rural blacks worked as sharecroppers on white-owned land, and were seldom able to get free from poverty. The 1906 Atlanta race riot was waged by whites against blacks, and reflected tensions in a city that was rapidly changing. Dr. Ansel Strickland, a doctor in Cumming, Georgia, wrote a firsthand account saying that "hundreds of Black were killed" by whites in the Atlanta riot. The rate of lynchings of blacks by whites in Georgia and the South had been high since the late 19th century, and accounts of lynchings were regularly published in the local papers, often maintaining that the blacks were responsible, guilty either of a crime or poor attitude. Lynchings were a means by whites to enforce white supremacy in social affairs, and ensure that blacks stayed in line. The presence of mixed race individuals suggests that the official ban against interracial relationships was not absolute, including historical accounts of light-skinned slaves being fathered by white owners.Phillips 78–79 At the time of the 1910 census, Georgia's Forsyth County was recorded as having more than 10,000 whites, 858 blacks and 440 mulattoes (mixed race).March 2023 Ellen Grice incident thumb|right|upright=1.25|Newspaper report in The Columbus Ledger of September 8, 1912 On the night of September 5, 1912, a white woman named Ellen GriceThe woman's name did not appear in contemporary newspaper reports; a 1987 article in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution named her as Ellen Grice, but earlier examples are lacking. alleged that a black man entered her bedroom.Accounts differ as to if this occurred at the home of the woman's parents, or at the home of the woman and her husband.Phillips 1 Awakened by him, she screamed, which caused him to flee. Within days, Forsyth County Sheriff William Reid detained Toney Howell as a suspect, along with alleged accomplices Johnny Bates, Fate Chester, Isaiah Pirkle, and Joe Rogers.Phillips 4 The five black men were placed in the small Forsyth County jail located near the Cumming town square.Phillips 5 Assault on Grant Smith After the news came out about the attack on Grice, Grant Smith, a black preacher at a local Cumming church, was heard to suggest that the victim was a "sorry white woman". Outraged whites horse-whipped the preacher until law officers rescued him and took him inside the courthouse.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120237619/appeal-for-troops-as-lynchers-gather/ Appeal for Troops as Lynchers Gather The Atlanta Georgian 1 September 7, 1912 March 5, 2023 newspapers.com Guards were stationed to protect Smith from further violence; they prevented the courthouse from being stormed. Smith was later transferred out of town for his safety.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120238484/militia-prevents-clash-of-racist-cumming/ Militia Prevents Clash of Racist Cummings Ledger-Enquirer Columbus, Georgia 1 September 8, 1912 March 5, 2023 newspapers.com No one was ever arrested or tried for the assault on Smith. Whites patrol streets thumb|upright=1.2|Sheriff Bill Reid and Deputy Sheriff Mitchell Gay Lummus, c. 1912 Based on rumors that blacks at a nearby church barbecue threatened to dynamite the town, armed white men patrolled Cumming to prevent such action.http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gaforsyt/articles/1912news.htm The Assault, Rape and Murder of Mae Crow rootsweb.ancestry.com County Coordinator of Forsyth County 2017-12-10 Fearing a race riot, Governor Joseph Mackey Brown declared martial law and activated 23 members of the National Guard from Gainesville, who successfully kept the peace along with other Guard members from Marietta.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120252142/two-companies-of-militia-prevent-a-serio/ Two Companies of Militia Prevent a Serious Race Riot The Macon Daily Telegraph Macon, Georgia 1 September 8, 1912 March 5, 2023 newspapers.com Later that day, Sheriff Reid sent Howell, his four alleged accomplices, and Smith to the Cobb County jail in nearby Marietta for their safety. Smith, who was not under arrest, was released there.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120238850/bloodhounds-on-trial-of-cumming-firebug/ Bloodhounds on Trial of Cumming Firebug; Race War Threatens The Atlanta Georgian 1 September 11, 1912 March 5, 2023 newspapers.com Fearing that a mob from Cumming was en route, Governor Brown arranged for the five prisoners to be moved again for their protection, this time to the Fulton County jail in Atlanta. No mob formed in Marietta. Toney Howell charges Police said that Toney Howell had confessed to the assault on Ellen Grice.Craig Harvey State Troopers Rescue Negroes at Cumming, GA https://www.newspapers.com/clip/66278861/981912forsyth/ The Atlanta Constitution 9 September 1912 1, 2 6 April 2022 Newspapers.com Charged with assault with intent to rape, a grand jury quietly dropped the case in February 1913 and he was never tried.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120256915/tale-of-white-forsyth-not-fully-factual/ Tale of white Forsyth not fully factual Mike Christensen The Atlanta Journal-Constitution 1 June 28, 1987 March 5, 2023 newspapers.comhttps://www.newspapers.com/clip/120257145/forsyth-contd/ Forsyth (cont'd) Mike Christensen The Atlanta Journal-Constitution 13 June 28, 1987 March 5, 2023 newspapers.com Mae Crow assault On September 8, 1912, Mae Crow,Contemporary newspaper reports gave her name as May Crow; a 1987 recap of events gave her name as Slutie Mae Crow; other sources state Sleety Mae Crow. a white girl aged 18, went missing near Cumming. She was walking from home to her aunt's house nearby on Browns Bridge Road along the Forsyth-Hall county line. The next day, searchers found the missing girl at noon, in secluded woods about 1 mi km in from her house.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120259238/young-lady-was-in-woods-but-found/ Young Lady was in Woods, but Found The Valdosta Daily Times 1 September 9, 1912 March 5, 2023 newspapers.com She was lying face down in a pool of blood and her throat had been slashed; she was still alive and breathing shallowly.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120260230/girl-18-throat-cut-found-unconscious/ Girl, 18, Throat Cut, Found Unconscious in Woods Near Cumming The Atlanta Georgian 1 September 9, 1912 March 5, 2023 newspapers.com Crow later died of her injuries.Contemporary newspaper reports said she died on September 9; other sources state September 23.Phillips 67 Arrest of Ernest Knox thumb|Photo taken October 2, 1912. Although not identified by the newspaper, they are believed to be: (left to right) Trussie "Jane" Daniel, Oscar Daniel, Tony Howell (accused of Ellen Grice assault), Ed Collins (witness), Isaiah Pirkle (witness for Howell), and Ernest Knox. At the scene where the girl was found, searchers found a small pocket mirror that was said to belong to Ernest Knox,https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120268403/negro-is-rushed-in-fast-machine-to-fulto/ Negro is Rushed in Fast Machine to Fulton Tower The Atlanta Constitution 1 September 10, 1912 March 5, 2023 newspapers.comContemporary newspaper reports initially gave his name as Ernest Cox. a 16-year-old black boy.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120262863/second-outrage-shocks-cumming/ Second Outrage Shocks Cumming The Macon Daily Telegraph Macon, Georgia 1 September 10, 1912 March 5, 2023 newspapers.com Police arrested him at home, taking him to the Hall County jail in Gainesville to avoid the recent turmoil of Cumming. On the way, Knox confessed to having attacked Crow, after being subjected to a "form of torture known as mock lynching."Phillips 38–39 Knox was said to have struck Crow from behind and dragged her down a gully in the woods. He allegedly assaulted the girl with a rock and raped her. Around midnight that day, Knox returned to the scene with three acquaintances: Oscar Daniel, 17; Oscar's sister Trussie "Jane" Daniel, 22; and Jane's live-in boyfriend Rob Edwards, 24. The men reportedly "satisfied their lustful passions" on the girl.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120274131/troops-on-guard-as-two-rapists-are-convi/ Troops on Guard as Two Rapists are Convicted The Atlanta Constitution 1 October 4, 1912 March 5, 2023 newspapers.com When word spread of the attack on Crow, a white lynch mob began to form that afternoon at the Gainesville jail.Phillips 43 That night, police officers took Knox by car to Atlanta to prevent a lynching. Rob Edwards lynched Rob Edwards was arrested the next day as a suspect in Crow's attack and was taken to the county jail in Cumming. Sheriff Reid then left, leaving his deputy to protect the jail and its prisoner. Later that day, a lynch mob attacked the county jail; some men gained entry, dragged Edwards from his cell, and hanged him from a telephone pole in the town square; he may have been shot to death before being hanged.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120270144/terror-in-cumming-race-riot-feared/ Terror in Cumming; Race Riot Feared The Atlanta Georgian 1 September 11, 1912 March 5, 2023 newspapers.com The Atlanta Georgian reported that "the corpse was mangled into something hardly resembling a human form."https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120269301/mob-batters-down-jail-door-at-cumming-an/ Mob Batters Down Jail Door at Cumming and Hangs Girl's Assailant The Atlanta Georgian 1 September 10, 1912 March 5, 2023 newspapers.com Trial Trussie Daniel and her brother Oscar Daniel were also arrested as suspects, and their neighbor Ed Collins was held as a witness.Collins testified at trial that he loaned Knox and Edwards a lantern on the night in question.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120276547/troops-guard-negroes-trial-at-cumming/ Troops Guard Negroes' Trial at Cumming The Atlanta Georgian 5 October 3, 1912 March 5, 2023 newspapers.com For the trial, held in early October in Cumming, the governor again declared martial law. At the trial, Trussie Daniel testified as a witness for the prosecution and recounted the midnight attack on the victim by the men. Ernest Knox and Oscar Daniel were quickly convicted of rape and murder, by an all-white jury of 11 farmers and one night watchman.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120275420/list-of-chosen-jurors/ List of Chosen Jurors The Atlanta Georgian 5 October 3, 1912 March 5, 2023 newspapers.com The following day, October 4, both teenagers were sentenced to death by hanging, scheduled for October 25. State law prohibited public hangings. The scheduled execution was to be viewed only by the victim's family, a minister, and law officers. Gallows were built off the square in Cumming. A fence erected around the gallows was burned down the night before the execution. A crowd estimated at between 5,000 and 8,000 gathered to watch what became a public hanging of the two youths. The total county population was around 12,000 at the time.Bramblett Annette https://www.arcadiapublishing.com/Products/9780738523866 Forsyth County: History Stories, The Making of America Series 2002-10-01 Arcadia Publishing 978-0-7385-2386-6 Mount Pleasant, South Carolina 143–147 Prior to mounting the scaffold, Daniel maintained his innocence, but Knox confessed. Aftermath: racial expulsion March 2023 thumb|Headline in The Atlanta Georgian of February 19, 1913 After the trial and executions, bands of white men known as Night Riders,notkkk The Ku Klux Klan had disbanded in the early 1870s and did not re-form until 1915. from Cherokee County and other nearby counties, threatened and intimidated black inhabitants. These families either fled or were killed and their properties were stolen from them. Those that left fled to Hall County and Gwinnett County. In 1910, more than 1,000 black people lived in the county, which had more than 10,000 white residents. Within the next four months following the events of September 1912, an estimated 98% of the black residents living in the county left due to Night Rider threats, or were murdered.March 2023 Some property owners were able to sell, likely at a loss. The renters and sharecroppers left to seek safer places. Those who had to abandon property, and failed to continue paying property tax, eventually lost their lands, and whites took it over.Jaspin Elliot https://archive.org/details/buriedinbitterwa00jasp Buried in the Bitter Waters: The Hidden History of Racial Cleansing in America 2007-03-05 Basic Books 978-0-465-03636-3 New York, New York registration Many black properties ended up in white hands without a sale and without a legal transfer of title. Much of this land was in the village of Oscarville, Georgia. Eventually, the village was submerged under the waters of Lake Lanier. Night Riders next moved on to Dawson County and Hall County where they attempted to do the same. Reportedly, a few white residents tried to stop the Night Riders, but were unsuccessful. They were finally stopped when the Hall County sheriff arrested 11 of the Night Riders.March 2023 This anti-black campaign was widespread across Appalachian Georgia, with Forsyth being the third county to expel its black population after Towns and Union,Loewen, James W.; Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism, p. 179 9781565848870 whilst whites soon afterwards expelled blacks from the surrounding counties of Fannin, Gilmer and Dawson. Representation in other media The racial expulsion, or ethnic cleansing, of Forsyth County was among the events explored in Banished: American Ethnic Cleansings, aired on PBS in 2015 in its Independent Lens series.Banished: American Ethnic Cleansings (2015), Independent Lens, PBS The 2016 non-fiction book by author Patrick Phillips, Blood at the Root: A Racial Cleansing In America, examines the 1912 events in Forsyth County along with later events including the 1987 Forsyth County protests.Phillips Patrick Blood at the Root: A Racial Cleansing in America September 2016 W. W. Norton & Company 9780393293029 https://books.google.com/books?id=Ft6aCwAAQBAJ December 27, 2016 Phillips said in an interview with Terry Gross that he first heard of the racial cleansing when he moved to the county with his parents at age seven.The 'Racial Cleansing' That Drove 1,100 Black Residents Out Of Forsyth County, Ga. https://www.npr.org/2016/09/15/494063372/the-racial-cleansing-that-drove-1-100-black-residents-out-of-forsyth-county-ga September 20, 2016 Fresh Air NPR September 15, 2016 In 2020, soil from the site where Rob Edwards was lynched was donated to The Legacy Museum in Montgomery, Alabama, for display with soil from other lynching sites across the United States.https://www.newyorker.com/books/second-read/do-you-think-youre-not-involved-the-racial-reckoning-of-blood-at-the-root 'Do You Think You're Not Involved?' The Racial Reckoning of 'Blood at the Root' Casey Cep The New Yorker July 11, 2020 March 14, 2023 In January 2021, a historical marker documenting the lynching of Rob Edwards was unveiled in downtown Cumming.https://www.forsythnews.com/life/local-history/historical-marker-documenting-1912-lynching-unveiled-downtown-cumming/ Historical marker documenting 1912 lynching unveiled in downtown Cumming Forsyth County News January 25, 2021 March 6, 2023 See also 40% African Americans Black genocide, the notion that African Americans have been subjected to genocide List of ethnic cleansing campaigns List of ethnic riots#United States List of expulsions of African Americans, incidents similar to the Forsyth expulsion List of massacres in the United States Racism against African Americans 25% Georgia African Americans in Georgia Demographics of Georgia (U.S. state) 35% United States Lynching in the United States False accusation of rape#Justification for lynchings Racism in the United States Mass racial violence in the United States Nadir of American race relations Terrorism in the United States Domestic terrorism in the United States Whitecapping Notes References 30em Further reading Donald Lee Grant Jonathan Grant The Way It Was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia University of Georgia Press 2001 Patrick Phillips Patrick Phillips Blood at the Root: A Racial Cleansing in America W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. September 2016 External links Banished: American Ethnic Cleansings, 2015, Independent Lens, PBS Forsyth 1912. Atlanta History Center is uncovering and sharing the histories of the descendants of Forsyth County’s Black residents who were expelled in 1912 // Atlanta History Center Category:Forsyth County, Georgia Category:Lynching in the United States Category:White American riots in the United States Category:1912 in Georgia (U.S. state) Category:People murdered in Georgia (U.S. state) Category:Lynching deaths in Georgia (U.S. state) Category:September 1912 in the United States Category:Expulsions of African Americans Category:Racially motivated violence against African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state) Category:Police misconduct in the United States Category:Riots and civil disorder in Georgia (U.S. state) Category:1912 murders in the United States Category:African-American lynching victims