2011 military intervention in Libya

NATO-led air and naval attacks during the civil war September 2023 200px400px Top: The no-fly zone over Libya as well as bases and warships which were involved in the intervention Bottom: Coloured in blue are the states that were involved in implementing the no-fly zone over Libya (coloured in green) 2011 military intervention in Libya the First Libyan Civil War 19 March 2011 – 31 October 2011https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15516795 Nato chief Rasmussen 'proud' as Libya mission ends BBC News 31 October 2011 20 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180927042648/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15516795 27 September 2018 live (03 19 2011 10 31 2011) Libya NATO coalition/Libyan opposition victory NATOEnforcing UNSC Resolution 1973 Belgium Bulgaria Canada Denmark France 1974 Greece Italy Netherlands Norway Romania Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States Non-NATO forces:Jordan Qatar Sweden United Arab Emirates Libyan opposition:Libya Anti-Gaddafi forces Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Armed Forces Pro-Gaddafi militias Mercenaries (alleged) Blomfield, Adrian Libya: Foreign Mercenaries Terrorising Citizens https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8343959/Libya-foreign-mercenaries-terrorising-citizens.html 22 March 2011 The Daily Telegraph 23 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110310110418/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8343959/Libya-foreign-mercenaries-terrorising-citizens.html 10 March 2011 liveHuma Khan Helen Zhang Moammar Gadhafi's Private Mercenary Army 'Knows One Thing: To Kill' https://abcnews.go.com/International/libya-benghazi-doctor-gadhafi-foreign-mercenaries-quell-protests/story?id=12972216 22 March 2011 ABC News 22 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110408075336/https://abcnews.go.com/International/libya-benghazi-doctor-gadhafi-foreign-mercenaries-quell-protests/story?id=12972216 8 April 2011 live Meo, Nick African Mercenaries in Libya Nervously Await Their Fate https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8349414/African-mercenaries-in-Libya-nervously-await-their-fate.html 22 March 2011 The Daily Telegraph 27 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110315034843/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8349414/African-mercenaries-in-Libya-nervously-await-their-fate.html 15 March 2011 live Opération Harmattan:France 1974 Nicolas SarkozyFrance 1974 Alain JuppéOperation Ellamy:United Kingdom David CameronUnited Kingdom Liam FoxOperation Mobile:Canada Stephen HarperCanada Peter MacKayOperation Odyssey Dawn:United States Barack ObamaUnited States Hillary ClintonUnited States Robert GatesOperation Unified Protector:NATO Anders Fogh RasmussenUnited States navy James G. StavridisCanada air force Charles BouchardItaly navy Rinaldo Veri Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Muammar GaddafiKilling of Muammar Gaddafihttp://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/10/20111020111520869621.html Muammar Gaddafi Killed as Sirte Falls Al Jazeera 20 October 2011 24 April 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20111023031711/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/10/20111020111520869621.html 23 October 2011 liveLibyan Arab Jamahiriya Saif al-Islam Gaddafihttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15804299 BBC News Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam captured in Libya 19 November 2011 20 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181107121839/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15804299 7 November 2018 live Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Khamis GaddafiLibyan Arab Jamahiriya Al-Saadi GaddafiLibyan Arab Jamahiriya Abu-Bakr Yunis JabrLibyan Arab Jamahiriya Ali Sharif al-Rifi 260 aircraft21 shipshttp://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_11/20111108_111107-factsheet_up_factsfigures_en.pdf Operation Unified Protector Final Mission Stats NATO 2 November 2012 13 September 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130613011657/http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_11/20111108_111107-factsheet_up_factsfigures_en.pdf 13 June 2013 liveUnited Kingdom 350 soldiers in LibyaForte Maximillian Slouching Towards Sirte 127 200 medium/heavy SAM launchers220 light SAM launchers"The North African Military Balance", Anthony H. Cordesman, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 29 March 2005, pp. 32, 36600 anti-aircraft gunsM. Cherif Bassiouni, "Libya: From Repression to Revolution", 13 December 2013, p. 138 France 1974 NoneUnited Kingdom NoneUnited States navy 1 USN MQ-8B shot downNetherlands navy 3 Dutch naval aviators captured (later released)Netherlands navy 1 Royal Netherlands Navy Lynx Mk.81 captured Three Dutch Marines Captured During Rescue in Libya https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12633415 BBC News 3 March 2011 11 May 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110520095810/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12633415 20 May 2011 liveUnited States air force 1 USAF F-15E crashed (mechanical failure) US Crew Rescued after Libya Crash https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12816226 BBC News 22 March 2011 22 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110322121549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12816226 22 March 2011 liveUAE air force 1 UAEAF F-16E damaged upon landinghttp://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidANA20110427T111357ZJAX16 Zawya/AFP 27 April 2011 28 April 2011 UAE Fighter Jet Veers Off Runway at Base in Italy: Report dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120118195234/http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidANA20110427T111357ZJAX16 18 January 2012 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1,000 military targets destroyed 600 tanks or armored vehicles 400 artillery or rocket launchers Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Unknown number of soldiers killed or wounded (NATO claim)https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-04-29-nato-libya_n.htm NATO: Gadhafi Forces Caught Mining Misrata Port 29 April 2011 16 January 2012 Associated Press USA Today Brussels 72+ civilians killed (according to Human Rights Watch)https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/05/13/unacknowledged-deaths/civilian-casualties-natos-air-campaign-libya Unacknowledged Deaths: Civilian Casualties in NATOs Air Campaign in Libya 14 May 2012 3 November 2016 Human Rights Watch https://web.archive.org/web/20161122133158/https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/05/13/unacknowledged-deaths/civilian-casualties-natos-air-campaign-libya 22 November 2016 live40 civilians killed in Tripoli (Vatican claim)https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=214560 Vatican: Airstrikes Killed 40 Civilians in Tripoli 31 March 2011 31 March 2011 The Jerusalem Post https://web.archive.org/web/20110511143824/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=214560 11 May 2011 live223–403 likely civilian deaths (per Airwars)https://airwars.org/news-and-investigations/ten-years-after-libyan-revolution-victims-wait-for-justice/ Ten years after the Libyan revolution, victims wait for justice Oliver Imhof March 18, 2021 Airwars 2022-03-08 6 March 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220306204205/https://airwars.org/news-and-investigations/ten-years-after-libyan-revolution-victims-wait-for-justice/ dead https://airwars.org/conflict/all-belligerents-in-libya-2011/ All Belligerents in Libya, 2011 The US military claimed it had no knowledge of civilian casualties.http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/20/libya.civil.war/ Coalition Targets Gadhafi Compound CNN 16 March 2011 21 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110322025143/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/20/libya.civil.war/ 22 March 2011 dead On 19 March 2011, a NATO-led coalition began a military intervention into the ongoing Libyan Civil War to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 (UNSCR 1973). The UN Security Council passed the resolution with ten votes in favour and five abstentions, with the stated intent to have "an immediate ceasefire in Libya, including an end to the current attacks against civilians, which it said might constitute 'crimes against humanity' ... [imposing] a ban on all flights in the country's airspace – a no-fly zone – and tightened sanctions on Muammar Gaddafi's government and its supporters." The initial coalition members of Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, Norway, Qatar, Spain, UK and UShttp://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/libya-unrest-summit.95v/ Qatar, several EU states up for Libya action: diplomat EUbusiness.com 19 March 2011 26 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110322040847/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/libya-unrest-summit.95v 22 March 2011 live http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/germany/49710 Paris Summit Talks To Launch Military Action in Libya European Jewish Press 19 March 2011 26 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110516041335/http://ejpress.org/article/news/germany/49710 16 May 2011https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12791910 Libya: President Obama Gives Gaddafi Ultimatum BBC News 19 March 2011 26 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110319080849/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12791910 19 March 2011 livehttp://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2011/03/20/libya-raf-jets-join-attack-on-air-defence-systems-91466-28369872/ Libya: RAF Jets Join Attack on Air Defence Systems WalesOnline 26 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120127034759/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2011/03/20/libya-raf-jets-join-attack-on-air-defence-systems-91466-28369872/ 27 January 2012 Batty, David https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/mar/19/libya-live-blog-ceasefire-nofly Military Action Begins Against Libya The Guardian 19 March 2011 26 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110322195354/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/blog/2011/mar/19/libya-live-blog-ceasefire-nofly 22 March 2011 live expanded to nineteen states, with later members mostly enforcing the no-fly zone and naval blockade or providing military logistical assistance. The effort was initially led by France and the United Kingdom, with command shared with the United States. Italy only joined the coalition on the condition that NATO took on overall leadership of the mission instead of individual countries.Horace Campbell NATO's Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa https://books.google.com/books?id=AwvJI9RAlXMC&pg=PA77 2013 African Books Collective 978-0-7983-0343-9 77 NATO took control of the arms embargo on 23 March, named Operation Unified Protector. An attempt to unify the military command of the air campaign first failed over objections by the French, German, and Turkish governments.http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/deal-puts-nato-at-head-of-libyan-operation/story-e6frg6so-1226027088954 Deal Puts NATO at Head of Libyan Operation The Australian Norington, Brad 23 March 2011 23 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20140422191917/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/deal-puts-nato-at-head-of-libyan-operation/story-e6frg6so-1226027088954 22 April 2014 dead https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/23/libya-no-fly-zone-leadership-squabbles Libya No-Fly Zone Leadership Squabbles Continue Within Nato The Guardian 23 March 2011 24 March 2011 Traynor, Ian Watt, Nicholas https://web.archive.org/web/20110326232001/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/23/libya-no-fly-zone-leadership-squabbles 26 March 2011 live On 24 March, NATO agreed to take control of the no-fly zone, while command of targeting ground units remained with individual coalition forces.https://www.nationalpost.com/arts/books/NATO+reaches+agreement+Libya+command/4498007/story.html NATO reaches agreement on Libya command (Google cached page) Brunnstrom, David Taylor, Paul 24 March 2011 National Post 22 September 2016 December 2025 medicmedichttp://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/03/2011324221036894697.html NATO to police Libya no-fly zone 24 March 2011 Al Jazeera 24 April 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120426134048/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/03/2011324221036894697.html 26 April 2012 livehttps://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/24/nato-command-no-fly-libya-us-combat_n_840408.html NATO Agrees To Take Over Command of Libya No-Fly Zone, U.S. Likely To Remain in Charge of Brunt of Combat 24 March 2011 Huffington Post Associated Press 16 January 2012 Washington D.C. Robert Burns Erica Werner https://web.archive.org/web/20120217150928/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/24/nato-command-no-fly-libya-us-combat_n_840408.html 17 February 2012 live The handover occurred on 31 March 2011. On the intervention's first day on 19 March, American and British naval forces fired over 110 Tomahawk cruise missiles, and imposed a naval blockade.http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-march-19 Libya Live Blog 19 March 2011 19 March 2011 Al Jazeera https://web.archive.org/web/20110320235930/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-march-19 20 March 2011 The French Air Force, British Royal Air Force, and Royal Canadian Air Forcehttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12796972 20 March 2011 Libya: US, UK and France attack Gaddafi forces BBC News 20 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110320053754/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12796972 20 March 2011 live also undertook sorties across Libya.http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/19/libya.civil.war French Fighter Jets Deployed over Libya CNN 19 March 2011 19 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110322034154/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/19/libya.civil.war/ 22 March 2011 deadFrance Uses Unexplosive Bombs in Libya: Spokesman Xinhua News Agency 29 April 2011 29 April 2011 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-04/29/c_13850700.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20110430052853/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-04/29/c_13850700.htm 30 April 2011 Polled N.J. Voters Back Obama's Decision To Establish No-Fly Zone in Libya The Star-Ledger http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/04/nj_voters_back_obamas_decision.html Gibson, Ginger 8 April 2011 29 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110410005906/http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/04/nj_voters_back_obamas_decision.html 10 April 2011 live The intervention did not employ foreign ground troops, with the exception of special forces, which were not covered by the UN resolution.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/24/nato-will-not-put-troops-ground-libya Nato will not put troops on ground in Libya Richard Norton-Taylor The Guardian 24 August 2011 www.theguardian.com 13 April 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190413222319/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/24/nato-will-not-put-troops-ground-libya 13 April 2019 livehttps://www.armyrecognition.com/august_2011_news_defense_army_military_industry_uk/british_and_french_special_forces_with_libya_rebels.html British and French special forces with Libya rebels August 2011 news defense army military industry UK Military army defense industry news year 2011 www.armyrecognition.com 25 August 2011 6 August 2023 1 August 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230801191819/https://www.armyrecognition.com/august_2011_news_defense_army_military_industry_uk/british_and_french_special_forces_with_libya_rebels.html dead NATO flew 26,500 sorties over eight months, including 7,000 bombing sorties targeting Gaddafi's forces.All Belligerents in Libya, 2011 https://airwars.org/conflict/all-belligerents-in-libya-2011/ 2022-07-15 airwars.org The Libyan government's response to the campaign was ineffectual, with Gaddafi's forces failing to shoot down any NATO aircraft, despite the country possessing extensive anti-aircraft systems. http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/050328_norafrimibal%5B1%5D.pdf The North African Military Balance Anthony H. Cordesman Center for Strategic and International Studies 29 March 2005 pp. 32, 36 6 December 2021 19 March 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130319061008/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/050328_norafrimibal%5B1%5D.pdf The conflict ended in late October following the killing of Muammar Gaddafi and the overthrow of his government. Libya's new government requested that NATO's mission be extended to the end of 2011,Libya's Mustafa Abdul Jalil asks Nato to stay longer https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15459473 BBC 27 October 2011 26 October 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111026230501/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15459473 26 October 2011 live however the Security Council unanimously voted to end NATO's mandate on 31 October.UN Security Council votes to end Libya operations https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15481143 BBC News 27 October 2011 27 October 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111027170043/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15481143 27 October 2011 live NATO's rationale for the intervention faced criticism, notably in a report released by the British parliament in 2016, which concluded that the UK government "failed to identify that the threat to civilians was overstated and that the rebels included a significant Islamist element." The official names for the interventions by the coalition members were Opération Harmattan by France; Operation Ellamy by the United Kingdom; Operation Mobile for the Canadian participation and Operation Odyssey Dawn for the United States.Gunfire, Explosions Heard in Tripoli http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/19/libya.civil.war/index.html?hpt=T1&iref=BN1 CNN 20 March 2011 21 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20121103203408/http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/19/libya.civil.war/index.html?hpt=T1&iref=BN1 3 November 2012 live The operation has also been referred to as the Third Barbary War, in reference to two 19th-century American expeditions in the area.Yoni Appelbaum https://web.archive.org/web/20110322183142/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/03/the-third-barbary-war/72749/ March 22, 2011 Appelbaum Yoni The Third Barbary War https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/03/the-third-barbary-war/72749/ 23 September 2025 The Atlantic 21 March 2011 enStephens Christopher To the Shores of Tripoli An Alternative History of the Birth of the U.S. Navy https://cimsec.org/to-the-shores-of-tripoli-an-alternative-history-of-the-birth-of-the-u-s-navy/ 23 September 2025 Center for International Maritime Security 24 October 2015 Proposal for the no-fly zone Both Libyan officialshttp://www.english.globalarabnetwork.com/201102219941/Libya-Politics/libyan-ambassador-to-un-urges-international-community-to-stop-genocide.html Libyan Ambassador to U.N. Urges International Community To Stop Genocide Global Arab Network 21 February 2011 10 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110226113522/http://www.english.globalarabnetwork.com/201102219941/Libya-Politics/libyan-ambassador-to-un-urges-international-community-to-stop-genocide.html 26 February 2011 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/09/libya.civil.war/ Rebel Leader Calls for 'Immediate Action' on No-Fly Zone CNN 9 March 2011 10 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110315005311/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/09/libya.civil.war/ 15 March 2011 deadMcGreal, Chris Gaddafi's Army Will Kill Half a Million, Warn Libyan Rebels 12 March 2011 The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/12/gaddafi-army-kill-half-million 12 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110315164926/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/12/gaddafi-army-kill-half-million 15 March 2011 liveThousands of Libyan Women March for 'No-Fly Zone' 12 March 2011 Agence France-Presse NOW Lebanon http://nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=249498 13 March 2011 https://archive.today/20130130045550/http://nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=249498 30 January 2013 and international statesDonnet, Pierre-Antoine https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gjK-uTaUi4eIZffTsS13LCaFVYQw?docId=CNG.49104d077a72cbffeafe9d3689e92793.af1 Britain, France Ready Libya No-Fly Zone Resolution 7 March 2011 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110310051829/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gjK-uTaUi4eIZffTsS13LCaFVYQw?docId=CNG.49104d077a72cbffeafe9d3689e92793.af1 10 March 2011 https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704615504576172383796304482?mod=googlenews_wsj Cameron Doesn't Rule Out Military Force for Libya 28 February 2011 28 February 2011 The Wall Street Journal Macdonald, Alistair https://web.archive.org/web/20171012022738/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704615504576172383796304482?mod=googlenews_wsj 12 October 2017 liveDenslow, James https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/mar/16/libya-lebanon-un-security-council-resolution Lebanon's Role in a U.N. Security Council Resolution Against Libya Is Evidence of Unfinished Business Between the Two States The Guardian 16 March 2011 20 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20130921210421/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/mar/16/libya-lebanon-un-security-council-resolution 21 September 2013 live https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12770467 Libya: UK Forces Prepare after UN No-Fly Zone Vote 18 March 2011 BBC News 18 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110318060331/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12770467 18 March 2011 liveDeYoung, Karen Lynch, Colum Europeans Say Intervention in Libya Possible Within Hours of U.N. Vote https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europeans-say-intervention-in-libya-possible-within-hours-of-un-vote/2011/03/17/ABSb9pl_story.html 18 March 2011 The Washington Post 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110629060216/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europeans-say-intervention-in-libya-possible-within-hours-of-un-vote/2011/03/17/ABSb9pl_story.html 29 June 2011 live and organizationshttps://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sc10200.doc.htm Security Council Approves 'No-Fly Zone' over Libya, Authorizing 'All Necessary Measures' to Protect Civilians, by Vote of 10 in Favour with 5 Abstentions United Nations 17 March 2011 13 April 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210324155727/https://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sc10200.doc.htm 24 March 2021 liveArab States Seek Libya No-Fly Zone 12 March 2011 Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/03/201131218852687848.html 12 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110313095409/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201131218852687848.html 13 March 2011 livePerry, Tom Arab League Calls for Libya No-Fly Zone-State TV 12 March 2011 Reuters https://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFLDE72B0DW20110312 12 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120121135214/http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFLDE72B0DW20110312 21 January 2012 Breaking: Arab League Calls on U.N. To Impose No Fly Zone on Libya LibyaFeb17.com 12 March 2011 http://archive.libyafeb17.com/2011/03/overnight-bombardment-on-ras-lanuf/ 12 March 2011 usurped https://web.archive.org/web/20110314204723/http://www.libyafeb17.com/2011/03/overnight-bombardment-on-ras-lanuf/ 14 March 2011 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/03/201131720311168561.html U.N. Authorises No-Fly Zone over Libya Al Jazeera 17 March 2011 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110318102654/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201131720311168561.html 18 March 2011 live Mardell, Mark https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12781009 Libya: UN Backs Action Against Colonel Gaddafi BBC News 17 March 2011 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110318010725/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12781009 18 March 2011 livehttp://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/17/u-n-imposes-no-fly-zone-over-libya/?hpt=T1&iref=BN1 U.N. Security Council Approves No-Fly Zone over Libya CNN 17 March 2011 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120908204329/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/17/u-n-imposes-no-fly-zone-over-libya/?hpt=T1&iref=BN1 8 September 2012 dead called for a no-fly zone over Libya in light of allegations that Gaddafi's military had conducted airstrikes against Libyan rebels in the Libyan Civil War. Timeline Chronology Timeline of the 2011 military intervention in Libya 21 February 2011: Libyan deputy Permanent Representative to the UN Ibrahim Dabbashi called "on the UN to impose a no-fly zone on all of Tripoli to cut off all supplies of arms and mercenaries to the regime." 23 February 2011: French President Nicolas Sarkozy pushed for the European Union (EU) to pass sanctions against Gaddafi (freezing Gaddafi's family funds abroad) and demand he stops attacks against civilians. 25 February 2011: Sarkozy said Gaddafi "must go".https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/as-it-happened-libya-uprising-february-25-sz2h2vx8j56 As It Happened: Libya Uprising February 25 The Times 25 April 2011 22 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20141219040003/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/middleeast/article2926163.ece 19 December 2014 live 26 February 2011: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 was passed unanimously, referring the Libyan government to the International Criminal Court for gross human rights violations. It imposed an arms embargo on the country and a travel ban and assets freeze on Gaddafi's family and certain Government officials.In Swift, Decisive Action, Security Council Imposes Tough Measures on Libyan Regime, Adopting Resolution 1970 in Wake of Crackdown on Protesters https://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sc10187.doc.htm United Nations 14 October 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20141229233029/http://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sc10187.doc.htm 29 December 2014 live 28 February 2011: British Prime Minister David Cameron proposed the idea of a no-fly zone to prevent Gaddafi from "airlifting mercenaries" and "using his military aeroplanes and armoured helicopters against civilians". 1 March 2011: The US Senate unanimously passed non-binding Senate resolution S.RES.85 urging the United Nations Security Council to impose a Libyan no-fly zone and encouraging Gaddafi to step down. The US had naval forces positioned off the coast of Libya, as well as forces already in the region, including the aircraft carrier Enterprise CVN-65 6. 2 March 2011: Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper authorized the deployment of the Royal Canadian Navy frigate Charlottetown FFH 339 6 to the Mediterranean, off the coast of Libya.Ibbitson John John Ibbitson Leblanc Daniel Canada turns commitment into clout in Libya The Globe and Mail 21 October 2011 https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canada-turns-commitment-into-clout-in-libya/article2210169/ 23 October 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111022210946/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canada-turns-commitment-into-clout-in-libya/article2210169/ 22 October 2011 live Canadian National Defence Minister Peter MacKay stated that "[w]e are there for all inevitabilities. And NATO is looking at this as well ... This is taken as a precautionary and staged measure."http://www.canada.com/technology/Canadian+warship+ordered+Libya/4367124/story.html Canada sending warship to Libya Canada.com 1 March 2011 28 August 2011 https://archive.today/20191226183213/https://www.webcitation.org/61HKIBZJZ?url=http://www.canada.com/technology/Canadian%20warship%20ordered%20Libya/4367124/story.html 26 December 2019 7 March 2011: US Ambassador to NATO Ivo Daalder announced that NATO decided to step up surveillance missions of E-3 AWACS aircraft to twenty-four hours a day. On the same day, it was reported that an anonymous UN diplomat confirmed to Agence France Presse that France and Britain were drawing up a resolution on the no-fly zone that would be considered by the UN Security Council during the same week. The Gulf Cooperation Council also on that day called upon the UN Security Council to "take all necessary measures to protect civilians, including enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya." 9 March 2011: The head of the Libyan National Transitional Council, Mustafa Abdul Jalil, "pleaded for the international community to move quickly to impose a no-fly zone over Libya, declaring that any delay would result in more casualties." Three days later, he stated that if pro-Gaddafi forces reached Benghazi, then they would kill "half a million" people. He stated, "If there is no no-fly zone imposed on Gaddafi's regime, and his ships are not checked, we will have a catastrophe in Libya." 10 March 2011: France recognized the Libyan NTC as the legitimate government of Libya soon after Nicolas Sarkozy met with them in Paris. This meeting was arranged by Bernard-Henri Lévy.https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2011/0328/How-a-philosopher-swayed-France-s-response-on-Libya Marquand, Robert How a Philosopher Swayed France's Response on Libya The Christian Science Monitor 28 March 2011 29 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20121021051630/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2011/0328/How-a-philosopher-swayed-France-s-response-on-Libya 21 October 2012 live 11 March 2011: Cameron joined forces with Sarkozy after Sarkozy demanded immediate action from international community for a no-fly zone against air attacks by Gaddafi.Nicolas Sarkozy calls for air strikes on Libya if Gaddafi attacks civilians https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/11/nicolas-sarkozy-libya-air-strikes The Guardian 2011-03-11 2025-11-27 0261-3077 en-GB Nicholas Watt Brussels 12 March 2011: The Arab League "called on the United Nations Security Council to impose a no-fly zone over Libya in a bid to protect civilians from air attack." Escobar, Pepe http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/MD02Ak01.html Exposed: The US-Saudi Libya Deal Asia Times 2 April 2011 14 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110404111117/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/MD02Ak01.html 4 April 2011 unfit The Arab League's request was announced by Omani Foreign Minister Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah, who stated that all member states present at the meeting agreed with the proposal. On 12 March, thousands of Libyan women marched in the streets of the rebel-held town of Benghazi, calling for the imposition of a no-fly zone over Libya. 14 March 2011: In Paris at the Élysée Palace, before the summit with the G8 Minister for Foreign Affairs, Sarkozy, who is also the president of the G8, along with French Foreign Minister Alain Juppé met with US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and pressed her to push for intervention in Libya.https://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/middleeast/article2946485.ece 'Clock Is Ticking' on Libya, Cameron Warns The Times 15 March 2011 22 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20121008173948/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/middleeast/article2946485.ece 8 October 2012 live thumb|left|thumbtime=40|VOA News report on the United States joining Lebanon, France, and the United Kingdom to support the no-fly zone. 15 March 2011: A resolution for a no-fly zone was proposed by Nawaf Salam, Lebanon's Ambassador to the UN. The resolution was immediately backed by France and the United Kingdom.Denselow, James https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/mar/16/libya-lebanon-un-security-council-resolution Libya and Lebanon: A Troubled Relationship The Guardian 16 March 2011 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20130921210421/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/mar/16/libya-lebanon-un-security-council-resolution 21 September 2013 live 17 March 2011: The UN Security Council, acting under the authority of Chapter VII of the UN Charter, approved a no-fly zone by a vote of ten in favour, zero against, and five abstentions, via UNSCR 1973. The five abstentions were: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Germany.https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37808&Cr=libya&Cr1= Security Council Authorizes 'All Necessary Measures' To Protect Civilians in Libya 17 March 2011 U.N. 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110321040853/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37808&Cr=libya&Cr1= 21 March 2011 live https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/17/un-security-council-resolution The Guardian U.N. Security Council Resolution on Libya – Full Text 17 March 2011 10 December 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161202001100/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/17/un-security-council-resolution 2 December 2016 live Less than twenty-four hours later, Libya announced that it would halt all military operations in response to the UN Security Council resolution.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/03/2011318124421218583.html Libya Declares Ceasefire But Fighting Goes On Al Jazeera 18 March 2011 19 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110319105909/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/2011318124421218583.html 19 March 2011 livehttp://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14922684,00.html Rebels, West Wary of Libyan Ceasefire Deutsche Welle 19 March 2011 19 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110321203054/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14922684,00.html 21 March 2011 live thumb|Libyan anti-government rebels, 1 March 2011 18 March 2011: The Libyan foreign minister, Moussa Koussa, said that he had declared a ceasefire, attributing the UN resolution.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-middle-east-12787056 Libya: Foreign Minister Announces Immediate Ceasefire BBC News 18 March 2011 19 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110318224707/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12787056 18 March 2011 live However, artillery shelling on Misrata and Ajdabiya continued, and government soldiers continued approaching Benghazi.Amara, Tarek Karouny, Mariam http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-libya-misrata-bombard-idUKTRE72H4L520110318 Gaddafi Forces Shell West Libya's Misrata, 25 Dead Reuters 18 March 2011 6 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111009053631/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/03/18/us-libya-misrata-bombard-idUKTRE72H4L520110318 9 October 2011 dead Government troops and tanks entered the city on 19 March.19 March 2011 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12793919 Libya: Gaddafi Forces Attacking Rebel-Held Benghazi BBC News 19 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110319172346/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12793919 19 March 2011 live Artillery and mortars were also fired into the city.http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/03/201131934914112208.html Gaddafi Forces Encroaching on Benghazi Al Jazeera 19 March 2011 24 April 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120531194927/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/03/201131934914112208.html 31 May 2012 live 18 March 2011: U.S. President Barack Obama orders military air strikes against Muammar Gaddafi's forces in Libya in his address to the nation from the White House.https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/03/18/remarks-president-situation-libya Remarks by the President on the Situation in Libya March 18, 2011 National Archives whitehouse.gov June 10, 2020 US President Obama later held a meeting with eighteen senior lawmakers at the White House on the afternoon of 18 March18 March 2011 http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/03/18/inside_the_white_house_congress_meeting_on_libya Inside the White House-Congress Meeting on Libya Foreign Policy 18 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110321075518/http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/03/18/inside_the_white_house_congress_meeting_on_libya 21 March 2011 live 19 March 2011: FrenchJonathan Marcus https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12795971 Libya: French plane fires on military vehicle BBC News 19 March 2011 14 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110320125209/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12795971 20 March 2011 live forces began the military intervention in Libya, later joined by coalition forces with strikes against armoured units south of Benghazi and attacks on Libyan air-defense systems, as UN Security Council Resolution 1973 called for using "all necessary means" to protect civilians and civilian-populated areas from attack, imposed a no-fly zone, and called for an immediate and enduring cease-fire, while also strengthening travel bans on members of the regime, arms embargoes, and asset freezes. 21 March 2011: Obama sent a letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate claiming the actions were justified under the War Powers Resolution.http://c-span.org/uploadedfiles/Content/Documents/2011libya.military.rel.pdf Text of a Letter from the President to the Speak of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate C-SPAN 21 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110720165559/http://c-span.org/uploadedfiles/Content/Documents/2011libya.military.rel.pdf 20 July 2011 24 March 2011: In telephone negotiations, French foreign minister Alain Juppé agreed to let NATO take over all military operations on 29 March at the latest, allowing Turkey to veto strikes on Gaddafi's ground forces from that point forward.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/23/libya-no-fly-zone-leadership-squabbles Libya No-Fly Zone Leadership Squabbles Continue within Nato – Turkey Calls for an Alliance-Led Campaign To Limit Operations While France Seeks a Broader 'Coalition of the Willing' The Guardian 23 March 2011 Traynor, Ian Watt, Nicholas 6 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110326232001/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/23/libya-no-fly-zone-leadership-squabbles 26 March 2011 live Later reports stated that NATO would take over enforcement of the no-fly zone and the arms embargo, but discussions were still underway about whether NATO would take over the protection of civilians mission. Turkey reportedly wanted the power to veto airstrikes, while France wanted to prevent Turkey from having such a veto.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/24/france-turkey-nato-libya Libya: Nato To Control No-Fly Zone after France Gives Way to Turkey The Guardian 24 March 2011 Traynor, Ian Watt, Nicholas 10 December 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20110326194027/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/24/france-turkey-nato-libya 26 March 2011 live http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/25/libya.nato/index.html?hpt=T1 NATO Considers Broader Role in Libya CNN 25 March 2011 Newton, Paula 26 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110504041751/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/25/libya.nato/index.html?hpt=T1 4 May 2011 dead 25 March 2011: NATO Allied Joint Force Command in Naples took command of the no-fly zone over Libya and combined it with the ongoing arms embargo operation under the name Operation Unified Protector.http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_03/20110325_110325-unified-protector-no-fly-zone.pdf NATO No-Fly Zone over Libya Operation Unified Protector NATO 25 March 2011 26 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20170321021800/http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_03/20110325_110325-unified-protector-no-fly-zone.pdf 21 March 2017 live 26 March 2011: Obama addressed the nation from the White House, providing an update on the current state of the military intervention in Libya.https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/03/26/weekly-address-president-obama-says-mission-libya-succeeding Weekly Address: President Obama Says the Mission in Libya is Succeeding March 26, 2011 National Archives whitehouse.gov June 19, 2020 thumb|US President Barack Obama addressing the people of the United States about the US intervention in Libya (26 March 2011)|200px 28 March 2011: Obama addressed the American people on the rationale for U.S. military intervention with NATO forces in Libya at the National Defense University.https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/03/28/remarks-president-address-nation-libya Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on Libya 28 March 2011 National Archives whitehouse.gov 4 April 2011 20 October 2011: When Hillary Clinton learned of the death of Muammar Gaddafi she was reported to have said: "We came, we saw, he died" in paraphrasing the famous quote of the Roman emperor Julius Caesar veni, vidi, vici.https://www.cbsnews.com/news/clinton-on-qaddafi-we-came-we-saw-he-died/ Clinton on Qaddafi: 'We came, we saw, he died' www.cbsnews.com 20 October 2011 18 February 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190218072544/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/clinton-on-qaddafi-we-came-we-saw-he-died/ 18 February 2019 live Enforcement Initial NATO planning for a possible no-fly zone took place in late February and early March, Borger, Julian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/08/nato-libya-no-fly-zone-options Nato weighs Libya no-fly zone options The Guardian 8 March 2011 10 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110322192214/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/08/nato-libya-no-fly-zone-options 22 March 2011 live especially by NATO members France and the United Kingdom.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12672640 Libya: UK and French No-Fly Zone Plan Gathers Pace BBC News 8 March 2011 10 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110320122424/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-africa-12672640 20 March 2011 live France and the UK were early supporters of a no-fly zone and had sufficient airpower to impose a no-fly zone over the rebel-held areas, although they might need additional assistance for a more extensive exclusion zone. The US had the air assets necessary to enforce a no-fly zone, but was cautious about supporting such an action prior to obtaining a legal basis for violating Libya's sovereignty. Furthermore, due to the sensitive nature of military action by the US against an Arab nation, the US sought Arab participation in the enforcement of a no-fly zone. At a congressional hearing, United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates explained that "a no-fly zone begins with an attack on Libya to destroy the air defences ... and then you can fly planes around the country and not worry about our guys being shot down. But that's the way it starts."https://edition.cnn.com/2011/US/03/02/libya.military.options/ https://archive.today/20120707091209/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-03-02/us/libya.military.options_1_gadhafi-government-arab-league-libyan-people?_s=PM:U.S. 7 July 2012 U.S. Mulling Military Options in Libya CNN 2 March 2011 dead 10 March 2011 On 19 March, the deployment of French fighter jets over Libya began, and other states began their individual operations. Phase One started the same day with the involvement of the United States, United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Canada.October 2020 On 24 March, NATO ambassadors agreed that NATO would take command of the no-fly zone enforcement, while other military operations remained the responsibility of the group of states previously involved, with NATO expected to take control as early as 26 March. The decision was made after meetings of NATO members to resolve disagreements over whether military operations in Libya should include attacks on ground forces.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12856665 Nato Takes Over Libya No-Fly Zone 24 March 2011 24 March 2011 BBC News https://web.archive.org/web/20110324235415/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12856665 24 March 2011 live The decision created a two-level power structure overseeing military operations. In charge politically was a committee, led by NATO, that included all states participating in enforcing the no-fly zone, while NATO alone was responsible for military action.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/24/france-turkey-nato-libya Nato To Oversee Libya Campaign after France and Turkey Strike Deal 24 March 2011 24 March 2011 The Guardian https://web.archive.org/web/20110326194027/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/24/france-turkey-nato-libya 26 March 2011 Ian Traynor Nicholas Watt live Royal Canadian Air Force Lieutenant-General Charles Bouchard was appointed to command the NATO military mission.https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/canadian-to-lead-nato-s-libya-mission-1.1046678 Canadian to lead NATO's Libya mission CBC News 25 March 2011 25 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110326160600/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/03/25/libya-nato-mission.html 26 March 2011 live After the death of Muammar Gaddafi on 20 October 2011, it was announced that the NATO mission would end on 31 October.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15412529 Libya: Muammar Gaddafi's body to undergo post-mortem BBC 22 October 2011 22 October 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111022153249/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15412529 22 October 2011 live Operation names NATO: Operation Unified Protector Before NATO took full command of operations at 06:00 GMT on 31 March 2011, the military intervention in the form of a no-fly zone and the naval blockade was split between different national operations: France: Opération Harmattan United Kingdom: Operation Ellamy Canada: Operation Mobile United States: Operation Odyssey Dawn – Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Qatar, Spain, Greece and the United Arab Emirates placed their national contributions under U.S. command Forces committed These are the forces committed in alphabetical order: thumb|right| Barry DDG-52 6 fires a Tomahawk cruise missile on 19 March 2011. Belgium: Six F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter jets of the Belgian Air Component, were already stationed at Araxos, Greece for an exercise, and flew their first mission in the afternoon of 21 March. They monitored the no-fly zone throughout the operation and have successfully attacked ground targets multiple times since 27 March, all of them without collateral damage. The Belgian Naval Component minehunter Belgian minehunter Narcis M923 2 was part of NATO's SNMCMG1 at the start of the operation and assisted in NATO's naval blockade from 23 March. The ship was later replaced by the minehunter Belgian minehunter Lobelia M921 2 in August. Bulgaria: The Bulgarian Navy Wielingen frigate 2 Bulgarian frigate Drazki 2 participated in the naval blockade, along with a number of "special naval forces", two medical teams and other humanitarian help.Машева Гергана Пращаме "Дръзки" да патрулира край Либия http://dnes.dir.bg/temite/news/boyko-borisov-kadafi-Mid-East-revolution-fregata-drazki-8250907?tag_id=108385 23 March 2011 21 March 2011 Dir.bg https://web.archive.org/web/20110814203547/http://dnes.dir.bg/temite/news/boyko-borisov-kadafi-Mid-East-revolution-fregata-drazki-8250907?tag_id=108385 14 August 2011http://paper.standartnews.com/en/article.php?d=2011-03-23&article=35828 Bulgaria's Drazki Frigate Ready to Set Sail for Libya Standart 23 March 2011 26 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20121006002806/http://paper.standartnews.com/en/article.php?d=2011-03-23&article=35828 6 October 2012http://thesofiaecho.com/2011/03/30/1067837_bulgarian-frigate-on-its-way-to-libyan-coast Bulgarian Frigate on Its Way to Libyan Coast The Sofia Echo 30 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110831014300/http://thesofiaecho.com/2011/03/30/1067837_bulgarian-frigate-on-its-way-to-libyan-coast 31 August 2011 The frigate left port on 27 April and arrived off the coast of Libya on 2 May.http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=127541 Sofia News Agency 21 April 2011 24 April 2011 Bulgarian Frigate Sets Out for Libya Embargo Operation 27 April https://web.archive.org/web/20110425215643/http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=127541 25 April 2011 live It patrolled for one month before returning to Bulgaria, with a supply stop at the Greek port of Souda. Canada: The Royal Canadian Air Force deployed seven (six front line, one reserve) CF-18 fighter jets, two CC-150 Polaris refueling airplanes, two CC-177 Globemaster III heavy transports, two CC-130J Super Hercules tactical transports, and two CP-140 Aurora maritime patrol aircraft. The Royal Canadian Navy deployed the Halifax frigates Charlottetown FFH 339 6 and Vancouver FFH 331 6. A total of 440 Canadian Forces personnel participated in Operation Mobile. There were reports that special operations were being conducted by Joint Task Force 2 in association with Britain's Special Air Service (SAS) and Special Boat Service (SBS) as part of Canada's contribution.https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Canadian+warship+route+JTF2+sent+Libya/4369428/story.html Canadian Warship En Route, JTF2 Sent to Libya Ottawa Citizen 2 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110309222337/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Canadian+warship+route+JTF2+sent+Libya/4369428/story.html 9 March 2011http://tvanouvelles.ca/lcn/infos/lemonde/archives/2011/03/20110318-122506.html Harper confirme l'envoi de sept CF-18 fr TVA Nouvelles 19 March 2011 19 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110320035958/http://tvanouvelles.ca/lcn/infos/lemonde/archives/2011/03/20110318-122506.html 20 March 2011 live http://lejournaldemontreal.canoe.com/actualites/national/archives/2011/03/20110318-100858.html Les CF-18 partent pour la Méditerranée Le Journal de Montréal 19 March 2011 19 March 2011 frApril 2026 medicmedichttps://www.ctvnews.ca/canada-will-fight-to-protect-libyan-civilians-harper-1.620889 Canada Will Fight To Protect Libyan Civilians: Harper CTV News 19 March 2011 19 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110321022457/http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/TopStories/20110319/harper-leader-talk-gadhafi-paris-110319/ 21 March 2011 dead http://www.cefcom-comfec.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/ops/mobile/index-eng.asp Operation Mobile Canadian Expeditionary Force Command 22 March 2011 20 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110309222211/http://www.cefcom-comfec.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/ops/mobile/index-eng.asp 9 March 2011 thumb|right|Palmarias of the Libyan Army, destroyed by French Air Force near Benghazi, 19 March Denmark: The Royal Danish Air Force participated with six F-16AM fighters, one C-130J Super Hercules military transport plane and the corresponding ground crews. Only four F-16s were used for offensive operations, while the remaining two acted as reserves.http://politiken.dk/newsinenglish/ECE1227910/denmark-to-send-squadron-on-libya-op/ Denmark To Send Squadron on Libya Op Politiken 18 March 2011 19 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110320205403/http://politiken.dk/newsinenglish/ECE1227910/denmark-to-send-squadron-on-libya-op/ 20 March 2011 live The first mission by Danish aircraft was flown on 20 March and the first strikes were carried out on 23 March, with four aircraft making twelve sorties as part of Operation Odyssey Dawn.http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/03/23/354714/danish-f-16s-drop-their-first-bombs-on-libya.html Danish F-16s drop their first bombs on Libya 24 March 2011 23 March 2011 Flight International https://web.archive.org/web/20110325104034/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/03/23/354714/danish-f-16s-drop-their-first-bombs-on-libya.html 25 March 2011 live Danish F-16s flew a total of 43 missions dropping 107 precision bombs during Odyssey Dawn before switching to NATO command under Unified ProtectorMission update 1. April. Forsvaret.dk (11 October 2011). Retrieved 16 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130528050132/http://forsvaret.dk/FTK/Nyt%20og%20Presse/missionupdate/Pages/Missionupdate1april.aspx 28 May 2013 Danish flights bombed approximately 17% of all targets in Libya and together with Norwegian flights proved to be the most efficient in proportion to the number of flights involved. http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/04/20/nyheter/libya/forsvaret/16258002/ Norske fly bomber mest i Libya no Dagbladet 31 May 2011 31 May 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110529231644/http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/04/20/nyheter/libya/forsvaret/16258002/ 29 May 2011 live Danish F-16s flew the last fast-jet mission of Operation Unified Protector on 31 October 2011,da Danske piloter lukkede Libyen-togt – International https://web.archive.org/web/20130307234742/http://jyllands-posten.dk/international/article4594447.ece 7 March 2013 . Jyllands-posten.dk. Retrieved 16 August 2013. finishing with a total of 599 missions flown and 923 precision bombs dropped during the entire Libya intervention.Mission update 31. oktober. Forsvaret.dk. Retrieved 16 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130528084139/http://forsvaret.dk/FTK/Nyt%20og%20Presse/missionupdate/Pages/Missionupdate31oktober.aspx 28 May 2013 France: The French Air Force, which flew the highest percentage of NATO's strikes (35%), participated in the mission with 18 Mirage, 19 Rafale, 6 Mirage F1, 6 Super Etendard, 2 E-2 Hawkeye, 3 Eurocopter Tiger, and 16 Aérospatiale Gazelle aircraft. In addition, the French Navy anti-air destroyer French frigate Forbin D620 2 and the frigate French frigate Jean Bart D615 2 participated in the operations.http://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/autres-operations/harmattan/libye-debut-des-operations-aeriennes-francaises Libye: début des opérations aériennes françaises fr French Ministry of Defense 19 March 2011 20 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110322155812/http://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/autres-operations/harmattan/libye-debut-des-operations-aeriennes-francaises 22 March 2011 On 22 March, the aircraft carrier French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle R91 2 arrived in international waters near Crete to provide military planners with a rapid-response air combat capability.http://www.expatica.com/be/news/belgian-news/french-aircraft-carrier-to-join-libya-effort-from-greece_137446.html French Aircraft Carrier To Join Libya Effort from Greece Expatica Belgium 22 March 2011 22 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110501025103/http://www.expatica.com/be/news/belgian-news/french-aircraft-carrier-to-join-libya-effort-from-greece_137446.html 1 May 2011 live Accompanying Charles de Gaulle were the frigates French frigate Dupleix D641 2, French frigate Aconit F713 2, the fleet replenishment tanker French ship Meuse A607 2, and one Rubis submarine 0 nuclear attack submarine.Tran, Pierre France Deploys About 20 Aircraft to Enforce Libya No-Fly Zone http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=6007194&c=EUR&s=AIR DefenseNews 19 March 2011 19 March 2011August 2021 medicmedic France did station three Mirage 2000-5 aircraft and six Mirage 2000D at Souda Bay, Crete.http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_6365_22/03/2011_384167 Greece Will Not Be Neutral on Libya, PM Says ekathimerini.com 22 March 2011 22 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110501023240/http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_6365_22/03/2011_384167 1 May 2011 live France also sent an amphibious assault helicopter carrier, the French ship Tonnerre L9014 2 (relieved on 14 July by MistralLibya: the LPD Mistral relives the Tonnerre https://www.defense.gouv.fr/english/operations/missions-achevees/operation-harmattan-2011/actualites/libye-le-batiment-de-projection-et-de-commandement-mistral-releve-le-tonnerre 2020-11-23 www.defense.gouv.fr), carrying 19 rotorcraft to operate off the coast of Libya.Melvin, Don https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-french-official-helicopters-being-sent-to-libya-2011may23-story.html French Official: Helicopters Being Sent to Libya Associated Press 23 May 2011 The French Air Force and Navy flew 5600 sortieshttps://www.opex360.com/2011/11/04/loperation-harmattan-en-chiffres/ L'Opération Harmattan en chiffres 4 November 2011 (3100 CAS, 1200 reconnaissance, 400 air superiority, 340 air control, 580 air refueling) and delivered 1205 precision guided munitions (950 LGB and 225 AASM "hammer" missiles, 15 SCALP missiles).https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/missions-achevees/operation-harmattan-2011/actualites/libye-point-de-situation-n-50-bilan-de-l-operation-unified-protector Libye: point de situation n° 50 – bilan de l'opération Unified Protector Defense.gouv.fr 11 November 2021 Helicopter forces from Army Aviation aboard Tonnerre and Mistral LHD performed 41 night raids, 316 sorties, and destroyed 450 military objectives. The ammunition delivered were 432 Hot Missiles, 1500 68-mm rockets and 13,500 20- and 30-mm shells by Gazelle and Tigre helicopters. The French Navy provided Naval gunfire support and fired 3000 76- and 100-mm shells from the Jean Bart, Lafayette, Forbin, and Chevalier Paul destroyers. thumb|Damage to aircraft shelters at Ghardabiya Airfield near Sirte, 20 March Greece: The Elli frigate 2 Greek frigate Limnos F451 2 of the Hellenic Navy was deployed to the waters off Libya as part of the naval blockade.http://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2011/03/20/greek-defence-ministry-no-participation-in-operations-outside-the-nato/ Greek Defence Ministry: No Participation in Operations Outside the NATO Keep Talking Greece 20 March 2011 22 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110325064807/http://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2011/03/20/greek-defence-ministry-no-participation-in-operations-outside-the-nato/ 25 March 2011 The Hellenic Air Force provided Super Puma search-and-rescue helicopters and few Embraer 145 AEW&C airborne radar planes.http://www.skai.gr/player/tv/?mmid=212187 el:Πρώτη Γραμμή – ΣΚΑΪ el skai.gr 21 March 2011 21 March 2011 ΣΚΑΪ Player TV — ΣΚΑΪ (www.skai.gr) https://web.archive.org/web/20120203033724/http://www.skai.gr/player/tv/?mmid=212187 3 February 2012 live http://greece.greekreporter.com/2011/03/21/greeces-participation-in-operation-against-libya-costs-1-million-euros-daily/ Greece's Participation in Operation against Libya Costs 1 Million Euros Daily Greekreporter.com Greek Reporter 21 March 2011 21 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20160201201747/http://greece.greekreporter.com/2011/03/21/greeces-participation-in-operation-against-libya-costs-1-million-euros-daily/ 1 February 2016 live Makris A. http://www.skai.gr/news/politics/article/165299/i-rolos-tis-elladas-sto-endehomeno-epemvasis-sti-livui/ el:Ο ρόλος της Ελλάδας στο ενδεχόμενο επέμβασης στη Λιβύη – ΣΚΑΪ el skai.gr 15 March 2011 19 March 2011 Ο ρόλος της Ελλάδας στο ενδεχόμενο επέμβασης στη Λιβύη — ΣΚΑΪ (www.skai.gr) https://web.archive.org/web/20111212024134/http://www.skai.gr/news/politics/article/165299/i-rolos-tis-elladas-sto-endehomeno-epemvasis-sti-livui/ 12 December 2011 live Italy: At the beginning of the operation, as a contribution to enforce the no-fly zone, the Italian government committed four Tornado ECRs of the Italian Air Force in SEAD operations, supported by two Tornado IDS variants in an air-to-air refueling role and four F-16ADF fighters as an escort.http://www.corriere.it/esteri/11_marzo_20/tripoli-bombardamento-chiesta-riunione-onu_2e95d102-52c0-11e0-a725-dbe20f0ba2b5.shtml Nuovi raid, decollati anche i jet italiani L'esercito libico ordina il cessate il fuoco it Corriere della Sera 20 March 2011 21 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110321020216/http://www.corriere.it/esteri/11_marzo_20/tripoli-bombardamento-chiesta-riunione-onu_2e95d102-52c0-11e0-a725-dbe20f0ba2b5.shtml 21 March 2011 live After the transfer of authority to NATO and the decision to participate in strike air-ground operations, the Italian government increased the Italian contribution by adding four Italian Navy AV-8B plus (from Italian aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi), four Italian Air Force Eurofighters, and four Tornado IDSs under NATO command. Other assets under national command participated in air patrolling and air refueling missions.http://www.difesa.it/OPERAZIONI_MILITARI/OPERAZIONI_INTERNAZIONALI_IN_CORSO/LIBIA-ODISSEA-ALBA/Pagine/Contributonazionale.aspx Contributo nazionale operazione "Odissey Dawn" it Italian Ministry of Defense 11 June 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110720060122/http://www.difesa.it/Operazioni_Militari/Operazioni_internazionali_in_corso/Libia-odissea-alba/Pagine/Contributonazionale.aspx 20 July 2011 As of 24 March, the Italian Navy was engaged in Operation Unified Protector with the light aircraft carrier Italian aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi 551 2, the Maestrale frigate 2 Italian frigate Libeccio F572 2 and the auxiliary ship Italian oiler Etna A5326 2.http://www.difesa.it/Operazioni+Militari/Operazioni+internazionali+in+corso/Libia_Odissea_all_Alba/notizie_teatro_dett.htm?DetailID=8123 Operazione 'Unified Protector': navi italiane partecipano all'embargo it Italian Ministry of Defense 25 March 2011May 2015 Additionally, the Orizzonte destroyer 2 Italian destroyer Andrea Doria D553 2 and Maestrale-class frigate Italian frigate Euro F575 2 were patrolling off the Sicilian coast in an air-defence role.http://www.marina.difesa.it/Conosciamoci/Notizie/Pagine/20110321_libriacrisi.aspx La Marina Militare in campo per la crisi libica e i flussi migratori it Ministry of Defence of the Italian Republic 21 March 2011 24 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20141209042445/http://www.marina.difesa.it/conosciamoci/notizie/Pagine/20110321_libriacrisi.aspx 9 December 2014 live http://www.grnet.it/news/95-news/2567-libia-nave-andrea-doria-nel-canale-di-sicilia-con-compiti-di-difesa-aerea-da-attacchi-missilistici.html Libia: nave Andrea Doria nel canale di Sicilia con compiti di difesa aerea da attacchi missilistici it GrNet.it 19 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20141207232928/http://www.grnet.it/news/95-news/2567-libia-nave-andrea-doria-nel-canale-di-sicilia-con-compiti-di-difesa-aerea-da-attacchi-missilistici.html 7 December 2014 dmy-all At a later stage, Italy increased its contribution to the NATO led mission by doubling the number of AV-8B Harriers and deploying an undisclosed number of AMX fighter-bombers and KC-130J and KC-767A tanker planes. The Italian Air Force also deployed its MQ-9A Reaper UAVs for real time video reconnaissance.Italy Gives Bombing Stats for Libya Campaign | Defense News https://archive.today/20120728162540/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20111214/DEFSECT01/112140301/Italy-Gives-Bombing-Stats-for-Libya-Campaign 28 July 2012. defensenews.com. Retrieved 16 August 2013. thumb|U.S. Air Force F-16s return to Aviano Air Base in Italy after supporting Operation Odyssey Dawn, on 20 March. Jordan: Six Royal Jordanian Air Force fighter jets landed at a coalition airbase in Europe on 4 April to provide "logistical support" and act as an escort for Jordanian transport aircraft using the humanitarian corridor to deliver aid and supplies to opposition-held Cyrenaica, according to Foreign Minister Nasser Judeh. He did not specify the type of aircraft or what specific roles they may be called upon to perform, though he said they were not intended for combat.http://www.allheadlinenews.com/briefs/articles/90043651?After%20hesitation%2C%20Jordan%20joins%20in%20Libya%20no-fly%20campaign All Headline News 6 April 2011 9 April 2011 After Hesitation, Jordan Joins in No-Fly Zone https://web.archive.org/web/20110412120322/http://www.allheadlinenews.com/briefs/articles/90043651?After%20hesitation%2C%20Jordan%20joins%20in%20Libya%20no-fly%20campaign 12 April 2011 NATO: E-3 airborne early warning and control (AWACS) aircraft operated by NATO and crewed by member states helped monitor the airspace over the Mediterranean and in Libya.http://www.adressa.no/nyheter/nordtrondelag/article1606878.ece Her letter de på vei mot Libya 22 March 2011 adressa.no 22 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110323111036/http://www.adressa.no/nyheter/nordtrondelag/article1606878.ece 23 March 2011 live Netherlands: The Royal Netherlands Air Force provided six F-16AM fighters and a KDC-10 refueling plane. These aircraft were stationed at the Decimomannu Air Base on Sardinia. Four F-16s flew patrols over Libya, while the other two were kept in reserve.Dutch F-16s Operational over Libya http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/dutch-f-16s-operational-over-libya 28 March 2011 Radio Netherlands Worldwide 28 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20121017170025/http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/dutch-f-16s-operational-over-libya 17 October 2012 Additionally, the Royal Netherlands Navy deployed the Tripartite minehunter Haarlem M853 6 to assist in enforcing the weapons embargo.Netherlands To Join NATO Operation Against Libya http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/netherlands-join-nato-operation-against-libya 22 March 2011 Radio Netherlands Worldwide https://web.archive.org/web/20110326181738/http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/netherlands-join-nato-operation-against-libya 26 March 2011 Norway: The Royal Norwegian Air Force deployed six F-16AM fighters to Souda Bay Air Base with corresponding ground crews.http://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/libya/artikkel.php?artid=10091511 Her flyr norske jagerfly mot Libya Verdens Gang no Rune Thomas Ege Jon Magnus Kari Tone Sperstad Jostein Matre Geir Arne Kippernes 24 March 2011 25 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110910161300/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/libya/artikkel.php?artid=10091511 10 September 2011 live http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/03/24/nyheter/libya/utenriks/muammar_kadhafi/15933136/ To norske F16-fly har tatt av fra Souda Bay-basen no Dagbladet Egeberg, Kristoffer Krokfjord, Torgeir P. 25 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110427174005/http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/03/24/nyheter/libya/utenriks/muammar_kadhafi/15933136/ 27 April 2011 live http://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/libya/artikkel.php?artid=10091294 Norske F-16 kan kan være i kamp denne uken – VG Nett om Libya no VG Nett 22 March 2011 22 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110324225253/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/libya/artikkel.php?artid=10091294 24 March 2011 live On 24 March, the Norwegian F-16s were assigned to the US North African command and Operation Odyssey Dawn. It was also reported that Norwegian fighters along with Danish fighters had bombed the most targets in Libya in proportion to the number of planes involved. On 24 June, the number of fighters deployed was reduced from six to four.Jets to return from Libya in August https://web.archive.org/web/20111202062258/http://www.newsinenglish.no/2011/06/13/jets-to-return-from-libya-in-august/ 2 December 2011 . Newsinenglish.no (13 June 2011). Retrieved 16 August 2013. The Norwegian participation in the military efforts against the Libyan government came to an end in late July 2011, by which time Norwegian aircraft had dropped 588 bombs and carried out 615 of the 6493 NATO missions between 31 March and 1 August (not including 19 bombs dropped and 32 missions carried out under operation Odyssey Dawn). 75% of the missions performed by the Royal Norwegian Air Force were so-called SCAR (Strike Coordination and Reconnaissance) missions. US military sources confirmed that on the night of 25 April, two F-16s from the Royal Norwegian Air Force bombed the residence of Gaddafi inside Tripoli.Libya-piloter snakker ut – Fordypning https://web.archive.org/web/20130314152032/http://www.nrk.no/fordypning/libya-piloter-snakker-ut-1.10944493 14 March 2013 . NRK. Retrieved 16 August 2013.Oppsummerte fakta om bidragetJune 2017 InternetArchiveBot yes (Norwegian) thumb|A RAF Tornado GR4 attacks a Libyan warship in Al Khums naval base, on 20 May 2011. Qatar: The Qatar Armed Forces contributed with six Mirage 2000-5EDA fighter jets and two C-17 strategic transport aircraft to coalition no-fly zone enforcement efforts.https://www.af.mil/News/story/id/123248695/ New Coalition Member Flies First Sortie Enforcing No-Fly Zone over Libya Joint Task Force Odyssey Dawn Public Affairs 25 March 2011 15 April 2011 live https://web.archive.org/web/20110504233801/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123248695 4 May 2011 The Qatari aircraft were stationed in Crete. At later stages in the Operation, Qatari Special Forces had been assisting in operations, including the training of the Tripoli Brigade and rebel forces in Benghazi and the Nafusa mountains. Qatar also brought small groups of Libyans to Qatar for small-unit leadership training in preparation for the rebel advance on Tripoli in August.Kjell Engelbrekt Marcus Mohlin Charlotte Wagnsson Jeffrey H. Michaels The NATO Intervention in Libya: Lessons learned from the campaign 2013 Routledge 978-0-415-70549-3 31 Romania: The Romanian Naval Forces participated in the naval blockade with the frigate Romanian frigate Regele Ferdinand 2.http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-8423876-traian-basescu-sustine-declaratie-presa-ora-21-00-dupa-sedinta-csat.htm Traian Basescu: Romania va trimite fregata Regele Ferdinand cu 205 militari in Mediterana pentru operatiuni de blocare a oricarei nave suspecte ca transporta armament HotNews.ro 22 March 2011 22 March 2011 ro https://web.archive.org/web/20110325033747/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-8423876-traian-basescu-sustine-declaratie-presa-ora-21-00-dupa-sedinta-csat.htm 25 March 2011 live Spain: The Spanish Armed Forces participated with six F-18 fighters, two Boeing 707-331B(KC) tanker aircraft, the Álvaro de Bazán frigate 2 Spanish frigate Méndez Núñez F104 2, the submarine Spanish submarine Tramontana S74 2 and two CN-235 MPA maritime surveillance planes. Spain participated in air control and maritime surveillance missions to prevent the inflow of arms to the Libyan regime. Spain also made the Spanish air base at Rota available to NATO. https://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Espana/intervendra/cazas/F-18/fragata/F-100/submarino/avion/vigilancia/maritima/elpepuint/20110319elpepuint_14/Tes España intervendrá con cuatro cazas F-18 es El País 19 March 2011 Sweden: The Swedish Air Force committed eight JAS 39 Gripen jets for the international air campaign after being asked by NATO to take part in the operations on 28 March.Riksdagen gav klartecken till Lybienstyrkan – rapport SVT Nyheter April 2011 https://www.svt.se/nyheter/utrikes/riksdagen-gav-klartecken-till-libyenstyrkan svt.se 1 June 2022 sv Magnusson Örjan http://svt.se/2.22584/1.2374883/nato_har_fragat_sverige_om_jas-plan_till_libyen Nato har frågat Sverige om Jas-plan till Libyen – rapport svt.se 28 March 2011 29 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110401104642/http://svt.se/2.22584/1.2374883/nato_har_fragat_sverige_om_jas-plan_till_libyen 1 April 2011http://www.swedishwire.com/politics/9050-sweden-offers-eight-fighter-jets-for-libya-mission Sweden Offers Eight Fighter Jets for Libya Mission The Swedish Wire 22 March 2011 23 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110325153449/http://www.swedishwire.com/politics/9050-sweden-offers-eight-fighter-jets-for-libya-mission 25 March 2011 Sweden also sent a Saab 340 AEW&C for airborne early warning and control and a C-130 Hercules for aerial refueling.http://www.thelocal.se/32958/20110401/ Swedish House Votes for Libya Mission thelocal.se 1 April 2011 1 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110403105654/http://www.thelocal.se/32958/20110401/ 3 April 2011 live Sweden was the only country neither a member of NATO nor the Arab League to participate in the no-fly zone. Turkey: The Turkish Navy participated by sending the Barbaros frigate 2s, TCG Yildirim & TCG Orucreis, the Oliver Hazard Perry frigates, TCG Gemlik & TCG Giresun, the tanker TCG Akar, and the submarine TCG Yildiray to the NATO-led naval blockade to enforce the arms embargo.24 March 2011 >Turkish Contribution to NATO Operations off Libya Takes Shape https://turkishnavy.net/2011/03/24/turkish-contribution-to-nato-operations-off-libya-takes-shape/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20110404062620/http://turkishnavy.net/2011/03/24/turkish-contribution-to-nato-operations-off-libya-takes-shape/ 4 April 2011 16 June 2019 It also provided six F-16 jets for aerial operations.http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,752650,00.html Nato startet Seeblockade gegen Gaddafi de Der Spiegel 23 March 2011 23 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110324193313/http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,752650,00.html 24 March 2011 live On 24 March, Turkey's parliament approved Turkish participation in military operations in Libya, including enforcing the no-fly zone in Libya.http://www.theoaklandpress.com/articles/2011/03/24/news/nation_and_world/doc4d8b80ea4437f164011195.txt https://web.archive.org/web/20120905115152/http://www.theoaklandpress.com/articles/2011/03/24/news/nation_and_world/doc4d8b80ea4437f164011195.txt 5 September 2012 Parliament OKs Turkey's Involvement in Libya The Oakland Press 24 March 2011 Associated Press 16 January 2012 Ankara thumb|RAF Tornado GR4 targeting Libyan tank, 12 April United Arab Emirates: On 24 March, the United Arab Emirates Air Force sent six F-16 and six Mirage 2000 fighter jets to join the mission. This was also the first combat deployment of the Desert Falcon variant of F-16, which was the most sophisticated F-16 variant at the time. The planes were based at the Italian Decimomannu air base on Sardinia.https://www.wam.ae/en/article/hsyj9ffu-uae-updates-support-resolution-1973 UAE Updates Support to UN Resolution 1973 25 March 2011 WAM http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-march-24 Al Jazeera Libya Live Blog – March 24 24 March 2011 25 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110324161128/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-march-24 24 March 2011 live United Kingdom: The UK had SAS around 250 forces deployed on the ground in Libya since March, with an additional 100 arriving following the official start of the intervention. The UK deployed the Royal Navy frigates Westminster F237 6 and Cumberland F85 6, nuclear attack submarines Triumph S93 6 and Turbulent S87 6, the destroyer Liverpool D92 6 and the mine countermeasure vessel Brocklesby M33 6.http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/TyphoonJoinsTornadoInLibyaGroundAttackOperations.htm Typhoon Joins Tornado in Libya Ground Attack Operations Ministry of Defence UK 19 May 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110422151027/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/TyphoonJoinsTornadoInLibyaGroundAttackOperations.htm 22 April 2011 live The Royal Air Force participated with 16 Tornado and 10 Typhoon fightershttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-13538708 BBC News Libya Typhoon Pilots Sent Home after 'Night Out' 25 May 2011 20 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20191102113815/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-13538708 2 November 2019 live operating initially from Great Britain, but later forward deployed to the Italian base at Gioia del Colle. Nimrod R1 and Sentinel R1 surveillance aircraft were forward deployed to RAF Akrotiri in support of the action. In addition, the RAF deployed a number of other support aircraft such as the Sentry AEW.1 AWACS aircraft and VC10 air-to-air refueling tankers. According to anonymous sources, members of the SAS, SBS, and Special Reconnaissance Regiment (SRR) helped to coordinate the air strikes on the ground in Libya.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/04/libya-uk-increase-tornado-jets Libya: UK To Increase Number of Tornado Jets 4 April 2011 4 April 2011 The Guardian https://web.archive.org/web/20110407122047/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/04/libya-uk-increase-tornado-jets 7 April 2011 Wintour, Patrick live On 27 May, the UK deployed four Apache attack helicopters on board Ocean L12 6.http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/ApachesGetReadyToHelpProtectLibyanCivilians.htm Apaches Get Ready To Help Protect Libyan Civilians Ministry of Defence (UK) 20 February 2007 19 June 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018125919/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/ApachesGetReadyToHelpProtectLibyanCivilians.htm 18 October 2012 live United States: The US deployed a naval force of 11 ships, including the amphibious assault ship Kearsarge LHD-3 6, the amphibious transport dock Ponce LPD-15 6, the guided-missile destroyers Barry DDG-52 6 and Stout DDG-55 6, the nuclear attack submarines Providence SSN-719 6 and Scranton SSN-756 6, the cruise missile submarine Florida SSGN-728 6 and the amphibious command ship Mount Whitney LCC-20 6.http://www.news24.com/World/News/Libya-no-fly-zone-should-be-easy-20110318?amp Libya No-Fly Zone Should Be 'Easy' 19 March 2011 19 March 2011 News24 https://web.archive.org/web/20120305014226/http://www.news24.com/World/News/Libya-no-fly-zone-should-be-easy-20110318?amp 5 March 2012 livehttp://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=w6299809 Danish F-16s Land in Sicily, Canada, Spain, U.S. Jets Flying in for Action Against Libya 19 March 2011 19 March 2011 Maclean's https://web.archive.org/web/20111204225452/http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=w6299809 4 December 2011 live Additionally, A-10 ground-attack aircraft, two B-1B bombers,https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/29/us/29military.html U.S. Gives Its Air Power Expansive Role in Libya Schmitt Eric 2011-03-28 The New York Times 2018-09-25 https://web.archive.org/web/20110401145709/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/29/us/29military.html 1 April 2011 live three Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit stealth bombers,Tirpak John A. July 2011 Bombers Over Libya http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Documents/2011/July%202011/0711libya.pdf Air Force Magazine US Air Force Association 2018-09-25 https://web.archive.org/web/20160401140103/http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Documents/2011/July%202011/0711libya.pdf 1 April 2016 live AV-8B Harrier II jump-jets, EA-18G Growler electronic warfare aircraft, P-3 Orions, and both McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike EagleF-15E incident in Libya; crew recovered | Aviation & Air Force News at DefenceTalk https://web.archive.org/web/20120917052811/http://www.defencetalk.com/f-15e-incident-in-libya-crew-recovered-32978/ 17 September 2012 . Defencetalk.com (23 March 2011). Retrieved 16 August 2013. and F-16 fighters were involved in action over Libya.http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/20/libya-live-blog-allied-airstrikes-continue-against-gadhafi-forces/?hpt=T1/ Libya Live Blog: Benghazi Doctor Says 95 People Killed by Pro-Gadhafi Assault CNN 20 March 2011 21 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20150419112901/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/20/libya-live-blog-allied-airstrikes-continue-against-gadhafi-forces/?hpt=T1%2F 19 April 2015 dead U-2 reconnaissance aircraft were stationed on Cyprus. On 18 March, two AC-130Us arrived at RAF Mildenhall as well as additional tanker aircraft.April 2011 On 24 March 2 E-8Cs operated from Naval Station Rota Spain, which indicated an increase of ground attacks.April 2011 An undisclosed number of CIA operatives were said to be in Libya to gather intelligence for airstrikes and make contacts with rebels.Mark Mazzetti Eric Schmitt https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/world/africa/31intel.html C.I.A. in Libya Aiding Rebels, U.S. Officials Say The New York Times 31 March 2011 23 February 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20190216230449/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/world/africa/31intel.html 16 February 2019 live The US also used MQ-1 Predator UAVs to strike targets in Libya on 23 April.http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-april-23 Al Jazeera 23 April 2011 24 April 2011 Libya Live Blog – April 23 https://web.archive.org/web/20110423103538/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-april-23 23 April 2011 live Bases committed 175px|thumb| A Qatari C-17 transport plane at Incirlik Air Base, Turkey France: Saint-Dizier, Dijon, Nancy, Istres, Solenzara, AvordLe ravitaillement en vol des chasseurs, maillon crucial des opérations aériennes Romandie News Agence France-Presse http://www.romandie.com/infos/news2/110322193645.qjum8lzx.asp 22 March 2011 30 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110718164001/http://www.romandie.com/infos/news2/110322193645.qjum8lzx.asp 18 July 2011 live Greece: Souda, Aktion, Araxos, and Andravidahttp://www.tanea.gr/default.asp?pid=41&nid=1231100410 TA NEA On-line Χωρίς τα F-16 η ελληνική συνδρομή στην επέμβαση στη Λιβύη 29 April 2010 21 March 2011 el https://web.archive.org/web/20110324131538/http://www.tanea.gr/default.asp?pid=41&nid=1231100410 24 March 2011 Italy: Amendola, Decimomannu, Gioia del Colle, Trapani, Pantelleria, CapodichinoLibia, inizia l'operazione Odissea all'alba Napoli quartier generale dell'offensiva: "A Capodichino si decide quando colpire" http://www.ilmattino.it/articolo.php?id=142481&sez=NAPOLI Il Mattino.It 19 March 2011 19 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110724083049/http://www.ilmattino.it/articolo.php?id=142481&sez=NAPOLI 24 July 2011 live Spain: Rota, Morón, Torrejónhttp://www.elpais.com/articulo/english/Missile-carrying/Spanish/F18s/poised/to/begin/patrols/across/Libyan/airspace/elpepueng/20110320elpeng_8/Ten Missile-carrying Spanish F18s poised to begin patrols across Libyan airspace ELPAÍS.com 20 March 2011 26 March 2011 26 June 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120626041031/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/english/Missile-carrying/Spanish/F18s/poised/to/begin/patrols/across/Libyan/airspace/elpepueng/20110320elpeng_8/Ten Turkey: Incirlik, İzmirhttp://www.africom.mil/getArticle.asp?art=6339 Incirlik Airmen Support Operation Odyssey Dawn Hyatt, Anthony J. United States Africa Command 26 March 2011 30 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110720133405/http://www.africom.mil/getArticle.asp?art=6339 20 July 2011https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-usa-military-idUSTRE72H60520110318 Factbox: U.S. Military Resources as Libya Action Looms Ryan, Missy Reuters 18 March 2011 30 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110321113703/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/18/us-libya-usa-military-idUSTRE72H60520110318 21 March 2011 live United Kingdom: RAF Akrotiri, RAF Marham, RAF Waddington, RAF Leuchars, RAF Brize Norton, Aviano (IT)http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafwaddington/newsweather/index.cfm?storyid=A80CB70A-5056-A318-A8C6615C242ECFC4 Royal Air Force, RAF Waddington 9 March 2011 Op Deference 23 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110405225424/http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafwaddington/newsweather/index.cfm?storyid=A80CB70A-5056-A318-A8C6615C242ECFC4 5 April 2011 live United States: Aviano (IT), RAF Lakenheath (UK), RAF Mildenhall (UK), Sigonella (IT), Spangdahlem (GE),https://www.spangdahlem.af.mil Spangdahlem Air Base United States Air Force 23 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110303013242/http://www.spangdahlem.af.mil/ 3 March 2011 live Ellsworth AFB (US) Actions by other states Action taken by international forces thumb|right|250px|A RAF Tornado striking the Scud missile launcher during the military intervention in Libya in 2011. Albania: Prime Minister Sali Berisha said that Albania was ready to help. Berisha supported the decision of the coalition to protect civilians from the Gaddafi regime. He also offered assistance to facilitate the coalition's actions. A press release from the Prime Minister's office stated that these operations are entirely legitimate, with their main objective being the protection of freedom and the universal rights that Libyans deserve. http://english.albeu.com/albania-news/albania-supports-the-attacks-on-libya/32495/ Albania supports the attacks on Libya Albeu 20 March 2011 21 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110323024547/http://english.albeu.com/albania-news/albania-supports-the-attacks-on-libya/32495/ 23 March 2011 On 29 March, Foreign Minister Edmond Haxhinasto said Albania would open its airspace and territorial waters to coalition forces and said its seaports and airports were at the coalition's disposal upon request. He also suggested that Albania could help with international humanitarian efforts.http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2011/03/30/nb-09 Southeast European Times 30 March 2011 24 April 2011 Albania supports international coalition on Libya https://web.archive.org/web/20110401173045/http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2011/03/30/nb-09 1 April 2011 In mid-April, the International Business Times listed Albania alongside several other NATO member states, including Romania and Turkey, that have made modest contributions to the military effort, but it did not go into detail.http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/134953/20110415/nato-libya-air-strikes-uk-us-france.htm International Business Times Almost half of NATO members not offering any military support to Libya campaign 15 April 2011 24 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110426233301/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/134953/20110415/nato-libya-air-strikes-uk-us-france.htm 26 April 2011 liveMay 2020 Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources#International Business Times Australia: Prime Minister Julia Gillard and others in her Labor government said Australia would not contribute militarily to enforcement of the UN mandate despite registering strong support for the mandate. The opposition Liberal Party defence spokesman called upon the government to consider dispatching Australian military assets if requested by NATO.http://australianetworknews.com/stories/201103/3169576.htm?desktop Australia Network News 21 March 2011 24 March 2011 US To Ease Military Action in Libya https://web.archive.org/web/20120620151553/http://australianetworknews.com/stories/201103/3169576.htm?desktop 20 June 2012 Defence Minister Stephen Smith said the government would be willing to send C-17 Globemaster heavy transport planes for use in international operations "as part of a humanitarian contribution", if needed.http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/aust-prepared-to-send-c17s-to-libya-smith-20110310-1bo7h.html The Sydney Morning Herald Aust Prepared To Send C17s to Libya: Smith Wald, Tom 10 March 2011 24 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314035728/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/aust-prepared-to-send-c17s-to-libya-smith-20110310-1bo7h.html 14 March 2011 live On 27 April Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd described Australia as the "third largest [humanitarian contributor to Libya] globally after the United States and the European Union", after a humanitarian aid ship funded by the Australian government docked in Misrata.http://www.theage.com.au/national/australia-funding-libyan-evacuation-ship-reveals-rudd-20110427-1dwx0.html The Age 28 April 2011 30 April 2011 Australia Funding Libyan Evacuation Ship, Reveals Rudd Willingham, Richard https://web.archive.org/web/20110506095617/http://www.theage.com.au/national/australia-funding-libyan-evacuation-ship-reveals-rudd-20110427-1dwx0.html 6 May 2011 live Croatia: President Ivo Josipović said that if necessary Croatia would honour its NATO membership and participate in actions in Libya. He also stressed that while Croatia was ready for military participation according to its capabilities, it would mostly endeavor to help on the humanitarian side.Šoljaga Ana Kandare 21 March 2011 Ako bude potrebno, RH će sudjelovati u akcijama u Libiji If necessary, Croatia will participate in actions in Libya http://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/ako-bude-potrebno-rh-ce-sudjelovati-u-akcijama-u-libiji.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20111121190907/http://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/ako-bude-potrebno-rh-ce-sudjelovati-u-akcijama-u-libiji.html 21 November 2011 21 March 2011 Dnevnik.hr hr On 29 April, the government announced it planned to send two Croatian Army officers to assist with Operation Unified Protector, pending formal presidential and parliamentary approval.29 April 2011 30 April 2011 http://www.croatiantimes.com/news/General_News/2011-04-29/18912/Croatia_to_send_two_officers_for_NATO%B4s_Libya_mission https://archive.today/20120731105228/http://www.croatiantimes.com/news/General_News/2011-04-29/18912/Croatia_to_send_two_officers_for_NATO%B4s_Libya_mission 31 July 2012 Croatia to send two officers for NATO's Libya mission Cyprus: After the passage of UNSCR 1973, President Demetris Christofias asked the British government not to use its military base at Akrotiri, an overseas territory of the UK on the island, in support of the intervention. However, this request had no legal weight as Cyprus could not legally bar the UK from using the base.https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE72J2NJ20110320 Reuters 20 March 2011 9 April 2011 Cyprus Says Against Use of British Bases for Libya https://web.archive.org/web/20110423133048/http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE72J2NJ20110320 23 April 2011 The Cypriot government reluctantly allowed Qatar Emiri Air Force fighter jets and a transport plane to refuel at Larnaca International Airport on 22 March after their pilots declared a fuel emergency while in transit to Crete for participation in military operations.http://www.cyprus-mail.com/cyprus/qatari-warplanes-refuel-cyprus/20110323 Cyprus Mail 23 March 2011 9 April 2011 Elias Hazou Qatari warplanes refuel in Cyprus https://web.archive.org/web/20110325235401/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/cyprus/qatari-warplanes-refuel-cyprus/20110323 25 March 2011 Estonia: Foreign Minister Urmas Paet said on 18 March that his country had no current plans to join in military operations in Libya, but it would be willing to participate if called on to do so by NATO or the EU.http://www.eata.ee/en/2011/03/estonia-contributes-humanitarian-aid-not-troops-to-libya.html Eesti NATO Ühing (Estonian Atlantic Treaty Association) 22 March 2011 9 April 2011 Estonia contributes humanitarian aid, not troops, to Libya https://web.archive.org/web/20120322114802/http://www.eata.ee/en/2011/03/estonia-contributes-humanitarian-aid-not-troops-to-libya.html 22 March 2012 The Estonian Air Force does not 2023 y operate any combat aircraft, although it does operate a few helicopters and transport planes.2023 World Air Forces 2023 https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=90688 2 July 2023 FlightGlobal PDF European Union: Finnish Foreign Minister Alexander Stubb announced that the proposed EUFOR Libya operation was being prepared, and was waiting for a request from the UN.Pop Valentina 12 April 2011 Foreign ministers wary of EU military role in Libya EUobserver http://euobserver.com/9/32165 unfit https://web.archive.org/web/20230203034602/https://euobserver.com/news/32165 3 February 2023 Germany: In March the country withdrew all its forces from NATO operations in the Mediterranean Sea, as its government decided not to take part in any military operations against Libya. However, it was increasing the number of AWACS personnel in Afghanistan by up to 300 to free up the forces of other states. Germany allowed the usage of military installations in its territory for intervention in Libya.Neuerer Dietmar 23 March 2011 Deutschland sucht Ausweg aus der Libyen-Falle de Germany is looking for a way out of the Libya trap Handelsblatt https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/deutschland-sucht-ausweg-aus-der-libyen-falle/3980818.html 4 March 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20110326184303/http://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/deutschland-sucht-ausweg-aus-der-libyen-falle/3980818.html 26 March 2011http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,752222,00.html Turkey Blocks NATO Mission in Libya 21 March 2011 Der Spiegel 23 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110323233052/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,752222,00.html 23 March 2011 live http://www.acus.org/natosource/germany-mulls-afghan-option-after-libya-abstention Germany mulls Afghan option after Libya abstention Atlantic Council 18 March 2011 26 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20121003014152/http://www.acus.org/natosource/germany-mulls-afghan-option-after-libya-abstention 3 October 2012http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14942840,00.html?maca=en-tagesschau_englisch-335-rdf-mp More German troops to be sent to Afghanistan 26 March 2011 DW On 8 April, German officials suggested that the country could potentially contribute troops to "[ensure] with military means that humanitarian aid gets to those who need it".http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-april-8 Al Jazeera 8 April 2011 9 April 2011 Libya Live Blog – April 8 https://web.archive.org/web/20110408102640/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-april-8 8 April 2011 live As of early June, the German government was reportedly considering opening a center for training police in Benghazi.http://www.irna.ir/ENNewsShow.aspx?NID=30422352&SRCH=1 Islamic Republic News Agency Germany mulls police training in rebel-held Benghazi 8 June 2011 9 June 2011June 2017 InternetArchiveBot yes On 24 July, Germany lent 100 million Euros (144 million US dollars) to the rebels for "civilian and humanitarian purposes". Indonesia: President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono called for a ceasefire by all sides, but said that if a UN peacekeeping force was established to monitor a potential truce, "Indonesia is more than willing to take part."http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/turkey-indonesia-call-for-ceasefire-in-libya/433604 Jakarta Globe 5 April 2011 9 April 2011 Turkey, Indonesia Call for Ceasefire in Libya https://web.archive.org/web/20110420140900/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/turkey-indonesia-call-for-ceasefire-in-libya/433604 20 April 2011 Kuwait: The Arab state would make a "logistic contribution", according to British Prime Minister David Cameron.http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-march-23 Libya Live Blog – March 23 Al Jazeera 23 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110323105338/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-march-23 23 March 2011https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12776418 Libya Crisis BBC News 21 March 2011 21 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110322142004/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12776418 22 March 2011 live Malta: Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi said no coalition forces would be allowed to stage from military bases in Malta, but Maltese airspace would be open to international forces involved in the intervention.http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110319/local/priority-is-safety-of-malta-gonzi The Times Malta 19 March 2011 9 April 2011 Priority is safety of Malta– Gonzi Christian Peregrin https://web.archive.org/web/20110322030140/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110319/local/priority-is-safety-of-malta-gonzi 22 March 2011 live On 20 April, two French Mirages were reportedly allowed to make emergency landings in Malta after running low on fuel.http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110421/world/Foreign-military-advisers-for-Libyan-rebel-bastion.361564 21 April 2011 23 April 2011 Foreign Military Advisers for Libyan Rebel Bastion The Times Malta https://web.archive.org/web/20110424140356/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110421/world/Foreign-military-advisers-for-Libyan-rebel-bastion.361564 24 April 2011 live Poland: US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, UK Secretary of Defence Liam Fox, and NATO Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen urged the Polish government to contribute to military operations. As of June, Warsaw had not committed to participation.https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304778304576373793280428126 The Wall Street Journal 9 June 2011 9 June 2011 Gates Calls Others to Join Libya Fight Stephen Fidler Julian Barnes https://web.archive.org/web/20160201201747/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304778304576373793280428126 1 February 2016 liveJune 2023 Sudan: The government "quietly granted permission" for coalition states to traverse its airspace for operations in the Libyan theatre if necessary, Reuters reported in late March.26 March 2011 Sudan allows use of airspace for Libya raids The Gulf Today Reuters http://gulftoday.ae/portal/0541d362-7d51-4f53-afd1-f225ca1e2c41.aspx 9 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110719151548/http://gulftoday.ae/portal/0541d362-7d51-4f53-afd1-f225ca1e2c41.aspx 19 July 2011 Civilian losses 14 May: NATO air strike hit a large number of people gathered for Friday prayers in the eastern city of Brega leaving 11 religious leaders dead and 50 others wounded.http://tribune.com.pk/story/168587/Libya-buries-dead-imams-killed-in-nato-strike/ Libya Buries Dead Imams Killed in NATO Strike Agence France-Presse The Express Tribune 14 May 2011 19 June 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110702033717/http://tribune.com.pk/story/168587/libya-buries-dead-imams-killed-in-nato-strike/ 2 July 2011 live 24 May: NATO air strikes in Tripoli kill 19 civilians and wound 150, according to Libyan state television.http://www.newsfrommiddleeast.com/?new=78030 NATO Air Strikes in Tripoli Kill 19 Civilians: Libyan TV News From Middle East 25 May 2011 19 June 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110722124010/http://www.newsfrommiddleeast.com/?new=78030 22 July 2011 usurped 31 May: Libya claims that NATO strikes have left up to 718 civilians dead.http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/libya-says-nato-raids-killed-718-civilians Libya says NATO raids killed 718 civilians Radio Netherlands Worldwide 31 May 2011 19 June 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110603233637/http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/libya-says-nato-raids-killed-718-civilians 3 June 2011 19 June: NATO air strikes hit a residential house in Tripoli, killing seven civilians, according to Libyan state television.http://tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=6209 NATO Air Strikes Hit Residential House, Kill Seven Civilians Tripoli Post 19 June 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192141/http://tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=6209 21 July 2011 20 June: A NATO airstrike in Sorman, near Tripoli, killed fifteen civilians, according to government officials. Eight rockets apparently hit the compound of a senior government official, in an area where NATO confirmed operations had taken place.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13843798 Libya: Nato 'Killed 15 Civilians' in Sorman Air Strike BBC News 20 June 2011 23 June 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110624020034/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13843798 24 June 2011 live 25 June: NATO strikes on Brega hit a bakery and a restaurant, killing 15 civilians and wounding 20 more, Libyan state television claimed. The report further accused the coalition of "crimes against humanity". The claims were denied by NATO.https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-06-25-Libya-NATO-airstrike_n.htm Libyan state media say NATO airstrike kills 15 Tripoli 26 June 2011 16 January 2012 USA Today Associated Press https://web.archive.org/web/20110902130433/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-06-25-Libya-NATO-airstrike_n.htm 2 September 2011 live 28 June: NATO airstrike on the town of Tawergha, 300 km east of the Libyan capital, Tripoli kills eight civilians.July 2021 25 July: NATO airstrike on a medical clinic in Zliten kills 11 civilians, though the claim was denied by NATO, who said they hit a vehicle depot and communications center.http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/07/25/libya.fighting/index.html Libya's Zlitan increasingly in rebel, NATO sights CNN 25 July 2011 14 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110726222641/http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/07/25/libya.fighting/index.html 26 July 2011 live Hafez Ahmed http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=34314&date=2011-07-26 NATO raids clinic in Libya: 7 killed News Today 26 July 2011 14 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111204201058/http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=34314&date=2011-07-26 4 December 2011 live 20 July: NATO attacks Libyan state TV, Al-Jamahiriya. Three journalists killed.http://www.skynews.com.au/world/article.aspx?id=644625&vId= NATO raid in Libya kills 3 reporters Sky News 31 July 2011 14 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111204205205/http://www.skynews.com.au/world/article.aspx?id=644625&vId= 4 December 2011 live 9 August: Libyan government claims 85 civilians were killed in a NATO airstrike in Majer, a village near Zliten. A spokesman confirms that NATO bombed Zliten at 2:34 a.m. on 9 August,http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=108593 Photographic Evidence of NATO War Crimes Pakistan Observer 11 August 2011 12 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120316085435/http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=108593 16 March 2012 but says he was unable to confirm the casualties. Commander of the NATO military mission, Lieutenant General Charles Bouchard says "I cannot believe that 85 civilians were present when we struck in the wee hours of the morning, and given our intelligence. But I cannot assure you that there were none at all".https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hKpomyAdd4B-pnAriRgoZnOb_CvA?docId=CNG.884081aef56acf1a58718197b01abfb5.11 Libya slams UN chief over civilian deaths comments Agence France-Presse 13 August 2011 13 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20130131013826/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hKpomyAdd4B-pnAriRgoZnOb_CvA?docId=CNG.884081aef56acf1a58718197b01abfb5.11 31 January 2013 15 September: Gaddafi spokesman Moussa Ibrahim declares that NATO air strikes killed 354 civilians and wounded 700 others, while 89 other civilians are supposedly missing. He also claims that over 2,000 civilians have been killed by NATO air strikes since 1 September.https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nato-strikes-kill-354-says-gaddafis-spokesman-2356574.html Nato strikes 'kill 354', says Gaddafi's spokesman The Independent 18 September 2011 19 September 2011 Kim Sengupta https://web.archive.org/web/20110925025318/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nato-strikes-kill-354-says-gaddafis-spokesman-2356574.html 25 September 2011 live NATO denied the claims, saying they were unfounded.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-sirte-idUSTRE78L26X20110922 NATO Strikes, NTC Kill 151 in Sirte: Gaddafi Aide Reuters 22 September 2011 30 June 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20140830063531/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/22/us-libya-sirte-idUSTRE78L26X20110922 30 August 2014 live 2 March 2012: United Nations Human Rights Council release their report about the aftermath of the Libyan civil war, concluding that in total 60 civilians were killed and 55 wounded by the NATO air campaign. In the same report, the UN Human Rights Council concludes that NATO "conducted a highly precise campaign with a demonstrable determination to avoid civilian casualties".https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/03/03/world/africa/united-nations-report-on-libya.html International Commission of Inquiry on Libya Report 23 February 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170703011342/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/03/03/world/africa/united-nations-report-on-libya.html?_r=0 3 July 2017 live In May that same year, Human Rights Watch published a report claiming that at least 72 civilians were killed. Military losses on the coalition side thumb|The USAF F-15E that crashed over Libya, numbered 91-0304/LN, in Ostrava, Czech Republic, six months before the accident. Both crew members ejected and were rescued. 22 March 2011: One USAF F-15E Strike Eagle flying from Aviano crashed in Bu Marim, northwest of Benghazi. The pilot was rescued alive by US Marines from the 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit based on the Kearsarge LHD-3 6. The weapons systems officer evaded hostile forces and was subsequently repatriated by Italian forces.F-15 WSO Ejected over Libya. Called Dad. | God and Country https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054016/http://christianfighterpilot.com/blog/2012/01/18/f-15-wso-ejected-over-libya-called-dad/ 8 August 2014 . Christianfighterpilot.com (18 January 2012). Retrieved 16 August 2013.Second crewman from crashed US jet in Libya rescued https://web.archive.org/web/20151119033346/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/22/libya-usa-crash-safe-idUSN2213606920110322 19 November 2015 . Reuters. Retrieved 16 August 2013. The aircraft crashed due to a mechanical failure.http://usaf.aib.law.af.mil/ExecSum2011/F-15E_Libya_21%20Mar%2011.pdf UNITED STATES AIR FORCE AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION BOARD REPORT 2011-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20120121233954/http://usaf.aib.law.af.mil/ExecSum2011/F-15E_Libya_21%20Mar%2011.pdf 21 January 2012 The rescue operation involved two Bell-Boeing MV-22B Osprey aircraft, two Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters, and two McDonnell Douglas AV-8B+ Harrier II aircraft, all launched from the USS Kearsarge. The operation involved the Harriers' dropping 227 kg on bombs and strafing the area around the crash site before an Osprey recovered at least one of the downed aircraft's crew;http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/03/23/354704/usmc-reveals-details-of-f-15e-pilot-rescue.html USMC Reveals Details of F-15E Pilot Rescue Flight International 23 March 2011 7 August 2011 Hoyle, Craig https://web.archive.org/web/20110326102409/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/03/23/354704/usmc-reveals-details-of-f-15e-pilot-rescue.html 26 March 2011 livehttps://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8402156/Libya-US-warplanes-carried-out-strafing-runs-to-rescue-downed-pilot.html Libya: US Warplanes 'Carried Out Strafing Runs' To Rescue Downed Pilot – US Warplanes Conducted Strafing Runs During an Operation To Rescue a Downed Fighter Pilot, a Military Source Told The Daily Telegraph The Daily Telegraph 23 March 2011 7 August 2011 Nick Squires https://web.archive.org/web/20110326044610/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8402156/Libya-US-warplanes-carried-out-strafing-runs-to-rescue-downed-pilot.html 26 March 2011 live injuring six local civilians in the process.http://www.channel4.com/news/third-night-of-bombing-in-libya Six Libyan Villagers Shot by US Team Rescuing Pilot Channel 4 News 22 March 2011 7 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110701085945/http://www.channel4.com/news/third-night-of-bombing-in-libya 1 July 2011 livehttp://www.cnn.com/2011/US/04/27/f15.crew.libya.rescue/index.html?hpt=T2 Downed F-15 Crew on Libya Rescue: 'The Best Feeling' CNN 28 April 2011 7 August 2011 Larry Shaughnessy https://web.archive.org/web/20121110132938/http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/04/27/f15.crew.libya.rescue/index.html?hpt=T2 10 November 2012 live 27 April 2011: An F-16E Desert Falcon from the United Arab Emirates Air Force crashed at Naval Air Station Sigonella at about 11:35 local time; the pilot ejected safely. The aircraft was confirmed to be from the UAE by the country's General Command of the armed forces, and had been arriving from Sardinia when it crashed.https://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5h8d5ep2e9mHsPV2Tb537rf2CdsJA?docId=6680198 NATO: F-16 Fighter-Bomber Crashes on Landing at Italian Airbase 27 April 2011 7 May 2011 https://archive.today/20191225225905/https://www.webcitation.org/5yVsdwBlT?url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5h8d5ep2e9mHsPV2Tb537rf2CdsJA%3FdocId=6680198 25 December 2019 The Canadian Press dead 21 June 2011: An unmanned US Navy MQ-8B Fire Scout went down over Libya, possibly due to enemy fire. NATO confirmed that they lost radar contact with the unmanned helicopter as it was performing an intelligence and reconnaissance mission near Zliten. NATO began investigating the crash shortly after it occurred.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13858200 Libya Conflict: Nato Loses Drone Helicopter BBC News 21 June 2011 7 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110623001726/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13858200 23 June 2011 live On 5 August, it was announced that the investigation had concluded that the cause of the crash was probably enemy fire; with an operator or mechanical failure ruled out and the inability of investigators to access the crash site the "logical conclusion" was that the aircraft had been shot down.https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gjq4WZw03V_fCs0F44efTYDXJwWg?docId=729f1c9498f142d783e7d216f8f05c37 Navy says drone lost in Libya likely shot down 5 August 2011 Associated Press 16 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110811114355/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gjq4WZw03V_fCs0F44efTYDXJwWg?docId=729f1c9498f142d783e7d216f8f05c37 11 August 2011 dead 20 July 2011: A British airman, Senior Aircraftman John James Smart, was killed in a traffic accident in Italy while part of a logistical convoy transferring supplies from the UK to NATO bases in the south of Italy from which air strikes were being conducted against Libya.http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/AirmanKilledInRoadAccidentInItaly.htm Airman killed in road accident in Italy Ministry of Defence 7 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110725013459/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/AirmanKilledInRoadAccidentInItaly.htm 25 July 2011http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2084681,00.html UK Airman Dies in Italy Road Accident Time 21 July 2011 Associated Press 7 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111017143157/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C2084681%2C00.html 17 October 2011 Reaction International reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya US domestic reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya Since the start of the campaign, there have been allegations of violating the limits imposed upon the intervention by Resolution 1973 and by US law. At the end of May 2011, Western troops were captured on film in Libya, despite Resolution 1973 specifically forbidding "a foreign occupation force of any form on any part of Libyan territory".https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/30/western-troops-on-ground-libya Borger, Julian Chulov, Martin 30 May 2011 Al-Jazeera Footage Captures 'Western Troops on the Ground' in Libya The Guardian 6 June 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110603231625/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/30/western-troops-on-ground-libya 3 June 2011 live In a March 2011 Gallup poll, 47% of Americans had approved of military action against Libya, compared with 37% disapproval.Americans Approve of Military Action Against Libya, 47% to 37% https://news.gallup.com/poll/146738/americans-approve-military-action-against-libya.aspx Gallup 22 March 2011 On 10 June, US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates criticized some of the NATO member nations for their efforts, or lack thereof, to participate in the intervention in Libya. Gates singled out Germany, Poland, Spain, Turkey, and the Netherlands for criticism. He praised Canada, Norway, and Denmark, saying that although those three countries had only provided 12% of the aircraft to the operation, their aircraft had conducted one-third of the strikes.Cloud, David S. (11 June 2011). "Gates Tells NATO It Must Hold Up Its End". McClatchy-Tribune News Services (via Stars and Stripes). p. 3. On 24 June, the US House voted against Joint Resolution 68, which would have authorized continued US military involvement in the NATO campaign for up to one year.https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-joint-resolution/68 H.J.Res.68 – 112th Congress (2011–2012): Authorizing the limited use of the United States Armed Forces in support of the NATO mission in Libya. 24 June 2011 16 May 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101619/https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-joint-resolution/68 4 March 2016 livehttps://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/94851-house-rejects-libya-authorization-measure/ House rejects Libya authorization measure TheHill 24 June 2011 16 May 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20151213050758/http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/168347-house-rejects-libya-authorization-resolution 13 December 2015 live The majority of Republicans voted against the resolution,http://politics.nytimes.com/congress/votes/112/house/1/493 Congressional Bills and Votes The New York Times 16 May 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160617195534/http://politics.nytimes.com/congress/votes/112/house/1/493 17 June 2016 with some questioning US interests in Libya and others criticizing the White House for overstepping its authority by conducting a military expedition without Congressional backing. House Democrats were split on the issue, with 115 voting in favor of and 70 voting against. Despite the failure of the President to receive legal authorization from Congress, the Obama administration continued its military campaign, carrying out the bulk of NATO's operations until the overthrow of Gaddafi in October. On 9 August, the head of UNESCO, Irina Bokova deplored a NATO strike on Libyan State TV, Al-Jamahiriya, that killed 3 journalists and wounded others.https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE77802120110809 UN official "deplores" NATO attack on Libyan TV 13 August 2011 9 August 2011 Reuters Africa https://web.archive.org/web/20110811114339/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE77802120110809 11 August 2011 Bokova declared that media outlets should not be the target of military activities. On 11 August, after the NATO airstrike on Majer (on 9 August) that allegedly killed 85 civilians, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called on all sides to do as much as possible to avoid killing innocent people.https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8696961/Ban-Ki-moon-alarmed-over-rising-civilian-toll-in-Libya.html Ban Ki-moon alarmed over rising civilian toll in Libya 13 August 2011 12 August 2011 The Telegraph https://web.archive.org/web/20110813175612/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8696961/Ban-Ki-moon-alarmed-over-rising-civilian-toll-in-Libya.html 13 August 2011 live According to a Gallup poll conducted in March and April 2012, a survey involving 1,000 Libyans showed 75% of Libyans were in favor of the NATO intervention, compared to 22% who were opposed.https://news.gallup.com/poll/156539/opinion-briefing-libyans-eye-new-relations-west.aspx Opinion Briefing: Libyans Eye New Relations With the West Gallup.com 2018-02-15 en-us https://web.archive.org/web/20180215131918/http://news.gallup.com/poll/156539/Opinion-Briefing-Libyans-Eye-New-Relations-West.aspx 15 February 2018 live A post-war Orb International poll involving 1,249 Libyans found broad support for the intervention, with 85% of Libyans saying that they strongly supported the action taken to remove the Ghadafi regime.https://www.orb-international.com/article.php?s=4-in-5-libyans-agree-country-heading-in-right-direction-according-to-post-revolution-citizen-poll 4 IN 5 LIBYANS AGREE COUNTRY 'HEADING IN RIGHT DIRECTION', ACCORDING TO POST-REVOLUTION CITIZEN POLL 2012 Orb International https://web.archive.org/web/20170608060559/https://www.orb-international.com/article.php?s=4-in-5-libyans-agree-country-heading-in-right-direction-according-to-post-revolution-citizen-poll 8 June 2017 Responsibility to protect The military intervention in Libya has been cited by the Council on Foreign Relations as an example of the responsibility to protect policy adopted by the UN at the 2005 World Summit. According to Gareth Evans, "[t]he international military intervention (SMH) in Libya is not about bombing for democracy or Muammar Gaddafi's head. Legally, morally, politically, and militarily it has only one justification: protecting the country's people." However, the council also noted that the policy had been used only in Libya, and not in countries such as Côte d'Ivoire, undergoing a political crisis at the time, or in response to protests in Yemen. A CFR expert, Stewert Patrick, said that "There is bound to be selectivity and inconsistency in the application of the responsibility to protect norm given the complexity of national interests at stake in...the calculations of other major powers involved in these situations."http://www.cfr.org/libya/libya-responsibility-protect/p24480 Libya and the Responsibility to Protect 12 April 2011 24 March 2011 Council on Foreign Relations https://web.archive.org/web/20110414130131/http://www.cfr.org/libya/libya-responsibility-protect/p24480 14 April 2011 In January 2012, the Arab Organization for Human Rights, Palestinian Centre for Human Rights and the International Legal Assistance Consortium published a report describing alleged human rights violations and accusing NATO of war crimes.Shabi Rachel Nato accused of war crimes in Libya https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nato-accused-of-war-crimes-in-libya-6291566.html 23 January 2012 The Independent 19 January 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120122043804/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nato-accused-of-war-crimes-in-libya-6291566.html 22 January 2012 live United States Congress On 3 June 2011, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution, calling for a withdrawal of the United States military from the air and naval operations in and around Libya. It demanded that the administration provide, within 14 days, an explanation of why President Barack Obama did not come to Congress for permission to continue to take part in the mission.https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/world/africa/04policy.html House Rebukes Obama for Continuing Libyan Mission Without Its Consent Jennifer Steinhauer The New York Times 3 June 2011 30 December 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20190411132452/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/world/africa/04policy.html 11 April 2019 live On 13 June, the House passed a resolution prohibiting the use of funds for operations in the conflict, with 110 Democrats and 138 Republicans voting in favor."On Agreeing to the Amendment: Amendment 6 to H R 2055" https://web.archive.org/web/20111027194529/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/vote.xpd?vote=h2011-415 27 October 2011 , GovTrack. 13 June 2011.US House votes to block funding for Libya https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/06/20116147535393778.html Al-Jazeera 14 June 2011 30 December 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181231042938/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/06/20116147535393778.html 31 December 2018 live Harold Koh, the State department's legal advisor, was called to testify in front of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations to defend the actions of the Obama administration under the War Powers Resolution.Hearing Before The Committee On Foreign Relations United States Senate https://irp.fas.org/congress/2011_hr/libya.pdf live https://web.archive.org/web/20211027175440/https://irp.fas.org/congress/2011_hr/libya.pdf 27 October 2021 Koh was questioned by the Committee on the Obama administration's interpretation of the word "hostilities" under the War Powers Resolution § 4(a)(1) and 5(b). Koh reasoned that under the constitution, the term "hostilities" was left up for interpretation by the executive branch, and therefore the interpretation fit the historical definition of that word. Koh argued that historically the term "hostilities" has previously been used to mean limited military action acting in support of a conflict, and the scope of this operation suits that interpretation.Hughes Siobhan 2011-06-29 In Washington, Rifts Over Libya Exposed en-US Wall Street Journal https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304447804576414193387907836.html 2021-10-14 0099-9660 Ultimately the Committee still remained concerned by the actions of the President. On 24 June, the House rejected Joint Resolution 68, which would have provided the Obama administration with authorization to continue military operations in Libya for up to one year.House of Representatives votes against US Libya role https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-13908202 BBC News 24 June 2011 30 December 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20190105182424/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-13908202 5 January 2019 live Criticism thumb|Protest in Belgrade, Serbia on 26 March 2011 against military intervention in Libya thumb|right|Protest in Minneapolis, United States on 2 April 2011 against US military intervention in Libya The military intervention was criticized, both at the time and subsequently, on a variety of grounds. United Kingdom Parliament investigation An in-depth investigation into the Libyan intervention and its aftermath was conducted by the UK Parliament's House of Commons' cross-party Foreign Affairs Committee, the final conclusions of which were released on 14 September 2016 in a report titled Libya: Examination of intervention and collapse and the UK's future policy options. The Foreign Affairs Select Committee saw no evidence that the UK Government carried out a proper analysis of the nature of the rebellion in Libya and it "selectively took elements of Muammar Gaddafi's rhetoric at face value; and it failed to identify the militant Islamist extremist element in the rebellion. UK strategy was founded on erroneous assumptions and an incomplete understanding of the evidence".HC 119 Libya: Examination of intervention and collapse and the UK's future policy options 14 September 2016 14 https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmfaff/119/119.pdf 28 October 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180927090612/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmfaff/119/119.pdf 27 September 2018 live The report was strongly critical of the British government's role in the intervention.Britain's Libya intervention led to the growth of ISIS, inquiry finds https://web.archive.org/web/20180424202423/https://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/13/europe/libya-uk-intervention/index.html 24 April 2018 , CNN, 14 September 2016 The report concluded that the government "failed to identify that the threat to civilians was overstated and that the rebels included a significant Islamist element."Libya: Examination of intervention and collapse and the UK's future policy options https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmfaff/119/119.pdf House of Commons' Foreign Affairs Committee 29 August 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170822020912/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmfaff/119/119.pdf 22 August 2017 live In particular, the committee concluded that Gaddafi was not planning to massacre civilians, and that reports to the contrary were propagated by rebels and Western governments.Kuperman Alan J. Obama's Libya Debacle Foreign Affairs https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/libya/obamas-libya-debacle 28 October 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181018105447/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/libya/obamas-libya-debacle 18 October 2018 live Salon, 16 Sept 2016, "U.K. Parliament Report Details How NATO's 2011 War in Libya Was Based on Lies; British Investigation: Gaddafi Was Not Going to Massacre Civilians; Western Bombing Made Islamist Extremism Worse" Contestation of evidence of civilian massacres by Gaddafi Alison Pargeter, a freelance Middle East and North Africa (MENA) analyst, told the Committee that when Gaddafi's forces re-took Ajdabiya they did not attack civilians, and this had taken place in February 2011, shortly before the NATO intervention.Pargeter Alison Oral Evidence to Foreign Affairs Committee http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/foreign-affairs-committee/libya-examination-of-intervention-and-collapse-and-the-uks-future-policy-options/oral/22980.html data.parliament.uk 28 October 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20170222201028/http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/foreign-affairs-committee/libya-examination-of-intervention-and-collapse-and-the-uks-future-policy-options/oral/22980.html 22 February 2017 live She also said that Gaddafi's approach towards the rebels had been one of "appeasement", with the release of Islamist prisoners and promises of significant development assistance for Benghazi.December 2022 However, evidence which was collected during the intervention suggested otherwise, showing things such as shooting deaths of hundreds of protestors, reports of mass rapes by Libyan Armed Forces and orders from Gaddafi's senior generals to bombard and starve the people of Misrata.https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/05/world/africa/05nations.html?ref=world The New York Times Simons, Marlise MacFarquhar, Neil Libyan Officials' Arrests Sought by Court in Hague 4 May 2011https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/18/muammar-gaddafi-war-crimes-files Muammar Gaddafi war crimes files revealed Chris Stephen www.theguardian.com June 18, 2011 December 3, 2022 Sidner Sara Ahmed Amir Psychologist: Proof of hundreds of rape cases during Libya's war 2011-05-23 CNN http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/05/23/libya.rape.survey.psychologist/ 2019-07-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20170812100748/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/05/23/libya.rape.survey.psychologist/ 2017-08-12 deadMay 2024 In his March 28 address, Barack Obama warned of an imminent risk of a massacre in Benghazi.https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/03/28/remarks-President-address-nation-libya Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on Libya 28 March 2011 whitehouse.gov 6 August 2023 However, journalist S.Awan argued that the subsequent airstrikes "destroyed a very small convoy of government vehicles, including ambulances". Awan S. 2015 The Libya Conspiracy: A Definitive Guide to the Lies of the Libya 'Intervention' & the Crime of the Century 55 Furthermore, Professor Alan J. Kuperman argued against the idea of an imminent massacre in Benghazi, arguing that in captured cities such as Zawiya, Misurata and Ajdabiya no massacre had occurred, so Kuperman believed that there was little reason to think Benghazi would be any different. While there were civilian casualties, he argued that there was no effort to target civilian concentrations, with Libya's air force primarily targeting rebel positions.https://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2011/04/14/false_pretense_for_war_in_libya/ False pretense for war in Libya? - The Boston Globe Boston.com 15 July 2020 6 August 2023 15 July 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200715060802/https://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2011/04/14/false_pretense_for_war_in_libya/ bot: unknown Kuperman Alan J. Briefing to Hillary Clinton According to the report, France's motive for initiating the intervention was economic and political as well as humanitarian. In a briefing to Hillary Clinton on 2 April 2011, her adviser Sidney Blumenthal reported that, according to high-level French intelligence, France's motives for overthrowing Gaddafi were to increase France's share of Libya's oil production, strengthen French influence in Africa, and improve President Sarkozy's standing at home.France's Client and Q's Gold https://www.foia.state.gov/Search/results.aspx?searchText=C05779612&beginDate=&endDate=&publishedBeginDate=&publishedEndDate=&caseNumber= foia.state.gov US Department of State 28 October 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20190410234309/https://www.foia.state.gov/Search/results.aspx?searchText=C05779612&beginDate=&endDate=&publishedBeginDate=&publishedEndDate=&caseNumber= 10 April 2019 live The report also highlighted how Islamic extremists had a large influence on the uprising, which was largely ignored by the West to the future detriment of Libya.U.K. Parliament report details how NATO's 2011 war in Libya was based on lies https://www.salon.com/2016/09/16/u-k-parliament-report-details-how-natos-2011-war-in-libya-was-based-on-lies/ Ben Norton 16 September 2016 Salon 11 April 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180411213529/https://www.salon.com/2016/09/16/u-k-parliament-report-details-how-natos-2011-war-in-libya-was-based-on-lies/ 11 April 2018 live The American Libertarian Party opposed the U.S. military intervention.Devine, James J.; essay (March 25, 2011). "Voice of the People: This Used To Be a Free Country" https://web.archive.org/web/20210306200814/http://njtoday.net/2011/03/25/voice-of-the-people-this-used-to-be-a-free-country/ 6 March 2021 . NJToday.net. Former Green Party presidential candidate Ralph Nader branded President Obama as a "war criminal"Avlon, John P.; essay (March 23, 2011). "Left's View on Libya: Is This Bush's Third Term?". CNN. and called for his impeachment.O'Reilly, Bill; essay (March 27, 2011). "A Noble Fight in Libya"Boston Herald. https://web.archive.org/web/20110430101748/http://www.bostonherald.com/news/opinion/op_ed/view/2011_0327a_noble_fight_in_libya/srvc%3Dhome%26position%3Dalso 30 April 2011 Resource control Some critics of Western military intervention suggested that resources—not democratic or humanitarian concerns—were the real impetus for the intervention, among them a journalist of London Arab nationalist newspaper Al-Quds Al-Arabi, the Russian TV network RT and the (then-)leaders of Venezuela and Zimbabwe, Hugo Chávez and Robert Mugabe.Chiripasi, Thomas. "Zimbabwean President Mugabe Says Western 'Vampires' in Libya for Oil https://web.archive.org/web/20110325012026/http://www.voanews.com/zimbabwe/news/Zimbabwean-President-Mugabe-Says-West-in-Libya-for-Oil-118386309.html 25 March 2011." Voice of America. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2012."Chávez: Gaddafi will be remembered as a martyr https://web.archive.org/web/20120521145541/http://www.eluniversal.com/nacional-y-politica/111020/chavez-gaddafi-will-be-remembered-as-a-martyr 21 May 2012 ." El Universal. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2012.Libya revolt as it happened: Monday . BBC. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2012. Libya, despite its relatively small population, was known to possess vast resources, particularly in the form of oil reserves and financial capital."How Much Gold does Libya Have? https://web.archive.org/web/20120204223835/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/201871/20110822/gold-oil-libya.htm 4 February 2012 " International Business Times. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2012.May 2020 Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources#International Business Times A left-leaning French daily newspaper published a letter by the NTC which it said had promised France access to 35% of Libyan crude oil.Boitiaux Charlotte 'Friends' gather in Paris to plan future of oil-rich Libya https://www.france24.com/en/20110901-friends-of-libya-uk-france-ntc-paris-conference-gaddafi-nato-sarkozy 13 April 2025 France 24 1 September 2011 en Criticism from world leaders The intervention prompted a widespread wave of criticism from several world leaders, including: Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei (who said he supported the rebels but not Western intervention), Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez (who referred to Gaddafi as a "martyr"), South African President Jacob Zuma,Jacob Zuma criticises military action in Libya https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-14180863 BBC News 18 July 2011No mention of imperialism in the source provided December 2020 and President of Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe (who referred to the Western nations as "vampires"), as well as the governments of Raúl Castro in Cuba,Hacthoun, Martin. "Cuba Condemned Foreign Military Intervention in Libya https://web.archive.org/web/20110325121633/http://www.cubaminrex.cu/English/Solidarity/Articles/InternationalS/2011/Cuba%20Condemned.html 25 March 2011." Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2012. Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua,"Sandanistas march in Nicaragua's capital against Libya offensive https://web.archive.org/web/20120525025917/http://www.ticotimes.net/Current-Edition/News-Briefs/Sandinistas-march-in-Nicaragua-s-capital-against-Libya-offensive_Thursday-March-24-2011 25 May 2012." The Tico Times (Costa Rica). 24 March 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2012. Kim Jong-il in North Korea,"N. Korea condemns U.S. over air strikes on Libya https://web.archive.org/web/20110914013122/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2011/03/22/87/0401000000AEN20110322009900315F.HTML 14 September 2011 ." Yonhap. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2012. Hifikepunye Pohamba in Namibia,Namibia's president condemns strikes on Libya | The New Age Online https://web.archive.org/web/20110401172253/http://www.thenewage.co.za/13105-1019-53-Namibia%27s_president_condemns_strikes_on_Libya 1 April 2011. The New Age.South Africaco.za (21 March 2011). Retrieved 16 August 2013. Alexander Lukashenko in Belarus,https://www.mfa.gov.by/en/press/news_mfa/f75073a623f49a26.html Statement released by the Foreign Ministry in connection with the missile strikes and bombings on Libya 20 April 2016http://www.kyivpost.com/content/russia-and-former-soviet-union/lukashenko-outraged-by-gaddafis-treatment.html Lukashenko outraged by Gaddafi's treatment - Nov. 04, 2011 4 November 2011http://wireupdate.com/libya-belarusian-president-lukashenko-says-nato-did-worse-than-the-nazis.html Libya: Belarusian President Lukashenko says NATO 'did worse than the Nazis' » WireUpdate Update to the Minute NewsWire - 2012-07-01 https://web.archive.org/web/20120704095225/http://wireupdate.com/libya-belarusian-president-lukashenko-says-nato-did-worse-than-the-nazis.html 2012-07-04 and others. Gaddafi himself referred to the intervention as a "colonial crusade ... capable of unleashing a full-scale war","Gaddafi calls for resistance to "colonial crusade" https://web.archive.org/web/20121211115005/http://www.euronews.com/2011/03/20/gaddafi-calls-for-resistance-to-colonial-crusade/ 11 December 2012 ." euronews. 20 March 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2012./ a sentiment that was echoed by Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin: "[UNSC Resolution 1973] is defective and flawed...It allows everything. It resembles medieval calls for crusades.""West in "medieval crusade" on Gaddafi: Putin https://web.archive.org/web/20110323111540/http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/article979191.ece/West-in-mediaeval-crusade-on-Gaddafi--Putin 23 March 2011 ." The Times (Reuters). 21 March 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2012. President Hu Jintao of the People's Republic of China said, "Dialogue and other peaceful means are the ultimate solutions to problems," and added, "If military action brings disaster to civilians and causes a humanitarian crisis, then it runs counter to the purpose of the UN resolution."Chinese President meets French counterpart, saying force is no solution to Libyan issue https://web.archive.org/web/20120430052848/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-03/30/c_13805658.htm 30 April 2012 . News.xinhuanet.com (30 March 2011). Retrieved 16 August 2013. Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh was critical of the intervention as well, rebuking the coalition in a speech at the UN in September 2011.Manmohan slams West for using force to change regimes https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Manmohan-slams-West-for-using-force-to-change-regimes/articleshow/10108923.cms 25 September 2011 14 June 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121025012351/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-25/india/30200524_1_libya-sovereignty-countries 25 October 2012 live The Times of India Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, despite the substantial role his country played in the NATO mission, also spoke out against getting involved: "I had my hands tied by the vote of the parliament of my country. But I was against and I am against this intervention which will end in a way that no-one knows" and added, "This wasn't a popular uprising because Gaddafi was loved by his people, as I was able to see when I went to Libya."Gaddafi was loved by his people https://web.archive.org/web/20120622083455/http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=201981 22 June 2012 . The Daily Star.net (11 September 2011). Retrieved 16 August 2013.I was against Libya intervention: Berlusconi – Africa | IOL News https://web.archive.org/web/20120701023736/http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/i-was-against-libya-intervention-berlusconi-1.1095328 1 July 2012 . IOL.co.za (7 July 2011). Retrieved 16 August 2013. Despite its stated opposition to NATO intervention, Russia abstained from voting on Resolution 1973 instead of exercising its veto power as a permanent member of the Security Council; four other powerful nations also abstained from the vote—India, China, Germany, and Brazil—but of that group only China has the same veto power."UN authorizes no-fly zone over Libya https://web.archive.org/web/20110318102654/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201131720311168561.html 18 March 2011 ." Al Jazeera. 18 March 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2012. thumb|210px|Military situation in Libya in early 2016:11px House of Representatives 11px General National Congress 11px Ansar al-Sharia 11px Islamic State 11px Tuareg Other criticisms Micah Zenko argues that the Obama administration deceived the public by pretending the intervention was intended to protect Libyan civilians instead of achieving regime change when "in truth, the Libyan intervention was about regime change from the very start".https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/22/libya-and-the-myth-of-humanitarian-intervention/ The Big Lie About the Libyan War 22 March 2016 A 2013 paper by Alan Kuperman argued that NATO went beyond its remit of providing protection for civilians and instead supported the rebels by engaging in regime change. It argued that NATO's intervention likely extended the length (and thus damage) of the civil war, which Kuperman argued could have ended in less than two months without NATO intervention. The paper argued that the intervention was based on a misperception of the danger Gaddafi's forces posed to the civilian population, which Kuperman suggests was caused by existing bias against Gaddafi due to his past actions (such as support for terrorism), sloppy and sensationalistic journalism during the early stages of the war and propaganda from anti-government forces. Kuperman suggests that this demonization of Gaddafi, which was used to justify the intervention, ended up discouraging efforts to accept a ceasefire and negotiated settlement, turning a humanitarian intervention into a dedicated regime change.Kuperman, Alan J. "A model humanitarian intervention? Reassessing NATO's Libya campaign." International Security 38, no. 1 (2013): 105-136.December 2022 Moreover, criticisms have been made on the way the operation was led. According to Michael Kometer and Stephen E. Wright in Focus stratégique, the outcome of the Libyan intervention was reached by default rather than by design. It appears that there was an important lack of consistent political guidance caused particularly by the vagueness of the UN mandate and the ambiguous consensus among the NATO-led coalition. This lack of clear political guidance was translated into an incoherent military planning on the operational level. Such a gap may impact the future NATO's operations that will probably face trust issues. Michael Kometer Stephen Wright Winning in Libya: By Default or Design? Focus stratégique, No. 41 January 2013 https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fs41kometerwright.pdf May 26, 2023December 2022 Costs Funds spent by Foreign Powers on War in Libya. Country Funds Spent By United Kingdom US$336–1,500 million September 2011 (estimate)http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/DefencePolicyAndBusiness/CostOfLibyaOperations.htm Cost of Libya operations Ministry of Defence 8 December 2011 6 April 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120403173251/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/DefencePolicyAndBusiness/CostOfLibyaOperations.htm 3 April 2012 liveHopkins Nick https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/sep/26/uk-operations-libya-costs UK operations in Libya: the full costs broken down The Guardian 26 September 2011 28 October 2011 London https://web.archive.org/web/20131001013134/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/sep/26/uk-operations-libya-costs 1 October 2013 live United States US$896–1,100 million October 2011America's Secret Libya War: U.S. Spent $1 Billion on Covert Ops Helping NATO https://web.archive.org/web/20121026111152/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/08/30/america-s-secret-libya-war-u-s-spent-1-billion-on-covert-ops-helping-nato.html 26 October 2012 . The Daily Beast (30 August 2011). Retrieved 16 August 2013.http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20123941-503543/libya-mission-cost-u.s-more-than-$1-billion/ CBS News Libya mission cost U.S. more than billion 30 October 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120914154052/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20123941-503543/libya-mission-cost-u.s-more-than-$1-billion/ 14 September 2012 dead Associated Press https://www.foxnews.com/politics/as-cost-of-libyan-war-rises-gates-scolds-nato-for-not-pulling-its-weight/ As Cost of Libyan War Rises, Gates Scolds NATO For Not Pulling Its Weight Fox News Channel 7 April 2010 11 September 2011 live https://web.archive.org/web/20110811133242/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/06/10/gates-blasts-nato-questions-future-alliance/ 11 August 2011https://www.ft.com/content/11d5624c-920f-11e0-b8c1-00144feab49a Pentagon sees Libya military costs soar Financial Times 9 June 2011 11 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110830054545/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/11d5624c-920f-11e0-b8c1-00144feab49a.html 30 August 2011 live Ukman Jason https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/checkpoint-washington/post/libya-war-costs-for-us-896-million-so-far/2011/08/23/gIQA5KplYJ_blog.html Libya war costs for U.S.: $896 million so far The Washington Post 23 August 2011 28 October 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110827221956/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/checkpoint-washington/post/libya-war-costs-for-us-896-million-so-far/2011/08/23/gIQA5KplYJ_blog.html 27 August 2011 live Italy €700 million EUR October 2011Missioni/A Italia costano 700 milioni a semestre senza la Libia, AP Reports http://www.tmnews.it/web/sezioni/esteri/PN_20110613_00143.shtml 20 December 2011 tmnews https://web.archive.org/web/20130604004523/http://www.tmnews.it/web/sezioni/esteri/PN_20110613_00143.shtml 4 June 2013 France €450 million EUR September 2011Libyan War Goes a Long Way to Improve the Pentagon's View of France as an Ally The New York Times 26 August 2011 17 November 2011 https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/27/world/africa/27military.html Elisabeth Bumiller Washington D.C. https://web.archive.org/web/20111023050132/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/27/world/africa/27military.html 23 October 2011 livehttp://world.seenews.com/news/Libyan_war_to_cost_EUR_320m_to_France__145218 Libyan war to cost EUR 320m to France See News 6 September 2011 28 October 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120113150153/http://world.seenews.com/news/Libyan_war_to_cost_EUR_320m_to_France__145218 13 January 2012 Turkey US$300 million July 2011Turkey Recognizes Libyan Rebels, Gives $300 Million, AP Reports https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-03/turkey-recognizes-libyan-rebels-gives-300-million-ap-reports.html 4 November 2011 4 July 2011 Zaid Sabah Kim Chipman Bloomberg https://web.archive.org/web/20120217074640/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-03/turkey-recognizes-libyan-rebels-gives-300-million-ap-reports.html 17 February 2012 live Denmark €120 million EUR November 2011http://politiken.dk/indland/ECE1497472/dansk-pris-for-gadaffi-exit-620-millioner/ Dansk pris for Gadaffi-exit: 620 millioner Politiken 4 January 2012 4 January 2012 da Danish price for Gaddafi exit: 620 million https://web.archive.org/web/20120126121746/http://politiken.dk/indland/ECE1497472/dansk-pris-for-gadaffi-exit-620-millioner/ 26 January 2012 live Belgium €58 million EUR October 2011http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/989/Binnenland/article/detail/1388659/2012/02/01/Deelname-aan-NAVO-operatie-in-Libie-kost-32-miljoen-euro.dhtml Deelname aan NAVO-operatie in Libië kost 32 miljoen euro De Morgen 26 January 2012 nl War in Libya costs Belgium 32 million Euro https://web.archive.org/web/20120209190740/http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/989/Binnenland/article/detail/1388659/2012/02/01/Deelname-aan-NAVO-operatie-in-Libie-kost-32-miljoen-euro.dhtml 9 February 2012 live Spain €50 million EUR September 2011http://www.libertaddigital.com/economia/la-guerra-de-libia-duplicara-el-coste-inicial-previsto-por-el-gobierno-1276418225/ La guerra de Libia podría duplicar el coste previsto por el Gobierno Libre Mercado 25 March 2011 1 November 2011 es The Libyan war could double the estimated cost by the Government https://web.archive.org/web/20110831122622/http://www.libertaddigital.com/economia/la-guerra-de-libia-duplicara-el-coste-inicial-previsto-por-el-gobierno-1276418225/ 31 August 2011 live Sweden US$50 million October 2011http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=4754046 Gripen jets back from Libya next week Radio Sweden 18 October 2011 28 October 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20121114040530/http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=4754046 14 November 2012 live Canada $50 million CAD incrementalOver $347.5 million CAD total October 2011https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/libya-mission-cost-seven-times-what-the-government-said-it-would-documents Canada's Libya mission cost seven times what Peter MacKay said it did: documents NationalPost 11 May 2012 live https://archive.today/20231203220931/https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/libya-mission-cost-seven-times-what-the-government-said-it-would-documents 3 December 2023 On 22 March 2011, BBC News presented a breakdown of the likely costs to the UK of the mission.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12806709 Libya: Is cost of military mission sustainable? Peter Jackson BBC News 22 March 2011 20 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20171130013926/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12806709 30 November 2017 live Journalist Francis Tusa, editor of Defence Analysis, estimated that flying a Tornado GR4 would cost about £35,000 an hour (c. US$48,000), so the cost of patrolling one sector of Libyan airspace would be £2M–3M (US$2.75M–4.13M) per day. Conventional airborne missiles would cost £800,000 each and Tomahawk cruise missiles £750,000 each.January 2024 Professor Malcolm Charmers of the Royal United Services Institute similarly suggested that a single cruise missile would cost about £500,000, while a single Tornado sortie would cost about £30,000 in fuel alone. If a Tornado was downed the replacement cost would be upwards of £50m. By 22 March the US and UK had already fired more than 110 cruise missiles. UK Chancellor George Osborne had said that the MoD estimate of the operation cost was "tens rather than hundreds of millions". On 4 April Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Dalton said that the RAF was planning to continue operations over Libya for at least six months.Blake, Heidi https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/rafbombercommand/8425646/RAF-stretched-to-the-limit-says-chief-in-plea-for-funds.html RAF Stretched to the Limit, Says Chief in Plea for Funds at The Daily Telegraph 4 April 2011 19 May 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407083130/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/rafbombercommand/8425646/RAF-stretched-to-the-limit-says-chief-in-plea-for-funds.html 7 April 2011 The total number of sorties flown by NATO numbered more than 26,000, an average of 120 sorties per day. 42% of the sorties were strike sorties, which damaged or destroyed approximately 6,000 military targets. At its peak, the operation involved more than 8,000 servicemen and women, 21 NATO ships in the Mediterranean and more than 250 aircraft of all types. By the end of the operation, NATO had conducted over 3,000 hailings at sea and almost 300 boardings for inspection, with 11 vessels denied transit to their next port of call.NATO http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_71652.htm NATO and Libya (Archived) 9 November 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150910114829/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_71652.htm 10 September 2015 live Eight NATO and two non-NATO countries flew strike sorties. Of these, Denmark, Canada, and Norway together were responsible for 31%,Cloud, David S. (11 June 2011). "Gates Tells NATO It Must Hold Up Its End". McClatchy-Tribune News Services (via Stars and Stripes). p. 3. the United States was responsible for 16%, Italy 10%, France 33%, Britain 21%, and Belgium, Qatar, and the UAE the remainder.C.J. Chivers, In Strikes on Libya by NATO, an Unspoken Civilian Toll. https://web.archive.org/web/20180406103945/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/18/world/africa/scores-of-unintended-casualties-in-nato-war-in-libya.html?pagewanted=all 6 April 2018 New York Times. 17 December 2011. Aftermath 2012 Benghazi attack Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014) Libyan civil war (2014–2020) Since the end of the war, which overthrew Gaddafi, there has been violence involving various militias and the new state security forces.Three years after Gaddafi, Libya is imploding into chaos and violence https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/three-years-after-gaddafi-libya-imploding-chaos-and-violence-9194697.html https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/three-years-after-gaddafi-libya-imploding-chaos-and-violence-9194697.html 1 May 2022 subscription The Independent 16 March 2014Moamar Gaddafi has been dead eight years yet Libya is still at war with itself. What went wrong? https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-20/libya-civil-war-gaddafi-eight-years-on/11210742 Australian Broadcasting Corporation 19 October 2019 The violence has escalated into the Second Libyan Civil War. Critics described the military intervention as "disastrous" and accused it of destabilizing North Africa, leading to the rise of Islamic extremist groups in the region.The Legacy of Obama's 'Worst Mistake' https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/04/obamas-worst-mistake-libya/478461/ The Atlantic Dominic Tierney 16 April 2016 Libya became what many scholars described as a failed state — a state that has disintegrated to a point where the government no longer performs its function properly.Libya: the battle for peace in a failing state https://www.ft.com/content/993cb870-0d2c-11e9-a3aa-118c761d2745 Financial Times 10 January 2019Libya Today: From Arab Spring to failed state https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/5/30/libya-today-from-arab-spring-to-failed-state Al-Jazeera 30 May 2017Con Coughlin Failed state Libya is vulnerable to an Islamist takeover https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/06/24/failed-state-libya-vulnerable-islamist-takeover/ https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/06/24/failed-state-libya-vulnerable-islamist-takeover/ 12 January 2022 subscription live The Daily Telegraph 24 June 2020 Libya has become the main exit for migrants trying to get to Europe.Once a Destination for Migrants, Post-Gaddafi Libya Has Gone from Transit Route to Containment https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/once-destination-migrants-post-gaddafi-libya-has-gone-transit-route-containment Migration Policy Institute 6 August 2020 In September 2015, South African President Jacob Zuma said that "consistent and systematic bombing by NATO forces undermined the security and caused conflicts that are continuing in Libya and neighbouring countries ... It was the actions taken, the bombarding of Libya and killing of its leader, that opened the flood gates."Zuma: Blood of refugee crisis is on Nato's hands https://mg.co.za/article/2015-09-16-zuma-blood-of-refugee-crisis-is-on-natos-hands-1/ Qaanitah Hunter Mail & Guardian 16 September 2015 In a 2016 interview with Fox News, U.S. President Barack Obama stated that the "worst mistake" of his presidency was "probably failing to plan for the day after what I think was the right thing to do in intervening in Libya."2016-04-12 Barack Obama says Libya was 'worst mistake' of his presidency http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/apr/12/barack-obama-says-libya-was-worst-mistake-of-his-presidency 2022-03-07 the Guardian en2016-04-11 President Obama: Libya aftermath 'worst mistake' of presidency en-GB BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36013703 2022-03-07 Obama also acknowledged there had been issues with following up the conflict planning, commenting in a 2016 interview with The Atlantic magazine that British Prime Minister David Cameron had allowed himself to be "distracted by a range of other things". 11 March 2016 Barack Obama is right to criticise David Cameron's handling of Libya – but the US should not get off the hook https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/barack-obama-is-right-to-criticise-david-cameron-s-handling-of-libya-but-the-us-should-not-get-off-a6926666.html https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/barack-obama-is-right-to-criticise-david-cameron-s-handling-of-libya-but-the-us-should-not-get-off-a6926666.html 1 May 2022 subscription live The Independent London Barack Obama accuses David Cameron of getting 'distracted' over Libya and contributing to 's*** show' https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/12190303/Barack-Obama-accuses-David-Cameron-of-getting-distracted-over-Libya-and-contributing-to-s-show.html https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/12190303/Barack-Obama-accuses-David-Cameron-of-getting-distracted-over-Libya-and-contributing-to-s-show.html 12 January 2022 subscription live 18 April 2017 The Daily Telegraph David Lawler Ben Rileysmith 10 March 2016Goldberg Jeffrey The Obama Doctrine https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525/#9 The Atlantic Washington DC April 2016 Notes See also Libya Politics 2003 invasion of Iraq Aftermath of the Libyan civil war (2011) 2015 European migrant crisis List of invasions in the 21st century 2026 intervention in Venezuela Second Libyan Civil War Killing of Muammar Gaddafi Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 US military campaign in Libya against ISIS Bombing of Libya, code-named Operation El Dorado Canyon, response to 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing Iraqi no-fly zones, two similar operations carried out over Iraq: Operation Northern Watch Operation Southern Watch Operation Deny Flight, similar operation carried out during the Bosnian War (1992–1995) 1995 NATO bombing campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina Ouadi Doum air raid, 1986 French air raid on Libyan airbase in Chad NATO bombing of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War References note Further reading Alexander Benard Bernard Alexander Lessons from Iraq and Bosnia on the Theory and Practice of No-Fly Zones Journal of Strategic Studies 27 3 454–478 2004 10.1080/1362369042000282985 154870756 Richard K. Betts Betts Richard K. 1994 The Delusion of Impartial Intervention Foreign Affairs 73 6 20–33 10.2307/20046926 20046926 Chesterman Simon 'Leading from Behind': The Responsibility to Protect, the Obama Doctrine, and Humanitarian Intervention After Libya 2011 Ethics & International Affairs 25 3 279–285 10.1017/S0892679411000190 1855843 145791123 Krain Matthew International Intervention and the Severity of Genocides and Politicides International Studies Quarterly 49 3 2005 363–388 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2005.00369.x free Xypolia Ilia From the White Man's Burden to the Responsible Saviour: Justifying Humanitarian Intervention in Libya Middle East Critique 31 1 2022 1–19 10.1080/19436149.2022.2030981 246644730 free 2164/18262 free Larsen Henrik Boesen Lindbo Libya: Beyond Regime Change DIIS Policy Brief October 2011 2011 http://www.diis.dk/graphics/publications/policybriefs%202011/libya%20beyond%20regime%20change.web.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20130526014230/http://www.diis.dk/graphics/publications/policybriefs%202011/libya%20beyond%20regime%20change.web.pdf 26 May 2013 External links Libya: Examination of intervention and collapse and the UK's future policy options (html)(pdf) (2016) Conclusions of an in-depth investigation by the U.K. Parliament's House of Commons' bipartisan Foreign Affairs Committee. Libya: Examination of intervention and collapse and the UK's future policy options inquiry Libya: allied military assets and initial attack sites. The Guardian. 21 March 2011, interactive map Chulov, Martin; Dehghan, Saeed Kamali; Marsh, Katherine (21 March 2011). "Libyan Air Strikes: Reactions around the Middle East". The Guardian. Unofficial page about aircraft involved in Operation Harmattan Unofficial page about warships involved in Operation Harmattan Unofficial page about CVN Charles de Gaulle in Operation Harmattan Security Council Approves 'No-Fly Zone' over Libya, Authorizing 'All Necessary Measures' to Protect Civilians, by Vote of 10 in Favour with 5 Abstentions Text of U.N. Security Council Resolution 1973 Category:Aerial bombing operations Category:Articles containing video clips Category:2011 conflicts Category:International security Category:Military operations involving Belgium Category:Military operations involving Canada Category:Military operations involving Denmark Category:Military operations involving France Category:Military operations involving Italy Category:Military operations involving NATO Category:Military operations involving Norway Category:Military operations involving Spain Category:Military operations involving the United Kingdom Category:Military operations involving the United States Category:No-fly zone operations Category:Presidency of Barack Obama Category:Responsibility to protect Category:French involvement in regime change Category:United States involvement in regime change Category:Military history of the Mediterranean Category:Foreign policy of the Obama administration Category:Neocolonialism Category:New Imperialism