2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff

Period of military and political tension between India and Pakistan yes April 2020 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoffIndian Codename: Operation Parakram the Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts 13 December 200110 June 2002(2001 12 13 2002 06 10) Indo-Pakistani border India Pakistan Atal Bihari VajpayeeL. K. AdvaniS. Padmanabhan Pervez Musharraf 500,000–800,000 soldiersNarang 2010Kashmir Crisis https://web.archive.org/web/20060711070348/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kashmir-2002.htm 11 July 2006 GlobalSecurity.org 300,000–400,000 soldiers 798 killedhttps://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Op-Parakram-claimed-798-soldiers/articleshow/104948.cms Op Parakram claimed 798 soldiers 31 July 2003 20 March 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121022092929/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-07-31/india/27204243_1_op-parakram-indian-soldiers-operation-parakram 22 October 2012 The Times of India live1,874 casualties altogetherBhaskar C. Uday 2016-09-20 No Nation Must Stumble Into War: Lessons from Op Parakram Post Uri https://www.thequint.com/news/india/no-nation-must-stumble-into-war-lessons-operation-parakram-post-uri-attack-pakistan-soldiers-jawans-kashmir-modi live https://web.archive.org/web/20200303133904/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/no-nation-must-stumble-into-war-lessons-operation-parakram-post-uri-attack-pakistan-soldiers-jawans-kashmir-modi 3 March 2020 2021-11-15 TheQuint en (per Indian government) 900 casualties2019-03-04 India's national interests must not be subsumed by politically-motivated, competitive machismo masquerading as patriotism https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lessons-from-a-crisis-pulwama-terror-attack-pakistan-india-5609328/ 2021-11-16 The Indian Express en (per Arun Prakash)1,295 civilian casualties between 2001–2005 in mine-related incidents (per an Indian NGO survey)Singh Satnam Jit Puangsuan Yeshua Moser 2015-03-19 It's time for India to join the Mine Ban Treaty en-IN The Hindu https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/its-time-for-india-to-join-the-mine-ban-treaty/article7008157.ece 2021-11-16 https://web.archive.org/web/20190420230800/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/its-time-for-india-to-join-the-mine-ban-treaty/article7008157.ece 20 April 2019 0971-751X Unknown 155,000 Indians and 44,000 Pakistanis displaced (per The News International) The 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff was a military standoff between India and Pakistan that resulted in the massing of troops on both sides of the border and along the Line of Control (LoC) in the region of Kashmir. This was the second major military standoff between India and Pakistan following the successful detonation of nuclear devices by both countries in 1998, after the Kargil War of 1999. The military buildup was initiated by India responding to a terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament in New Delhi on 13 December 2001 (during which twelve people, including the five terrorists who attacked the building, were killed) and the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly on 1 October 2001Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76721-7 326 https://books.google.com/books?id=-vifpWqV2WYC&pg=PA326 Rajesh M. Basrur 1st Peter R. Lavoy The lessons of Kargil as learned by India 14 December 2009 in which 38 people were killed.The brink of war https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/2001.stm live 2021-11-16 BBC News https://web.archive.org/web/20020217181947/http://news.bbc.co.uk:80/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/2001.stm 17 February 2002 India claimed that the attacks were carried out by two Pakistan-based terror groups fighting in Indian-administered Kashmir—Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed, both of whom India has said are backed by Pakistan's ISI"Who will strike first" https://web.archive.org/web/20081205030926/http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=917228 5 December 2008, The Economist, 20 December 2001.–a charge that Pakistan has denied.Kashmir Militant Extremists http://www.cfr.org/kashmir/kashmir-militant-extremists/p9135 Council Foreign Relations Jamal Afridi 9 July 2009 Pakistan denies any ongoing collaboration between the ISI and militants, stressing a change of course after 11 September 2001. 4 February 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120302144145/http://www.cfr.org/kashmir/kashmir-militant-extremists/p9135 2 March 2012 deadPerlez Jane https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/world/asia/30pstan.html Pakistan Denies Any Role in Mumbai Attacks Mumbai (India);Pakistan The New York Times 29 November 2008 31 January 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20180105185510/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/world/asia/30pstan.html 5 January 2018 livehttp://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/dec2001/ind-d20.shtml Attack on Indian parliament heightens danger of Indo-Pakistan war Wsws.org 20 December 2001 31 January 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20111215163045/http://wsws.org/articles/2001/dec2001/ind-d20.shtml 15 December 2011 live Farooq Abdullah, the then chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir state urged India to launch a war against militant training camps across the border in Pakistan. In Western media, coverage of the standoff focused on the possibility of a nuclear war between the two countries and the implications of the potential conflict on the American-led "Global War on Terrorism" in nearby Afghanistan. Tensions de-escalated following international diplomatic mediation which resulted in the October 2002 withdrawal of Indian"India to withdraw troops from Pak border" https://web.archive.org/web/20031130174834/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=25384627 30 November 2003, The Times of India, 16 October 2002. and Pakistani troops"Pakistan to withdraw front-line troops", BBC, 17 October 2002. from the international border. The Indian codename for the military mobilization was Operation Parakram, which has been characterized by Sanjay Ahirwal of NDTV as a manifestation of India's "resolve to have an eyeball to eyeball confrontation" with Pakistan, and also an operation which led to attainment of some of its military and political objectives. Towards the end of the protracted military standoff, in a surreptitious operation, India's Jat Regiment occupied a strategically important mountain peak on the Pakistani side of the LoC near Dras, Point 5070, and subsequently rechristened it Balwan.A Ridge Too Far: War in the Kargil Heights 1999 Singh Amarinder Amarinder Singh Motibagh Palace 2001 9788193107416 132 This had implications for the Pakistani army, which was accustomed to occupying the peak during summer, as the peak gave India a vantage view of Gultari valley which sustained Pakistani posts in Dras. In consequence, the Pakistani army dispensed its entire chain of command, including the Pakistani Brigade Commander and GOC of the Northern Areas over the loss of this peak, while their Indian counterpart Lt. Gen. Deepak Summanwar was felicitated with an Uttam Yudh Seva Medal as a recognition of India's complete domination of the boundary area near Dras.Gen Ashok K. Mehta, Point 5353 still in Pakistan's possession https://web.archive.org/web/20160409223627/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040713/edit.htm 9 April 2016 , The Tribune (Chandigarh), 13 June 2004 Prelude 2001 Indian Parliament attack On the morning of 13 December 2001, a cell of five armed men attacked the Parliament of India by breaching the security cordon at Gate 12. The five men killed seven people before being shot dead by the Indian Security Forces. World leaders and leaders in nearby countries strongly condemned the attack on the parliament, including Pakistan. On 14 December, the ruling Indian National Democratic Alliance blamed Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) for the attack. Indian Home Minister L.K. Advani claimed, "we have received some clues about yesterday's incident, which shows that a neighboring country, and some terrorist organizations active there are behind it","Parliament attack: Advani points towards neighbouring country" https://web.archive.org/web/20050906065831/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/14parl21.htm 6 September 2005, Rediff, 14 December 2001. in an indirect reference to Pakistan and Pakistan-based militant groups. The same day, in a démarche to Pakistan's High Commissioner to India, Ashraf Jehangir Qazi, India demanded that Pakistan stop the activities of LeT and JeM, apprehend the organisation's leaders and their access to all financial assets."Govt blames LeT for Parliament attack, asks Pak to restrain terrorist outfits" https://web.archive.org/web/20070313105139/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/14parl12.htm 13 March 2007, Rediff, 14 December 2001. Following the Indian Government's statements, Pakistan put its military into full combat readiness the same day. The spokesman for the Pakistani military's public media wing (ISPR), Major-General Rashid Qureshi, said that the attack on the Indian parliament was a result of India's efforts to start a conflict with Pakistan, claiming that "Those [Indians] who can kill thousands of defenseless people in Kashmir can resort to such tactics to gain international sympathy. We demand the international community probe this attack independently to know the truth." while another senior official maintained that India's failure to solve internal problems have caused them to blame Pakistan for everything without cause, stating "Why have the Indians rejected the U.S. government’s offer to send an FBI team to investigate the attack on the parliament?""Pakistan forces put on high alert: Storming of parliament", Dawn, 15 December 2001. On 20 December, amid calls from the United States, Russia, and United Nations to exercise restraint, India mobilised and deployed its troops to Kashmir and Indian Punjab in what was India's largest military mobilisation since the 1971 conflict.Musharraf vows to stop terror activity in Pakistan http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2002/06/22/india.htm 9 January 2013 USA Today 22 June 2002 https://web.archive.org/web/20131007052612/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2002/06/22/india.htm 7 October 2013 live The Indian codename for the mobilisation was Operation Parakram.http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/06/stories/2004020604461200.htm Chennai, India Gen. Padmanabhan mulls over lessons of Operation Parakram 6 February 2004 4 December 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20081203233122/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/06/stories/2004020604461200.htm 3 December 2008 The Hindu dead January offensive Planning The troop deployment to India's western border was expected to take three to four weeks, accordingly, the military action involving a limited offensive against the terrorists' training camps in Pak administered Kashmir was planned by the Indian Cabinet Committee on Security for the second week of January 2002. It would start with an airstrike by the Indian Air Force's Tiger Squadron to attack zones with a large concentration of camps. Special forces of the Indian Army would then launch a limited ground offensive to further neutralize the terrorist camps and help to occupy the dominant positions on the LoC. 14 January 2002, was decided as the tentative D-day.Twice in 2002, India was on the verge of striking against Pakistan. Here's why it didn't https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20021223-twice-in-2002-india-was-on-the-verge-of-striking-against-pakistan-793809-2002-12-23 9 September 2018 Cover Story 23 December 2002 https://web.archive.org/web/20180909190501/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20021223-twice-in-2002-india-was-on-the-verge-of-striking-against-pakistan-793809-2002-12-23 9 September 2018 live According to the Indian strategy, a limited strike in the Pakistan administered Kashmir was preferred as it would convey the Indian resolve to Pakistan and yet keep the international retribution levels that are manageable. Indian actions would then be comparable to the ongoing US offensive in Afghanistan against Osama bin Laden's Al-Qaeda terrorists. The CCS had weighed in the possibility of Pakistan launching an all-out offensive as a response to the Indian strikes. The intelligence assessment suggested that the Pakistani Army was not well prepared. This further minimized the chances of Pakistan launching a full-scale war. The Indian plans were strengthened by a strong economy with low inflation, high petroleum, and forex reserves. Finance minister Yashwant Sinha announced that the Indian economy was prepared for war, in spite of being the final option. The limited strike served as a tactical option. The troop build-up signaled "India's seriousness" to the international community. If Pakistan's strategy did not change then India would have no other option. Military confrontations In late December, both countries moved ballistic missiles closer to each other's border, and mortar and artillery fire was reported in Kashmir.Pakistan, India 'move missiles' to border https://web.archive.org/web/20070106131408/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/12/25/india.pakistan.kashmir.missiles/ 6 January 2007 CNN, 26 December 2001. By January 2002, India had mobilized around 500,000 troops and three armored divisions on Pakistan's border, concentrated along the Line of Control in Kashmir. Pakistan responded similarly, deploying around 300,000 troops to that region. The tensions were partially defused after Musharraf's speech on 12 January promising action on terror emanating from Pakistan. Artillery duels were commonplace during the protracted military confrontations. In one such instance, well over 40 Pakistani soldiers perished on Point 5353 near Dras when Indian troops from nearby Point 5165, Point 5240 and Point 5100 commenced artillery fire on the Pakistani post, rendering the Pakistanis unable to reinforce their troops.Swami Praveen Praveen Swami War and peace on Gurkha Post 9 March 2004 http://www.thehindu.com/2004/03/10/stories/2004031001731200.htm The Hindu 25 September 2017September 2026 medicmedic Diplomacy India initiated its diplomatic offensive by recalling Indian high commissioner and the civilian flights from Pakistan were banned. Pakistan picked up the war signals and began mobilization of its military and initiated diplomatic talks with US president George W. Bush. American Secretary of State Colin Powell engaged with India and Pakistan to reduce tensions. In the first week of January, British prime minister Tony Blair visited India with a message that he was pressurizing Pakistani president Musharraf. The US declared LeT and JeM as foreign terrorist groups. Musharraf's speech On 8 January 2002, Indian Home Minister L. K. Advani visited the US, where he was informed about the contents of the upcoming landmark speech by Musharraf. On 12 January 2002, President Pervez Musharraf gave a speech intended to reduce tensions with India. He for the first time condemned the attack on Parliament as a terrorist attack and compared it with the 11 September attacks. He declared in his speech that terrorism was unjustified in the name of Kashmir and Pakistan would combat extremism on its own soil. Pakistan would resolve Kashmir with dialogue and no organization will be allowed to carry out terrorism under the pretext of Kashmir.Musharraf declares war on extremism, BBC, 12 January 2002. As demanded by India, he also announced plans for the regulation of madrasas and banning the known terrorist groups that were operating out of Pakistan. He announced a formal ban on five jihadi organizations, that included Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba engaged in militancy in Kashmir. Indian decision The Indian prime minister Atal B. Vajpayee though skeptic of the seriousness of Musharraf's pledges, decided not to carry out the military attack planned for 14 January."The Stand-off" https://web.archive.org/web/20080718000407/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/02/13/060213fa_fact_coll 18 July 2008, The New Yorker, 13 February 2006. Kaluchak massacre 2002 Kaluchak massacre Tensions escalated significantly in May 2002. On 14 May, three suicidal terrorists attacked an army camp at Kaluchak near Jammu and killed 34 people and injured fifty more before getting killed, most of the victims were the wives and children of Indian soldiers serving in Kashmir. The terrorist incident again revived the chance of a full-blown war. On 15 May, PM Vajpayee was quoted in the Indian Parliament saying "Hamein pratikar karna hoga (We will have to counter it)." American Deputy Secretary of State, Richard Armitage, quoted the incident as a trigger for further deterioration of the situation. The Indian Cabinet had little belief that diplomatic pressure could stop Pakistan's support for the militants in Kashmir. India accused Pakistan that it was failing to keep its promise on ending the cross-border terrorism. Musharraf's follow-up to his speech on 12 January was observed by India as weak and disingenuous. Pakistan did not extradite the terrorist leaders demanded by India, and Lashkar was allowed to continue its operations in Pakistan as a charity with a new name. During the spring, jihadi militants started crossing the Line of Control again. June Offensive Planning On 18 May, Vajpayee reviewed preparedness with Defence Minister Fernandes, the Director-General Military Operations and the military intelligence chief. The CCS met and favored taking military action against terrorists in Pakistan. A similar limited military action to the one planned in January was not considered viable, as Pakistan had strengthened its forces on the LoC. Any action confined to Pakistan-administered Kashmir would yield only marginal military gains. The Indian military favored an offensive along the Indo-Pak border that would stretch Pakistani troops thin and provide India access to Pakistan-administered Kashmir. The Indian armed forces accordingly prepared the plan to target the war-waging capabilities of Pakistan and destroy the terrorist camps. The battle canvas planned for June was larger than the one planned in January. The Indian Air Force along with the 1 Strike Corps of India would initiate an attack in Shakargarh bulge to engage Pakistan's Army Reserve North (ARN) that was spread from Muzaffarabad to Lahore. This would engage Pakistan's key strike corp while Indian strike formations from Eastern Command would carry out the offensive at the Line of Control and capture the strategic positions used by the terrorists for infiltrations. The period considered was between 23 May and 10 June. Military confrontations During the end of May 2002, the Indian and Pakistani armed forces continued to be fully mobilized. The tenor of statements published in the Indian press and intelligence information collected, pointed to an imminent invasion by India. An SOS sent to Israel by the Indian Defence Ministry for defense supplies during the month of June confirmed the intelligence. On 18 May, India expelled the Pakistani High Commissioner. That same day, thousands of villagers had to flee Pakistani artillery fire in Jammu.India expels Pakistan's ambassador https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/india-expels-pakistan-s-ambassador-1.325671 26 January 2020 CBC News 18 May 2002 On 21 May, clashes killed six Pakistani soldiers and 1 Indian soldier, as well as civilians from both sides."Six more Pak soldiers killed" , The Tribune, 21 May 2002. On 22 May, Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee announced to his troops to prepare for a "decisive battle"."Indian PM calls for 'decisive battle' over Kashmir" https://web.archive.org/web/20170204021816/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/may/22/kashmir.india 4 February 2017, The Guardian, Wednesday 22 May 2002. Retrieved 7 February 2013. Between 25 and 28 May, Pakistan conducted 3 missile tests. India reviewed its nuclear capability to strike back. On 7 June the Indian Air Force lost an unmanned aerial vehicle near Lahore, which Pakistan claimed to have shot down.http://vayu-sena-aux.tripod.com/other-Parakram-IAF-UAV-Wreckage.html IAF's Searcher-II Loss on June 07, 2002 Vayu-sena-aux.tripod.com 1 March 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123614/http://vayu-sena-aux.tripod.com/other-Parakram-IAF-UAV-Wreckage.html 23 January 2009 live Threat of nuclear war As both India and Pakistan are armed with nuclear weapons, the possibility a conventional war could escalate into a nuclear one was raised several times during the standoff. Various statements on this subject were made by Indian and Pakistani officials during the conflict, mainly concerning a no first use policy. Indian External Affairs Minister Jaswant Singh said on 5 June that India would not use nuclear weapons first,http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2002_June_3/ai_86623659 https://web.archive.org/web/20081205194211/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2002_June_3/ai_86623659 usurped 5 December 2008 India will not use nuclear weapons first: Singh 3 June 2002 20 March 2012 while Musharraf said on 5 June he would not renounce Pakistan's right to use nuclear weapons first.Irish Examiner – 2002/06/05: "Musharraf refuses to renounce first use of nuclear weapons" https://web.archive.org/web/20070929150119/http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2002/06/05/story29703.asp 29 September 2007, Irish Examiner, 5 June 2002 There was also concern that a 6 June 2002 asteroid explosion over Earth, known as the Eastern Mediterranean Event, could have caused a nuclear conflict had it exploded over India or Pakistan.http://www.spacedaily.com/news/deepimpact-02s.html Near-Earth Objects Pose Threat, General Says Spacedaily.com 1 March 2012 https://archive.today/20021201192527/http://www.spacedaily.com/news/deepimpact-02s.html 1 December 2002 live Diplomacy Vajpayee contacted the leaders of the global community including Bush, Blair, Russian president Vladimir Putin and French president Jacques Chirac and informed them Musharraf could not deliver on his 12 January speech and the patience of the country was running out. In the diplomacy that followed, Bush, Putin, Blair and Japanese prime minister Junichiro Koizumi requested Vajpayee to avoid taking the extreme step. The global community informed India that it would negotiate with Musharraf to clarify his position on stopping the cross-border infiltration. Attempts to defuse the situation continued. The Russian president Vladimir Putin tried to mediate a solution, but in vain."Putin Attempts to Mediate India-Pakistan Tensions", VOA, 3 June 2002. Retrieved 7 February 2013. Restraint was urged by the global community as there were fears that Pakistan would proceed to use its nuclear weapons in the face to counter its conventional asymmetry as compared to the Indian armed forces. In April, in an interview to German magazine Der Spiegel Musharraf had already hinted that he was willing to use nukes against India. Pakistan's nuclear threats led to US Secretary of State Powell contacting Musharraf at five occasions in the last week of May and reading the riot act. On 5 June 2002, American Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage visited Pakistan. He asked Musharraf if he would "permanently" end cross-border infiltration and help to dismantle the infrastructure used for terrorism. On 6 June 2002, Musharraf 's commitment was conveyed to Powell, and to India after his arrival. On 10 June 2002, Powell announced Musharraf's promise to the global community, after which India called off its strike plans. A full-frontal invasion would have translated into war. Political logic implied it was better to give another chance to Musharraf. The military build-up on the border by India in January and June had forced both the international community and Pakistan into action. July–August strikes On 29 July 2002 for the first time after the end of the Kargil war, India used air power to attack positions held by the Pakistani forces at Loonda Post on the Indian side of the Line of Control in the Machil sector. Eight IAF Mirage 2000 H aircraft dropped precision-guided bombs weighing 1,000-pounds to destroy four bunkers that were occupied by Pakistan. The forward trenches prepared by Indian troops in earlier years were also occupied by the Pakistani forces and 155-millimetre Bofors howitzers were used to hit them. According to Indian military intelligence officials, at least 28 Pakistani soldiers were killed in the fighting. The air assault was conducted in daylight and to demonstrate India's willingness to escalate the conflict in response to provocations.When Pakistan took Loonda Post Frontline Volume 19 – Issue 18, 31 August – 13 September 2002 Towards the end of the protracted military standoff, in a surreptitious operation, India's Jat Regiment occupied a strategically important mountain peak on the Pakistani side of the LoC near Dras, Point 5070, and subsequently rechristened it Balwan.Singh Amarinder A Ridge Too Far: War in the Kargil Heights 1999 Motibagh Palace 2001 9788193107416 132 Amarinder Singh This had implications for the Pakistani army, which was accustomed to occupying the peak during summer, as the peak gave India a vantage view of the Gultari valley, which sustained Pakistani posts in Dras. In consequence, the Pakistani army dispensed its entire chain of command, including the Pakistani Brigade Commander and GOC of the Northern Areas, over the loss of this peak, while their Indian counterpart Lt. Gen. Deepak Summanwar was felicitated with an Uttam Yudh Seva Medal as a recognition of India's domination of the boundary area near Dras. Pakistani army troops stationed near the post in the Kupwara sector's Kel area of the LoC had been shelling the Indian positions across the LoC. India suspected a troop build-up situation near the border post that was similar to Kargil. Indian army planned retaliation by sending troops to attack the Pakistani posts. The initial ground attack to retake the post failed, with the Indian army suffering 11 casualties.Irish Times Details of major clash in Kashmir were kept secret by India and Pakistan https://www.irishtimes.com/news/details-of-major-clash-in-kashmir-were-kept-secret-by-india-and-pakistan-1.1093156 26 Aug 2002 Irish TimesThe Kargil-II Incident http://vayu-sena.tripod.com/other-loonda-kargil-ii.html August 2026 InternetArchiveBot Later on, after deliberations with the then Army Chief, General Sundararajan Padmanabhan, the plan was modified and instead of only a ground assault, the decision was made to first attack Pakistani positions using the IAF jets followed by a ground assault by the Indian Special Forces. At 1:30 pm on 2 August, IAF's LGB capable Mirage 2000 H fighter aircraft loaded with laser-guided weapons bombed the Pakistani bunkers located in the Kel. The attack destroyed the bunkers with an unknown number of casualties.EXCLUSIVE: In 2002, India's Fighter Jets Hit Pakistan In A Surgical Strike You've Never Been Told About https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/01/26/exclusive-in-2002-india-s-fighter-jets-hit-pakistan-in-a-surgi_a_21701344/ 9 September 2018 HuffPost 27 January 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20180909221838/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/01/26/exclusive-in-2002-india-s-fighter-jets-hit-pakistan-in-a-surgi_a_21701344/ 9 September 2018 live Easing of tension While tensions remained high throughout the next few months, both governments began easing the situation in Kashmir. By October 2002, India had begun to demobilise their troops along her border and later Pakistan did the same, and in November 2003 a cease-fire between the two nations was signed."India-Pakistan Ceasefire Agreement" https://web.archive.org/web/20130111074126/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ceasefire-violation-pak-continues-firing-for-seventh-day-233448 11 January 2013, NDTV. Retrieved 7 February 2013. Casualties The Indian casualties were up to 1,874, including 798 fatal.India suffered 1,874 casualties without fighting a war, THE TIMES OF INDIA. Pakistani casualties were not divulged. Cost of standoff The Indian cost for the buildup was $3 billion to $4 billionWhat did India's military mobilisation after Parliament attack achieve? https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/12/13/what-did-indias-military-mobilisation-after-parliament-attack-achieve.html 2022-01-05 The Week enMedia Coverage of Pak-India Standoff 2002: An Analysis http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/20-v26_1_19.pdf Sajjad Malik Muhammad Iqbal Cheema Pervaiz Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 26, Issue – 1, 2019 The tension continued for a period of 10 months and it had impact on both nations. Reportedly India lost about 2,000 troops while Pakistan suffered less than three dozen deaths. 29 December 2021 while Pakistan's was $1.4 billion.http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/jan/16defence.htm Parakram cost put at Rs 6,500 crore Rediff.com India Limited 16 January 2003 Aditi Phadnis live https://web.archive.org/web/20030203133106/http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/jan/16defence.htm 3 February 2003 20 March 2012 The standoff led to a total of 155,000 Indians and 45,000 Pakistanis displaced, per Pakistani media estimates.https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/266623-the-cost-of-conflict-ii-beyond-the-direct-cost-of-war The cost of conflict-II Beyond the direct cost of war The News International 30 December 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161230160547/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/amp/266623-the-cost-of-conflict-ii-beyond-the-direct-cost-of-war 30 December 2016 live One of the reasons for the failure of Operation Parakram is described to be the slow mobilisation of 500,000 troops. It took nearly three weeks for India to completely move 500,000 troops, 3 armoured divisions, and other supporting units to the border. The delay allowed Pakistan to move its own 300,000 troops along with the supporting units to the border. Lacking strategic surprise, Indian military decided to withdraw its troops.https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/is-the-indian-military-capable-of-executing-the-cold-start-doctrine/ Is the Indian Military Capable of Executing the Cold Start Doctrine? Gady Franz-Stefan 29 January 2019 The Diplomathttps://books.google.com/books?id=FGdaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 Pakistan's War Machine: An Encyclopedia of its Weapons, Military Security: Pakistan's War Machine: An Encyclopedia of its Weapons, Strategy and Military Security 13 May 2018 Saghir Iqbal Iqbal Saghir 74 9781986169424 On 5 November 2011, former Indian naval chief, Admiral Sushil Kumar, claimed that operation Parakram lacked clear objectives. He described the operation as a "punishing mistake" for India. Moreover, he said that Operation Parakram, may in fact have encouraged both Pakistan and China to increase cross-border violations. Had India tried a similar operation against China, it would have been a fatal blunder for India.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Operation-Parakram-after-Parliament-attack-lacked-cleared-objectives-Ex-Navy-chief-Sushil-Kumar/articleshow/10625959.cms Operation Parakram after Parliament attack lacked cleared objectives: Ex navy chief Sushil Kumar 6 November 2011 The Times of Indiahttp://archive.indianexpress.com/news/op-parakram-most-punishing-mistake-exnavy-chief/871149/ Op Parakram most punishing mistake: Ex-Navy chief 5 November 2011 The Indian Express See also Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts 2002 Eastern Mediterranean event India-Pakistan relations Kaluchak Incident References Bhonsle Rahul K Kargil 1999: Limited War, Unlimited Consequences https://archive.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1400824878Rahul%20K%20Bhonsle%20CJ%20SSummer%202009.pdf Centre for Land Warfare Studies 2009 78 External links Gen. Padmanabhan mulls over lessons of Operation Parakram Thoughts on Operation Parakram Operation Parakram Nuclear Proliferation in India and Pakistan from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Category:Indian–Pakistani border conflicts Category:Vajpayee administration Category:Military operations of the Kashmir conflict I I Category:2002 in India Category:2001 in India Category:2001 in Pakistan Category:2002 in Pakistan Category:Nuclear history of Pakistan Category:2000s in Jammu and Kashmir Category:Armed standoffs in Asia