1994 Brazilian general election

None Brazil 3 October 1994 yes presidential 82.24% Presidential election 1989 Brazilian presidential election 1989 1998 Brazilian general election 1998 130x130px no Fernando Henrique Cardoso in 1994.jpg Fernando Henrique Cardoso Marco Maciel (PFL) Brazilian Social Democracy Party Union, Work and Progress 34,364,961 54.28% Luíza Erundina-Mário Covas-Celso Daniel-Lula e José Dirceu (1994) (cropped 3x4).jpg Lula da Silva Aloizio Mercadante Workers' Party (Brazil) Popular Brazil Front for Citizenship 17,122,127 27.04% Carneiro cropped.jpg Enéas Carneiro Roberto Gama Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order 4,671,457 7.38% 1994 Brazil Presidential Elections, Round 1.svg Election by states, shaded accounding to vote share President Itamar Franco National Reconstruction Party Fernando Henrique Cardoso Brazilian Social Democracy Party yes Chamber of Deputies 1990 1998 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 257 Brazilian Democratic Movement Party Orestes Quércia 20.32 107 108 Brazilian Social Democracy Party Pimenta da Veiga 13.90 62 38 Liberal Front Party Jorge Bornhausen 12.85 89 83 Workers' Party (Brazil) Rui Falcão 12.82 49 35 Reform Progressive Party Esperidião Amin 9.43 52 64 Democratic Labour Party (Brazil) Leonel Brizola 7.23 34 46 Progressive Party (Brazil, 1993) 6.94 36 4 Brazilian Labour Party (current) 5.21 31 38 Liberal Party (Brazil, 1985) Alvaro Valle 3.51 13 16 Brazilian Socialist Party 2.18 15 11 Communist Party of Brazil 1.24 10 5 Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 1987) 0.91 3 1 Party of National Mobilization 0.56 4 1 Popular Socialist Party (Brazil) 0.56 2 New Social Christian Party (Brazil) 0.47 3 6 Progressive Republican Party (Brazil) Ovasco Roma 0.45 1 0 National Reconstruction Party Daniel Tourinho 0.40 1 40 Green Party (Brazil) 1 New General elections were held in Brazil on October 3, 1994, the second to take place under the provisions of the 1988 constitution and the second direct presidential election since 1960. Elected in 1989, President Fernando Collor of the centre-right National Reconstruction Party (PRN) had resigned in the face of an impeachment trial, resulting in Vice President Itamar Franco succeeding him.The Associated Press 4 July 2011 Itamar Franco, Former President of Brazil, Dies at 81 The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/04/world/americas/04franco.html 2 December 2020 0362-4331 Facing a fiscal crisis Franco's government launched the Plano Real ("Real Plan") to stabilize the national economy. With Franco barred from running for a full term, the architect of the Real Plan, Minister of Finance Fernando Henrique Cardoso,Almanaque Abril, 28ª ed, 1995SAYAD, João. Observações sobre o Plano Real. Est. Econ. São Paulo. Vol. 25, Nº Especial, págs. 7-24, 1995-6 was chosen by the PSDB to serve as their presidential candidate in Franco's absence. For the position of Vice President, Cardoso selected former presidential Chief of Staff Marco Maciel of the Liberal Front Party (PFL).30 October 2001 Brazil's new Embraer 70-seat jet rivals small Boeing, Airbus planes C8 Waterloo Region Record https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/432932361.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+30,+2001&author=&pub=Waterloo+Region+Record&desc=Brazil%27s+new+Embraer+70-seat+jet+rivals+small+Boeing,+Airbus+planes&pqatl=google https://archive.today/20130201080533/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/432932361.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+30,+2001&author=&pub=Waterloo+Region+Record&desc=Brazil's+new+Embraer+70-seat+jet+rivals+small+Boeing,+Airbus+planes&pqatl=google dead February 1, 2013 8 March 2011 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a former labor leader and federal deputy for São Paulo who had narrowly lost the 1989 presidential election, resigned as president of the Workers' Party (PT) to mount a second presidential candidacy.2010-09-30 Lula's legacy for Brazil's next president en-GB BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-11414276 2020-12-02 Lula intended to make José Paulo Bisol of the Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) his running mate as he had in 1989.Folha de S.Paulo - PT quer Mercadante para o lugar de Bisol - 27/7/1994 https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/1994/7/27/brasil/11.html 2020-12-02 www1.folha.uol.com.br Bisol was replaced by Lula ally and fellow PT member Aloizio Mercadante on the ticket.Folha de S.Paulo - PT quer Mercadante para o lugar de Bisol - 27/7/1994 https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/1994/7/27/brasil/11.html 2020-12-02 www1.folha.uol.com.br'Depois da cadeia, Lula dificilmente voltará à política', diz vice da chapa do petista em 89 e 94 pt-BR BBC News Brasil https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-43707121 2020-12-02 In the spring of 1994, Lula appeared an overwhelming favorite over Cardoso, leading with 40% to Cardoso's 12% in an April poll, and by a 41% to 17% margin as of May.Eleição presidencial: o Plano Real na sucessão de Itamar Franco https://www.cesop.unicamp.br/vw/1IE*HMDM_MDA_60e3cJuly 2021 InternetArchiveBot yes The Real Plan proved popular among Lula's own voters, with 70% of Lula supporters indicating their support for the Franco Administration's signature policy, and Lula was damaged by his opposition to the program.Brooke James 1994-09-14 Taming of Inflation Buoys Centrist in Brazil Polls (Published 1994) en-US The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/14/world/taming-of-inflation-buoys-centrist-in-brazil-polls.html 2020-12-02 0362-4331 On election day, Cardoso received 54 percent of the vote, negating the need for a second round. He defeated Lula by over 27 points, still a record margin for a presidential election held under democratic conditions. Cardoso notably won every state in the northeast, a region which would later emerge as the PT's political base.Lapper Richard 2018-07-03 It's Lula Forever in Brazil's Northeast https://americasquarterly.org/article/its-lula-forever-in-brazils-northeast/ 2020-12-02 Americas Quarterly en-US The relative success of far-right candidate Enéas Carneiro, a cardiologist who had never won office before and ran as a member of the Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order (PRONA), was also noted; Carneiro received over 7% of the vote, placing him ahead of many established politicians.O retorno de Enéas, ícone da extrema-direita e 'herói' de Bolsonaro pt-BR BBC News Brasil https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-40833881 2020-12-02 Carneiro's vote share was the highest received by a far-right presidential candidate until Jair Bolsonaro's victory in 2018. As of 2026, this remains the most recent presidential election in which a right-leaning candidate carried Ceará. Background In 1989, Brazil held its first direct presidential election since 1960 following the end of the military dictatorship in Brazil. Fernando Collor, a young, charismatic leader who had previous served as Governor of Alagoas, won a hotly contested election versus Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva after positioning himself as a political outsider.23 March 1988 A guerra ao turbante http://veja.abril.com.br/arquivo_veja/capa_23031988.shtml 24 July 2012 Abril Veja.com No seu papel de caçador de marajás, o alagoano Fernando Collor de Mello torna-se um dos governadores mais populares do país 17 March 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090317181339/http://veja.abril.com.br/arquivo_veja/capa_23031988.shtml deadBrooke James 1992-11-08 Looting Brazil (Published 1992) en-US The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/08/magazine/looting-brazil.html 2020-12-01 0362-4331 Just over two years into his presidency, Collor was faced with allegations of corruption by his brother Pedro Collor, and chose to resign in late 1992 rather than face certain conviction and removal in an impeachment trial.Rezende Tatiana Matos UNE 70 Anos: "Fora Collor: o grito da juventude cara-pintada" http://www.une.org.br/home3/movimento_estudantil/movimento_estudantil_2007/m_9920.html https://web.archive.org/web/20070903131454/http://www.une.org.br/home3/movimento_estudantil/movimento_estudantil_2007/m_9920.html September 3, 2007 August 9, 2009 União Nacional dos EstudantesBrooke James 1994-12-20 Pedro Collor, 43, the Brother And Nemesis of Brazil's Ex-Chief (Published 1994) en-US The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/20/obituaries/pedro-collor-43-the-brother-and-nemesis-of-brazil-s-ex-chief.html 2020-12-02 0362-4331 Following his resignation, Vice President Itamar Franco succeeded him in the office. Once in office, Franco switched from the National Reconstruction Party (PRN) to the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB).President Itamar Franco - 1992-1994 https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/brazil/president-franco.htm 2020-12-02 www.globalsecurity.org Facing a hyperinflation crisis and popular discontent, Franco's government pushed a fiscal policy known as the Plano Real (Real Plan) to stabilize the economy.The Associated Press 2011-07-04 Itamar Franco, Former President of Brazil, Dies at 81 (Published 2011) en-US The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/04/world/americas/04franco.html 2020-12-02 0362-4331 Minister of Finance Fernando Henrique Cardoso, an experienced politician who had previously served as Senator from São Paulo and as Franco's Minister of Foreign Affairs, served as the architect of the plan.2014-07-03 The echoes of 1994 The Economist https://www.economist.com/americas-view/2014/07/03/the-echoes-of-1994 2020-12-02 0013-0613 Franco was barred from running for a full term in 1994. In Brazil, whenever a vice president serves part of a president's term, even when the president travels abroad, it counts as a full term. At the time, the Constitution did not allow a president to run for immediate reelection. In the absence of Franco, Cardoso would be chosen by the PSDB (a party born from inside the PMDB) as their nominee for President of Brazil in the 1994 election. Lula's running mate controversy thumb|left|José Paulo Bisol, Senator for Rio Grande do Sul (PSB) and original running mate of Lula in the 1994 election. As he had in 1989, Lula intended for Senator José Paulo Bisol of Rio Grande do Sul, a member of the Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB), to serve as his vice presidential running mate. A former judge, Bisol had a strong reputation as an opponent of corruption,Brazilian corruption commission under pressure https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/01/19/Brazilian-corruption-commission-under-pressure/6587758955600/ 2020-12-02 UPI en playing a key role in the investigation that ultimately led to President Fernando Collor de Mello's resignation. Additionally, his membership of a party that played a crucial role in the centre-left coalition made his selection attractive to Lula.Folha de S.Paulo - Lula quer ter Bisol como vice na chapa - 30/4/1994 https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/1994/4/30/brasil/18.html 2020-12-02 www1.folha.uol.com.br Bisol's image as a "Mr. Clean" was harmed during campaign season by revelations of wrongdoing as a judge in 1981.1994-07-15 Politics: Brazil's Leading Candidate Loses Momentum : Presidential hopeful Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva fights to avoid a runoff. His image is threatened by a scandal surrounding his choice of running mate. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-07-15-mn-15849-story.html 2020-12-02 Los Angeles Times en-US The saga proved damaging to Lula's campaign, and as a result the leadership of the PT looked for a replacement for Bisol on the ticket. Arguing that Bisol should be replaced on the ticket by a fellow member of the PSB, PSB president Miguel Arraes pushed for the selection of Célio de Castro, then serving as Vice Mayor of Belo Horizonte, to replace Bisol as Lula's running mate.Folha de S.Paulo - PT quer Mercadante para o lugar de Bisol - 27/7/1994 https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/1994/7/27/brasil/11.html 2020-12-02 www1.folha.uol.com.br Key power-players in the PT, such as party president Rui Falcão, successfully convinced Lula to replace Bisol with Aloizio Mercadante. A co-founder of the PT, Mercadante was then serving as a federal deputy for São Paulo.Resist Newsletter, Sept. 1994 - Core https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/232751497.pdf Mercadante's background as a career economist during a hyperinflation crisis was seen as a plus for PT party leadership.Folha de S.Paulo - PT quer Mercadante para o lugar de Bisol - 27/7/1994 https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/1994/7/27/brasil/11.html 2020-12-02 www1.folha.uol.com.br Campaign of Enéas Carneiro In the 1989 presidential election, the right-wing nationalist campaign of Enéas Carneiro received attention for Carneiro's exotic image. A short, bald man with a long beard and distinct "coke-bottle" glasses,Moffett Matt 2006-06-20 In Brazil, the Party Line Is Often Blurry en-US Wall Street Journal https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115075759308084559 2020-12-02 0099-9660 Carneiro's unusual appearance and signature catchphrase Meu nome é Enéas ("My name is Enéas") gained the cardiologist a following."Meu nome é Enéas": lenda da extrema-direita influenciou Bolsonaro, diz Le Monde https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/rfi/2020/10/10/meu-nome-e-eneas-lenda-da-extrema-direita-influenciou-bolsonaro-diz-le-monde.htm 2020-12-02 noticias.uol.com.br pt-br Nonetheless, Carneiro, who ran as a member of the Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order (PRONA), came 12th in a field of 21 candidates. In 1994, Carneiro mounted a second bid for the presidency. The entrance of federal deputy Regina Gordilho of Rio de Janeiro, who had been elected as a member of the centre-left Democratic Labour Party, allowed his campaign to receive more guaranteed election time.Folha de S.Paulo - Enéas não é Enéas - 30/9/1994 https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/1994/9/30/caderno_especial/2.html 2020-12-02 www1.folha.uol.com.br For the position of Vice President, Carneiro chose Rear AdmiralComo preocupação com interesse estrangeiro levou militares a criar reserva extinta por Temer pt-BR BBC News Brasil https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-41044596 2020-12-02 Roberto Gama e Silva to serve as his running mate. Considered a nationalist and accused by opponents of being a member of the far-right,Wille José O folclórico Enéas queria ser presidente em 1994 Portal Memória Brasileira October 2020 https://www.jws.com.br/2020/10/1994-eneas-queria-ser-presidente/ 2020-12-02 pt-BR Carneiro's unexpected third-place finish with over 7% of the national vote was considered a shocking result.Rohter Larry 2002-10-21 Long Treated as a Joke, Brazilian Neofascist May Have the Last Laugh (Published 2002) en-US The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/21/world/long-treated-as-a-joke-brazilian-neofascist-may-have-the-last-laugh.html 2020-12-02 0362-4331 Carneiro, who had never been elected to office, received a larger share of the vote than longtime staple of the Brazilian Left Leonel Brizola, who had been a top candidate for the presidency four years prior.2004-06-23 Leonel Brizola, 82; Brazilian Politician https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jun-23-me-brizola23-story.html 2020-12-02 Los Angeles Times en-US Candidates Party Candidate Most relevant political office or occupationPartyRunning mateCoalitionElectoral number 100x100px|Reform Progressive Party Reform Progressive Party (PPR) 100px|Esperidião AminEsperidião Amin Governor of Santa Catarina(1983–1987) 100x100px|Reform Progressive Party Reform Progressive Party (PPR) Gardênia Gonçalves11 100x100px|Democratic Labour Party Democratic Labour Party (PDT) 100px|Leonel BrizolaLeonel Brizola Governor of Rio de Janeiro(1991–1994) 100x100px|Democratic Labour Party Democratic Labour Party (PDT) 100px|Darcy RibeiroDarcy RibeiroStrength of the People Democratic Labour Party (PDT) Party of National Mobilization (PMN)12 100x100px|Workers' Party Workers' Party (PT) 100px|Luiz Inácio Lula da SilvaLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva Member of the Chamber of Deputies from São Paulo(1987–1991) 100x100px|Workers' Party Workers' Party (PT) 100px|Aloizio MercadanteAloizio MercadantePopular Brazil Front for Citizenship Workers' Party (PT) Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) Popular Socialist Party (PPS) Green Party (PV) Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB) Brazilian Communist Party (PCB) United Socialist Workers' Party (PSTU)13 100x100px|Brazilian Democratic Movement Party Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) 100px|Orestes QuérciaOrestes Quércia Governor of São Paulo(1987–1991) 100x100px|Brazilian Democratic Movement Party Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) 100px|Iris de AraújoIris de AraújoDevelopment of Brazil Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) Social Democratic Party (PSD) Progressive Republican Party (PRP)15 100x100px|Social Christian Party Social Christian Party (PSC) Hernani Fortuna Admiral of the Brazilian Navy 100x100px|Social Christian Party Social Christian Party (PSC) Vítor Nosseis20 100x100px|National Reconstruction Party National Reconstruction Party (PRN) Carlos Antônio Gomes 100x100px|National Reconstruction Party National Reconstruction Party (PRN) Dilton Carlos Salomoni36 100x100px|Brazilian Social Democracy Party Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) 100px|Fernando Henrique Cardoso Minister of Finance of Brazil(1993–1994) 100x100px|Liberal Front Party Liberal Front Party (PFL) 100px|Marco MacielMarco MacielUnion, Work and Progress Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) Liberal Front Party (PFL) Brazilian Labour Party (PTB)45 Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order (PRONA) 100px|Enéas CarneiroEnéas Carneiro PRONA National President(1989–2006) Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order (PRONA) Roberto Gama56 Candidacies denied Party Candidate Most relevant political office or occupationPartyRunning mateCoalitionElectoral number Liberal Party (PL) 100px|Flávio Rocha Member of the Chamber of Deputies from Rio Grande do Norte(1987–1995) Liberal Party (PL) Jadihel Lohedo Júnior22 Labour Party of Brazil (PTdoB) Caetano Matanó Júnior. Labour Party of Brazil (PTdoB) Rafael Francisco70 Results President Fernando Henrique Cardoso Brazilian Social Democracy Party Marco Maciel (PFL) 34364961 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Workers' Party Aloizio Mercadante 17122127 Enéas Carneiro Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order Roberto Gama 4671457 Orestes Quércia Brazilian Democratic Movement Party Iris de Araújo 2772121 Leonel Brizola Democratic Labour Party Darcy Ribeiro 2015836 Esperidião Amin Reform Progressive Party Gardênia Gonçalves 1739894 Carlos Antônio Gomes National Reconstruction Party National Reconstruction Party Dilton Carlos Salomoni 387738 Hernani Fortuna Social Christian Party Vitor Nósseis 238197 14636133 94782803 TSE Chamber of Deputies File:Brazil Chamber of Deputies 1994.svg Brazilian Democratic Movement Party 9287049 107 –1 Brazilian Social Democracy Party 6350941 62 +24 Liberal Front Party 5873370 89 +6 Workers' Party 5859347 49 +14 Reform Progressive Party 4307878 52 –12 Democratic Labour Party 3303434 34 –12 Progressive Party 3169626 36 +32 Brazilian Labour Party #7B7B7B 2379773 31 –7 Liberal Party 1603330 13 –3 Brazilian Socialist Party 995298 15 +4 Communist Party of Brazil 567186 10 +5 Social Democratic Party 414933 3 +2 Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order 308031 0 0 Party of National Mobilization 257018 4 +3 Popular Socialist Party Popular Socialist Party (Brazil) 256485 2 New Social Christian Party 213734 3 –3 Progressive Republican Party 207307 1 +1 National Reconstruction Party Christian Labour Party 184727 1 –39 Green Party 154666 4 1 New Brazilian Communist Party 0 –3 Brazilian Renewal Labour Party 0 New United Socialist Workers' Party 0 New Labour Party of Brazil Labour Party of Brazil 39 0 0 31966623 +10 94743043 Senate Brazilian Social Democracy Party 15652182 9 Brazilian Democratic Movement Party 14870466 14 Workers' Party 13350294 4 Liberal Front Party 13014066 11 Democratic Labour Party 7299932 4 Liberal Party 7138405 1 Reform Progressive Party 4473291 2 Progressive Party 4208013 4 Brazilian Labour Party #7B7B7B 4015701 3 Popular Socialist Party Popular Socialist Party (Brazil) 2447931 1 Brazilian Socialist Party 2336549 1 National Reconstruction Party National Reconstruction Party 1628491 0 Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order 1150157 0 Social Christian Party 963615 0 Communist Party of Brazil 751428 0 Social Democratic Party 737939 0 United Socialist Workers' Party 674856 0 Progressive Republican Party 613761 0 Party of National Mobilization 486430 0 77949111 94743043 Nohlen References Category:Parliamentary elections in Brazil Category:Presidential elections in Brazil Brazil General Brazil Category:Election and referendum articles with incomplete results