1932 Changma earthquake

1932 earthquake in central China 1932 Changma earthquake 1932-12-25 02:04:30 906530 iscgem906530 1932 12 25 10:04:30 Tibetan Plateau 7.6 s y 39.7 96.7 inline,titlehttps://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/3507 Significant Earthquake Information National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information 1972 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information 10.7289/V5TD9V7K Republic of China X 275–70,000 dead The 1932 Changma earthquake occurred at 10:04:27 local time (02:04:07 UTC) on 25 December. With an estimated magnitude of 7.6 on the surface-wave magnitude scale, and a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, the quake destroyed 1,167 houses and caused 275 to 70,000 deaths and 320 injuries.中国20世纪十大地震及2000年以来部分地震回顾 [China's Top Ten Earthquakes in the 20th Century and a Review of Some Earthquakes Since 2000] https://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/200851314557843206543.html ScienceNet.cn 26 September 2021Wang Fugui 中国历史上伤亡惨重的十大地震 [Ten earthquakes with heavy casualties in Chinese history] https://sunnews.cc/history/312775.html sunnews.cn 26 September 2021 16 September 2021 Tectonic setting The earthquake was located close to the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. This area of thickened crust is a result of the ongoing collision of the Indo-Australian plate with the Eurasian plate. The way in which this zone accommodates the collision remains unclear with two end-member models being proposed. The first regards the crust as being made up of a mosaic of strong blocks separated by weak fault zones, the microplate model. The second regards the deformation as being continuous within the mid to lower crust, the continuum model. The change in width of the deformed zone along the collisional belt, with the narrow zone of western Tibet compared to the main part of the Tibetan Plateau, is explained as either lateral escape to the east along the Altyn Tagh and Karakorum faults in the microplate model or as the effect of the rigid Tarim Basin block causing heterogeneous deformation within a generally weaker lithosphere in the continuum model.Cowgill E. Yin, A. Harrison T.M. Xiao-Feng, W. 2003 Reconstruction of the Altyn Tagh fault based on U-Pb geochronology: Role of back thrusts, mantle sutures, and heterogeneous crustal strength in forming the Tibetan Plateau Journal of Geophysical Research 108 B7 2346 10.1029/2002JB002080 http://sims.ess.ucla.edu/PDF/Cowgill_et_al_2003_Jour%20Geophys%20Res.pdf 3 November 2010 2003JGRB..108.2346C dead https://web.archive.org/web/20100718114705/http://sims.ess.ucla.edu/PDF/Cowgill_et_al_2003_Jour%20Geophys%20Res.pdf 18 July 2010 At its northern end, the Altyn Tagh fault progressively loses displacement by its interaction with a series of WNW–ESE trending structures, mostly with components of reverse displacement and sinistral (left lateral) strike-slip. The Changma fault is one of those structures.10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00567.x Meyer B. Tapponnier, P. Bourjot, L. Métivier, F. Gaudemer, Y. Peltzer, G. Shunmin, G. Zhitai, C. 1998 Crustal thickening in Gansu-Qinghai, lithospheric mantle subduction, and oblique, strike-slip controlled growth of the Tibetan plateau Geophysical Journal International 135 1 1–47 1998GeoJI.135....1M free Damage The region stricken by this earthquake included the entire Changma Basin and the western part of the Hexi Corridor in Gansu province. The greatest damage occurred in Changma. In Gaotai, Jinta, Anxi and Dingxin part of the city walls and some buildings collapsed and many houses were damaged. In the town of Changma all 800 families were affected, 270 people died and at least another 300 were injured; deaths were also recorded in Gaotai (3) and Jinta (2). Characteristics A surface rupture of about 116 km was identified after the earthquake, including five separate fault segments, the largest rupture observed for a reverse-slip event in Asia in the twentieth century.Chen Y.-G. Chen, W.-S. Wang, Y. Lo, P.W. Liu, T.K. Lee, J.C. 2002 Geomorphic evidence for prior earthquakes: Lessons from the 1999 Chichi earthquake in central Taiwan Geology 30 2 171–174 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0171:GEFPEL>2.0.CO;2 http://ashan.gl.ntu.edu.tw/publication/Publication-info_20100423/43.%20Geomorphic%20evidence%20for%20prior%20earthquakes%20Lessons%20from%20the%201999%20Chichi%20earthquake%20in%20central%20Taiwan.pdf 18 November 2010 2002Geo....30..171C Four of the segments that ruptured were reverse faults, the fifth was a strike-slip fault. Vertical offsets of more than a metre were observed on most of the segments, with a maximum of 5 m.Rubin C.M. 1996 Systematic underestimation of earthquake magnitudes from large intracontinental reverse faults: Historical ruptures break across segment boundaries 989 Geology 24 11 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0989:SUOEMF>2.3.CO;2 http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/24/11/989 18 November 2010 1996Geo....24..989R 2060/19980029715 free Seismic hazard implications The 1932 Changma earthquake shows that apparently separate mapped intracontinental reverse faults may rupture simultaneously in an earthquake. Estimates of the seismic hazard in an area based on the rupture of single reverse faults may lead to a major underestimate of the magnitudes of the largest possible earthquake. See also List of earthquakes in 1932 List of earthquakes in China References External links 906530 Changma Category:1932 in China Category:December 1932 in Asia 1932 Changma