1385

1385 250px|thumb|August 14: The Battle of Aljubarrota is fought in Portugal to determine which of two claimants— King Juan of Castile or Joao, Master of Aviz— will become the King of Portugal. 1385 Year 1385 (MCCCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. Events January–March January 11 – After learning that several of his cardinals had been debating whether to depose him on grounds that he is insane, Pope Urban VI orders the arrest of all of the cardinals within his reach. Giovanni da Amelia, Gentile di Sangro, Adam Eston, Ludovico Donato, Bartolomeo da Cogorno, and Marino del Giudice are all arrested and imprisoned and tortured at the castle of Nocera.Dietrich (von Nieheim) Georg Erler Theoderici de Nyem De scismate libri tres https://books.google.com/books?id=tFVhAAAAMAAJ 1890 Veit Leipzig Latin 77–79 Except for Eston, the cardinals arrested are put to death in Genoa by the end of 1386.Eubel Conradus Hierarchia catholica Tomus I 1913 Libreria Regensbergiana 23–24 Münster second Latin https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol01eubeuoft February 3 – (2 Muharram 787 AH) The madrasa (a religious school) of the Emir of Artuqid Empire, Majd al-Din Isa Al-Zahir, is dedicated and the date is placed on an inscription on the wall.Beyazit Deniz https://books.google.com/books?id=94gxEAAAQBAJ&dq=mardin+zinciriye+muqarnas&pg=PA206 Le décor architectural artuqide en pierre de Mardin placé dans son contexte regional: Contribution à l'histoire du décor géométrique et végétal du Proche-Orient des XIIe-XVe siècles Artuqid Architectural Stone Decoration in Mardin Placed within its Regional Context: A Contribution to the History of Geometric and Vegetal Decoration in the Near East (12th–15th Centuries) Archaeopress Publishing Ltd 2016 978-1-78491-123-2 80–86 fr The building is now a historic landmark in the city of Mardin, now located in Turkey. February 14 – John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, son of the late King Edward III of England and uncle of King Richard II, flees London after learning during a joust that he has been targeted for assassination by the King's advisors Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk and Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford; and John de Montacute, Earl of SalisburyGoodman Anthony John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-Century Europe 2013 Routledge 102 978-1-31789-480-3 LondonWalsingham Thomas The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, 1376–1422 Preest D. 1863–1864 J. G. Clark 2005 Boydell Press 140 978-1-84383-144-0 Woodbridge February – Bugaya becomes the new Sultan of Kano in what is now northern Nigeria, upon the death of his brother Yaji I.Hiskett M. 1957 The Kano Chronicle Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1/2 79–81 0035-869X 25201990 March 13 – Officials in the Kingdom of Scotland discover that 700 pounds sterling of bullion has been taken from the customs collectors of Edinburgh by John Stewart, the Earl of Carrick, who diverted the funds while acting as Guardian of Scotland.Boardman Stephen The Early Stewart Kings: Robert II and Robert III, 1371–1406 John Donald, an imprint of Birlinn Ltd 2007 Edinburgh 135–136 The Stewart Dynasty in Scotland Series 978-1-904607-68-7 March 22 – From the port of Sluis (now in the Netherlands), the Kingdom of France dispatches a fleet of ships, carrying an army of 1,315 soldiers, 300 crossbowmen and 200 assistants, to aid the Kingdom of Scotland in defense of an invasion by the Kingdom of England.Sadler J. Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296–1598 2005 Routledge Harlow 271 978-1-13814-343-2 The fleet arrives at the Scottish port of Leith, near Scotland's capital, Edinburgh, on March 25. April–June April 6 – At Coimbra, João, Master of Aviz, son of the late King Pedro I of Portugal, is declared by the Cortes of Coimbra to be the new King of Portugal.G. Mercer Adam ed., The History of Nations: Spain and Portugal (Philadelphia: John D. Morris and Company, 1906) p.174 May 6 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti leads a coup d'etat against his uncle, Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan and begins conquests to transform Milan into a Duchy, with himself as the Duke of Milan.Black Jane Absolutism in Renaissance Milan. Plenitude of power under the Visconti and the Sforza 1329–1535 Oxford University Press Oxford 2009 52–53 9780199565290 May 14 – The two-day Battle of Sluys concludes on the North Sea off of the coast of the Netherlands as England's Royal Navy, led by the Admiral, Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester attempts to blockade the Flemish port of Sluis and more than 100 ships stationed there. Jean de Vienne, Admiral of France, makes a successful counter-attack and the Royal Navy ships sail back to England to defend London.Jean-Claude Castex, Répertoire Des Combats Franco-anglais de la Guerre de Cent Ans (1337-1453) [Directory of Franco-English Battles of the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453)](Vancouver: Les Éditions du Phare-Ouest, 2012) p.167 May 29 – The Battle of Trancoso is fought between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile after a Castilian army pillages and burns the city of Viseu. As the Castilians are marching back with their plundered loot and prisoners, they are met by the Portuguese Army, which kills more than 400 soldiers along with six of the seven Castilian officers, then recovers the stolen treasure and releases all of the Portuguese citizens taken prisoner.Pereira Felix, John Abridgement of the History of Portugal (BiblioBazaar, 2009) p.116 ISBN 978-1-1103-3516-9 June 10 – English invasion of Scotland (1385): Preparing to lead invade Scotland as soon as the truce between England and Scotland expires on July 15, King Richard II of England assembles an army at Nottingham.The Hundred Years' War: Divided Houses Sumption J. Faber & Faber 2009 545–548 978-0-57124-012-8 III London July–September July 8 – English invasion of Scotland (1385): King Robert II of Scotland sends two armies of Scottish soldiers and French mercenaries south from Edinburgh and raids the English county of Northumberland. July 16 – King Richard II directs suppliers in Durham, Yorkshire, Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland to be prepared to supply food to the English Army, to be purchased "at a reasonable price for ready payment."Sharp B. Famine and Scarcity in Late Medieval and Early Modern England: The Regulation of Grain Marketing, 1256–1631 2016 Cambridge University Press 126–127 978-1-10712-182-9 Cambridge July 17 – Charles VI of France marries Isabeau of Bavaria; the wedding is celebrated with France's first court ball. July 21 – King Juan of Castile asserts in his will that he is the King of Portugal by virtue of his marriage in 1383 to Queen Beatriz of PortugalJ. P. Oliveira Martins The Golden Age of Prince Henry the Navigator https://books.google.com/books?id=3nBI7I_cxtAC&pg=PA2 2001 Simon Publications LLC 978-1-931313-99-5 3 August 6 – English invasion of Scotland (1385): After setting off from Berwick-upon-Tweed, the English Army invades Scotland.Macdonald A. J. Border Bloodshed: Scotland and England at War, 1369–1403 2000 Tuckwell Press East Linton 89–90 978-1-86232-106-9 The English soldiers quickly run out of food, since to supply lines have been created and the residents of the border towns in Scotland have fled, taking their food with them. Edmund of Langley is elevated to become the first Duke of York in England. August 11 – English invasion of Scotland (1385): The English Army reaches Edinburgh, capital of Scotland, and finds it deserted as its civilian residents have fled and the Scottish and French soldiers have retreated to Ettrick Forest. The frustrated English soldiers burn and loot the city.Rait R. S. An Outline of the Relations between England and Scotland, 500–1707 1901 Blackie 78 746293364 London| August 14 Battle of Aljubarrota: John of Aviz defeats John I of Castile in the decisive battle of the 1383–85 Crisis in Portugal. John of Aviz is crowned King John I of Portugal, ending Queen Beatrice's rule, and Portugal's independence from the Kingdom of Castile is secured. The Union of Krewo establishes the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland and Lithuania, through the proposed marriage of Queen regnant Jadwiga of Poland and Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania, and sees the acceptance of Roman Catholicism by the Lithuanian elite, and an end to the Greater Poland Civil War. August 15 – English invasion of Scotland (1385): With England's Army having left its borders undefended, Scottish and French troops invade England and plunder Cumberland in retaliation for the burning of Edinburgh. August 17 – English invasion of Scotland (1385): Having accomplished nothing but destruction of property, the English Army begins its withdrawal from Scotland and returns to England.Richard II Saul N. Yale University Press 1997 145 978-0-300-07003-3 Bury St Edmunds August 23 – In celebration of the marriage of Wilhelm the Courteous, Duke of Austria, to Jadwiga, Queen of Poland, the leaders of the city of Kraków grant amnesty to the prisoners in the city jail.Halecki Oscar Oscar Halecki 1991 Jadwiga of Anjou and the Rise of East Central Europe Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America 132–133 0-88033-206-9 August 31 – King Richard II of England begins an invasion of Scotland. The English burn Holyrood and Edinburgh, but return home without a decisive battle.Palmer Alan Palmer Veronica 1992 The Chronology of British History Century Ltd London 109–113 0-7126-5616-2 September 7 – Scottish and French troops unsuccessfully try to besiege the walled city of Carlisle in England, but Sir Henry Percy, nicknamed "Hotspur" breaks the siege and the attackers withdraw to Scotland, ending the war between the two kingdoms.Bevan B. King Richard II 1990 Rubicon Press London 45 978-0-94869-517-9 September 18 – Battle of Savra: Serbian forces under Balša II and Ivaniš Mrnjavčević are defeated by Ottoman commander Hayreddin Pasha, near Berat. October–December October 15 – Battle of Valverde: The armies of Portugal defeat Castile. November 1 – Sigismund of Luxembourg, Margrave of Brandenburg and son of the late Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, enforces a 1373 agreement of betrothal and marries Mary, Queen of Hungary, citing an agreement that had been made by King Louis I of Hungary. December 31 – King Carlo III, ruler of the Kingdom of Naples, is crowned as King Károly II of Hungary by the Archbishop Demeter of Esztergom at Székesfehérvár after a group of Hungarian nobles helps him overthrow Queen Maria. Date unknown Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde conquers parts of the Jalayirid Sultanate in western Persia, causing a rift between himself and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who had also wanted to conquer Persia. Olav IV of Norway is elected as titular King of Sweden, in opposition to the unpopular King Albert. The Hongwu Emperor of China's Ming dynasty relents after eighteen tribute missions over the previous eight years, and agrees to invest King U of Goryeo. Construction is completed on Castello Estense in Ferrara (now in Italy) Bodiam Castle (East Sussex, England) Births June 23 – Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken (d. 1459) August 1 – John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel, English noble (d. 1421) August 15 – Richard de Vere, 11th Earl of Oxford, English noble (d. 1417) date unknown Jean I, Duke of Alençon (d. 1415) Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter (approximate date; d. 1441) Margaret Holland, Duchess of Clarence, English noble (d. 1429) Mircea I of Wallachia (d. 1418) Deaths June 28 – Andronikos IV Palaiologos, co-ruler of the Byzantine Empire August 7 – Joan of Kent, Dowager Princess of Wales, widow of Edward the Black Prince (b. 1328) September 18 – Balša II, ruler of Zeta October 15 – Dionysius I, Metropolitan of Moscow December 19 – Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan (b. 1319) date unknown Xu Da, Chinese military leader (b. 1332) References