1899 Aydın–Denizli earthquake

Earthquake in Turkey 1899 Aydın–Denizli earthquake Turkey yes 20 September 1899 04:00 6.5–7.1 w y 37.9 28.1 region:ID_type:event inline,titleSipahioglu Selçuk Büyük Menderes Alçalımı ile Menderes Masifi Yükseliminin Sınırını Oluşturan Kuşağa Uygulanan Bir Deprem Öncesi Çalışması Bulletin of Earthquake Research 1979 6 25 https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/downloadDocument?id=1843 A Pre-Earthquake Study Applied to the Belt Forming the Boundary of Büyük Menderes Graben and Menderes Massif Horst tr Ottoman Empire 9Ambraseys N. N. Engineering seismology: Part I Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 17 1 1988 0098-8847 10.1002/eqe.4290170101 18 1988EESD...17....1A 1,117–1,470 fatalities, "hundreds" injured The 1899 Aydın–Denizli earthquake which struck present-day Turkey on September 20 resulted in between 1,117 and 1,470 fatalities. Heavy damage was reported in the provinces of Aydın and Denizli. The shallow normal-faulting earthquake had a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Estimates of the seismic magnitude range from 6.5 to 7.1 w y. Tectonic setting thumb|left|200px|A plate tectonics map of Western Turkey Turkey is located in a geologically active area of the Anatolian Plate where neighbouring plates interact along boundaries, including the North Anatolian Fault, East Anatolian Fault and Hellenic subduction zone. The northward progression of the Arabian Plate towards the Anatolian Plate, and subduction of oceanic crust beneath the Anatolian Plate results in internal crustal deformation. Intraplate strike-slip faults within the Anatolian Plate accommodate this crustal deformation, together with faulting along the North Anatolian and East Anatolian faults. Western Turkey is located in a region of active extension (the West Anatolian Extensional Province). This zone of north–south extension is the result of oceanic crust subducting offshore. Active normal faults accommodate the extension deformation, forming east–west trending horst and graben features.Kumsar Halil Aydan Ömer Şimşek Celal D’Andria Francesco Historical earthquakes that damaged Hierapolis and Laodikeia antique cities and their implications for earthquake potential of Denizli basin in western Turkey Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 2016 75 2 519–536 10.1007/s10064-015-0791-0 2016BuEGE..75..519K 128049511 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/250317353.pdf Earthquake 250px|thumb|right|Büyük Menderes Graben The 1899 earthquake was the result of rupturing an active normal fault in the West Anatolian Extensional Province. The fault responsible for the earthquake was a south-dipping, low-angle structure which also formed the Büyük Menderes Graben. It represented the northern boundary of the graben. The rupture is thought to have initiated 4–5 km beneath the surface. Earthquakes in the Denizli area are frequent, with at least eight historically damaging events recorded since 60 CE. A 50 km long surface rupture and up to 3 m of vertical displacement was measured during geological fieldworks in the 1960s and 1970s. Near Sarayköy, an offset of 2 m was measured. The rupture also produced a 50 cm right-lateral strike-slip component.Altunel Erhan Geological and geomorphological observations in relation to the 20 September 1899 Menderes earthquake, Western Turkey Journal of the Geological Society 1999 156 2 241–246 10.1144/gsjgs.156.2.0241 1999JGSoc.156..241A 128556093 In 1998, Nicholas Ambraseys measured the surface rupture length to be 70 km. A 2013 study of damage and aid distribution reports led to the interpretation that the earthquake may have in fact been two mainshocks occurring in close succession of each other. The latter mainshock had an estimated magnitude of 6.7.Ocakoğlu Faruk Açıkalın Sanem Güneş Günver Özkes Sevilay Dirik Kadir Özsayın Erman Was the 1899 Menderes Valley Earthquake a double earthquake? Historical and paleosismological constraints Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2013 67–68 187–198 10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.02.026 2013JAESc..67..187O Aftermath The area within the Büyük Menderes Graben was extensively damaged, with the cities of Sultanhisar, Atca, Nazilli, Kuyucak, Sarayköy, Denizli and Karacasu experiencing the greatest destruction. A total of 12,932 homes were destroyed, including 350 in Aydın; 2,052 in Köşk, Sultanhisar, Atça and Nazilli; 2,931 in Kuyucak and Ortakçı; and 720 in Sarayköy.Aydın'da yaşanan en büyük deprem: 1899 The biggest earthquake in Aydın: 1899 https://www.aydindenge.com.tr/guncel/04/11/2020/aydinda-yasanan-en-buyuk-deprem-1899 Aydın Denge Gazetesi 22 July 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220208213139/https://www.aydindenge.com.tr/guncel/04/11/2020/aydinda-yasanan-en-buyuk-deprem-1899 8 February 2022 tr 4 November 2020 In addition, 8,756 more were damaged. The earthquake and its secondary effects killed 1,117–1,470 people and left 80,000–100,000 homeless. An estimated 55 percent of all homes in Denizli were razed. The older part of Nazilli was completely destroyed; a liquorice factory and all public infrastructures were decimated. In the newer part of town, half the home stock was left in ruins, further exacerbated by a conflagration. Fires also destroyed the homes of Saraykoy, including those that survived the shock. Several hundred homes and the minarets of a mosque collapsed in Aydin. A factory chimney, and some churches and synagogues also toppled. On the stretch of railroad from Aydin to Cal and Denizli, parts of the earthwork slumped, causing the rails to be suspended 2 m in the air. Railway bridges were damaged at three towns located near Sarayköy. Collapsed telecommunication poles were reported east of Kuyucak and Gemelli. Landslides buried an abandoned town and damage two more. Soil liquefaction was reported in Kogarli, Sahinli and Cellat.National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/2559 Global Significant Earthquake Database 1972 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information 22 July 2022 10.7289/V5TD9V7K National Geophysical Data Center Response News of the disaster reached the government of the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul, and a crisis management was established. Multiple relief campaigns were started by various religious and ethnic groups in Istanbul and İzmir. Damaged telecommunication systems disrupted the distribution of aid in the first few days after the earthquake. Aid distribution was highly disorganized but carried on smoothly when official establishments in Aydın, Istanbul and İzmir were involved. The Ottoman government helped construct 5,598 homes and repaired 11,975 others. See also List of historical earthquakes List of earthquakes in Turkey References 33em Further reading Atar Zafer Fotoğraflarında 1899 Aydın Denizli Depremi Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies 2013 13 27 5–32 https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/237037 The 1899 earthquake of Aydın–Denizli with photos tr Category:1899 earthquakes Category:Earthquakes in Turkey Category:1899 in the Ottoman Empire Category:1890s disasters in Asia Category:19th-century disasters in the Ottoman Empire Category:History of Aydın Province Category:History of Denizli Province Category:September 1899 in Asia Category:Sultanhisar Category:Nazilli Category:Kuyucak Category:Sarayköy Category:History of Denizli Category:Karacasu Category:Doublet earthquakes