1668 Shandong earthquake

Magnitude 8.5 earthquake in East China Great Tancheng earthquake 35.3 N 118.6 E inline,title China July 25, 1668 8.5 s yes, 7.7 or 8.5 w y 22-28 km Yishu Fault Qing dynasty (present day China) 12 Probable Lasted for six years 42,578–50,000+ dead yes A major earthquake occurred during the rule of the Qing dynasty in Shandong Province on July 25, 1668. It had an estimated magnitude of s y 8.5,25 July 1668 Tancheng (Shandong) https://emidius.eu/GEH/info/?en=1668.0725 Global Historical Earthquake Archive 23 July 2021 making it the largest historical earthquake in East China, and one of the largest to occur on land. An estimated 43,000 to 50,000 people were killed,Jianshe Lei Dapeng Zhao Xiwei Xu Mofei Du Qi Mi Mingwen Lu 2020 P-wave upper-mantle tomography of the Tanlu fault zone in eastern China Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 299 106402 10.1016/j.pepi.2019.106402 2020PEPI..29906402L free and its effects were widely felt. Its epicenter may have been located between Ju and Tancheng counties, northeast of the prefecture-level city of Linyi in southern Shandong. Geology The earthquake occurred halfway between Beijing and Shanghai, where seismic activity is infrequent. There had not been any major earthquakes in the area for over 150 years. Within historical times, only seven earthquakes have occurred with estimated magnitudes greater than s 6.0. The first recorded earthquake occurred northwest of Zhucheng in 70 BCE, estimated at s 7.0 or greater. The most recent destructive earthquake occurred on 19 November 1829, measuring s 6.75 near Yidu and Linqu. These major earthquakes occurred along the Tan-Lu Fault Zone. The Tan-Lu Fault Zone is eastern China's most geologically significant fault—a north-northeast-south-southwest trending dextral strike-slip fault zone. The fault extends 2,400 km from Wuxue near the Yangtze River bank, through the Bohai Sea, to Zhaoxing in Heilongjiang. It has evolved multiple times during its history; from the late Triassic to middle Cretaceous, it was a sinistral strike-slip fault zone which produced offsets ranging from 200–740 km. During the late Cretaceous, the fault zone became an area of extensional tectonics, producing rift grabens and collecting sediments up to 10 km thick in some areas. During the Paleogene, rifting ceased and the fault zone evolved into a dextral strike-slip fault by the late Eocene. This was in response to the change in tectonics brought on by the India–Asia collision and subduction along the west Pacific.Lei Jianshe Zhao Dapeng Xu Xiwei Du Mofei Mi Qi Lu Mingwen P-wave upper-mantle tomography of the Tanlu fault zone in eastern China Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2020 299 106402 10.1016/j.pepi.2019.106402 2020PEPI..29906402L 210637062 free Earthquake thumb|right|Isoseismal map of the earthquake illustrating a range of damage severity across the region The earthquake rupture occurred along the 360 km-long Yishu Fault, a segment of the Tan-Lu Fault Zone. The Tan-Lu Fault Zone formed during the Mesozoic. Its slip rate has been estimated at less than 1–2.6 mm per year.Liu Mian Stein Seth 2016 Mid-continental earthquakes: Spatiotemporal occurrences, causes, and hazards https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.northwestern.edu/dist/8/1676/files/2017/05/esrintra-y0aqbn.pdf Earth-Science Reviews 162 364–386 2016ESRv..162..364L 10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.09.016 Elsevier Science DirectWenliang Jiang Jingfa Zhang Zhujun Han Tian Tian Qisong Jiao Xin Wang Hongbo Jiang 2017 Characteristic Slip of Strong Earthquakes Along the Yishu Fault Zone in East China Evidenced by Offset Landforms Tectonics 36 10 1947–1965 10.1002/2016TC004363 2017Tecto..36.1947J 133827242 During the earthquake, the Yishu Fault produced an average offset of 9 m. The slip sense was mainly dextral strike-slip with a small thrust component.Zhou Cuiying Diao Guiling Geng Jie Li Yonghong Xu Ping Xu Xinliang Feng Xiangdong Fault plane parameters of Tancheng M8½ earthquake on the basis of present-day seismological data http://www.equsci.org.cn/fileDZXBEN/journal/article/dzxbywb/2010/6/PDF/es-2010-23-567.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20220102220817/https://www.equsci.org.cn/fileDZXBEN/journal/article/dzxbywb/2010/6/PDF/es-2010-23-567.pdf 2 January 2022 Earthquake Science 2010 23 6 567–576 10.1007/s11589-010-0756-0 2010EaSci..23..567Z free Seismic inversion suggest a 160 x 32 km mi off us rupture area on a near-vertical, north–south striking fault. A hypocenter depth of between 22 km and 28 km has been suggested. Three aftershocks occurred on 26 July and 18 September 1688; estimated at s 6.25 and 6.0, respectively. Another aftershock occurred in 1672 estimated at s 6.0. A 2026 research paper published by Acta Seismologica Sinica detailed the discovery of surface ruptures possibly related to the 1668 event near the village of Maipo. Offset gullies, fault scarps, sag ponds and pressure ridge features were fault in the area. Right-lateral displacements of 2.0 to 3.3 m and vertical displacements of 0.25 to 1.3 m were measured. At a displaced gully in southern Maipo, a maximum strike-slip offset of 5.5 ± 1 m and 0.5 m vertical displacement was measured. Based on studying the seismicity of the area, seismologists Maipo–Hezhuang region. Scaling relationships between the rupture dimensions and earthquake magnitude suggest a moment magnitude of 7.7. Huang Chenyang Li Zhiwen Ren Junjie Wang Yingkui Ma Peixuan 2026 Discovery of the seismic surface rupture around Maipo Village in Shandong and its tectonic significance to the 1668 Tancheng earthquake Acta Seismologica Sinica 48 4 682–702 10.11939/jass.20260054 A paleoseismic study of the fault zone in 1987 suggest the same segment was the source of a similarly sized earthquake in 6280 BCE. The same fault may have also produced a 1975 earthquake in Haicheng, 700 km north of this event.Press Frank Bullock Mary Hamilton Robert M. Brace William F. Kisslinger Carl Bonilla Manuel G. Allen Clarence R. Sykes Lynn R. Raleigh, C. Barry Knopoff Leon Clough Ray W. 1975 Earthquake research in China https://authors.library.caltech.edu/52562/1/eost1774.pdf Eos 838–881 10.1029/EO056i011p00838 https://web.archive.org/web/20220609172355/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/52562/1/eost1774.pdf 9 June 2022 Hofheinz Roy Jr. Smith Peter G. 56 11 1975EOSTr..56..838. Another destructive earthquake in 1969 was also produced along the Tan-Lu Fault Zone.山东郯城逾8级大地震352周年：重评地震区划助力当地发展 The 352nd anniversary of the magnitude 8 earthquake in Tancheng, Shandong: Re-evaluation of earthquake zoning to help local development https://m.yunnan.cn/system/2020/07/25/030829727.shtml 24 July 2022 China News Service 云桥网 25 July 2020 zh Impact +Death toll by locationPlaceFatalitiesJu County>20,000Tancheng County>8,700Linyi>6,900Zhucheng>2,700Dongying>1,000LaiwuMost of the population was killedJiaoxian>90Weifang>470Yishui1,725Jimo653Zouxian>100Yutai140Sishui>100 The earthquake was felt in 379 counties, 29 of which experienced catastrophic damage. It also affected Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Liaoning, and Korea. Damage extended 1,000 km away from Tancheng, Linyi and Ju counties. It is considered one of the most destructive in Chinese history. The earthquake produced strong shaking assigned XII (Extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale.Significant Earthquake Information https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1054 24 July 2022 National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 1972 10.7289/V5TD9V7K National Geophysical Data Center Seismic intensity VIII was assigned to a 16,800 km2 elliptical-shaped area along the fault zone.Wang Jian Main Ian G. Strong historical earthquakes and their relationships with the Tan-Lu fault system and modern seismicity in eastern China Natural Hazards 25 August 2022 115 539–564 10.1007/s11069-022-05565-8 251815860 free 20.500.11820/54b534b8-1dfc-4fcb-bc07-2199323220ab free In Ju County, more than 20,000 people died. Residential and official homes were destroyed while schools, temples, warehouses and the city walls toppled. Landslides occurred on the hills around Mashi, Wulugu, Yanjiagu, Shifengdo, Keluodo and Maqi. Widespread land subsidence and collapse occurred.郯城麦坡：大地震留下的岁月痕迹 Maipo, Tancheng: Traces of Time Left by the Great Earthquake http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-05-25/063915679382s.shtml Qilu Evening News 24 July 2022 zh 25 May 2009 Fissures up to 1 m wide and hundreds of meters long were observed. One fissure measured 7.5 km from Guanzhuang to Gehu along a river cliff. It ejected dust, sand and water. At three wells, water was ejected 1 m into the air. In Tancheng, battlements, government buildings, homes, a watchtower, temples and storehouses were completely destroyed. Over 8,700 people died. Fissures were reportedly so wide that people were unable to walk over it. The bottom of these fissures were also too deep to be seen. Water erupted from the ground to a height of 10 m. At Lizhuang, a town in the county, massive subsidence occurred.Shaoyuan Che Qianyuan Zhuang 回眸：清朝康熙年间郯城大地震 Looking Back: The Great Tancheng Earthquake During the Kangxi Period of the Qing Dynasty http://www.historychina.net/qsyj/ztyj/shs/2012-01-04/32960.shtml Dazhong Daily 24 July 2022 29 December 2011 In Linyi, all homes, city walls and temples were damaged, and more than 6,900 people were killed. Black-colored water reportedly emerged from fissures; water also erupted from wells, creating a pool 15–20 m wide. In nearby cities, walls fell, and some parts were flooded by overflowing rivers and wells. Fissures caused water and sand to erupt, burying homes. Many livestock also died. Heavy damage also occurred in Ganyu. Tsunami Historical records also documented a probable tsunami in the region. It was reported that coastal cities were flooded and rivers overflowed.National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Tsunami Event Information https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/event-more-info/300 31 March 2021 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information 10.7289/V5PN93H7 Response The Kangxi Emperor ordered his ministry to handle the relief efforts. In 40 prefectures and counties, tax fees were waived. Over 227,300 taels of silver were issued.那年今日，郯城8.5级大地震 中国历史上最大的地震 原文網址 https://kknews.cc/zh-my/history/m6na449.html Daily Headlines 24 July 2022 zh 25 July 2018 See also List of historical earthquakes List of earthquakes in China References Further reading Jiang Wenliang Zhang Jingfa Han Zhujun Tian Tian Jiao Qisong Xin Wang Hongbo Jiang Characteristic Slip of Strong Earthquakes Along the Yishu Fault Zone in East China Evidenced by Offset Landforms Tectonics 2017 36 10 1947–1965 10.1002/2016TC004363 2017Tecto..36.1947J 133827242 Category:Earthquakes in Shandong Category:1668 disasters Category:1668 in Asia Category:1660s earthquakes Category:Tsunamis in China Category:Geography of East China