12th century in literature

none July 2013 thumb|Scribe of Eadwine Psalter (mid-12th century, English) This article is a list of literary events and works created in the 12th century. The 12th century in Western Europe saw an increase in the production of Latin texts and a proliferation of literate clerics from the multiplying cathedral schools. At the same time, vernacular literatures ranging from Provençal to Icelandic embodied in lyric and romance the values and worldview of an increasingly self-conscious and prosperous courtly aristocracy. These two trends contributed to a sweeping revival of letters with a lasting influence on the development of literature in the following centuries. Events 1104: September 3 – St. Cuthbert is reburied in Durham Cathedral (England) and the St. Cuthbert Gospel of St. John removed from his tomb. 1170: Poet, politician and historian Lu You (陸游) travels on the Grand Canal (China) from Shaoxing to the river Yangtze, recording his progress in a diary.Lu You Watson, Philip Grand Canal, Great River: the travel diary of a twelfth-century Chinese poet London Frances Lincoln 2007 9780711227194 Before 1173: Copenhagen Psalter produced in northern England 1170: 29 December – Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket is assassinated in Canterbury Cathedral, an event that inspires several plays, notably: Alfred, Lord Tennyson's Becket (1884),Shirlee Emmons Wilbur Watkins Lewis Researching the Song:A Lexicon https://books.google.com/books?id=WQdfpYGW6KoC&pg=PA443 22 December 2005 Oxford University Press, USA 978-0-19-803469-8 443 T. S. Eliot's Murder in the Cathedral (1935),Randy Malamud T.S. Eliot's Drama: A Research and Production Sourcebook https://books.google.com/books?id=O7FaAAAAMAAJ 1992 Greenwood Press 978-0-313-27813-6 67 Jean Anouilh's Becket (Becket, ou l'honneur de Dieu, 1959)Leonard Cabell Pronko The World of Jean Anouilh https://books.google.com/books?id=VAGIEd0kevEC&pg=PA56 University of California Press 56 and Paul Webb's Four Nights in Knaresborough (1999).https://www.theguardian.com/stage/1999/nov/11/theatre.artsfeatures Look back in rancour The Guardian 22 May 2007 London Michael Billington 11 November 1999 It also features in novels such as Conrad Ferdinand Meyer's Der Heilige ("The Saint", 1879),Conrad Ferdinand Meyer The Complete Narrative Prose of Conrad Ferdinand Meyer https://books.google.com/books?id=4wHw_Wp_vAcC&pg=PA271 March 1976 Bucknell University Press 978-0-8387-1036-4 271 Ken Follett's The Pillars of the Earth (1989)Ken Follett The Pillars of the Earth https://books.google.com/books?id=VJ4qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1075 2014 Pan Books 978-1-4472-6544-3 1075 and Sharon Kay Penman's Time and Chance (2002).https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-399-14785-2 Fiction Book Review: Time and Chance Publishers Weekly 8 January 2021 1193: The university and its libraries at Nalanda in India are sacked and burned by Turkic invader Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji; the burning of the library is said to have continued for several months.Minhaj-i-Siraj Minhaj-i-Siraj Tabaqat-i Nasiri 1260Allen Charles Charles Allen (writer) 2002 The Buddha and the Sahibs London John MurrayScott David May 1995 Buddhism and Islam: Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons Numen 42 2 141–155 10.1163/1568527952598657 3270172Sen Gertrude Emerson 1964 The Story of Early Indian Civilization Orient Longmans 610346317 Histories Early 12th century Gesta Francorum is Íslendingabók Liber Eliensis by monks of Ely Abbey By 1106 mga Lebor na hUidre by monks of Clonmacnoise 1108 Dei gesta per Francos by Guibert of Nogent 1112–18 la Gesta principum Polonorum by 'Gallus Anonymus' 1113 Primary Chronicle (cu Повѣсть времяньныхъ лѣтъ, Povest' Vremyan'nykh Let''', Tale of Bygone Years or Chronicle of Nestor) 1120–40 Annals of St Neots by monks of Bury St Edmunds 1122–54 Peterborough Chronicle1125–50 Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis by Albert of Aix 1135–39 Estoire des Engleis by Geoffrey Gaimar 1136 la Historia Regum Britanniae by Geoffrey of Monmouth From 1137 Vita Ludovici regis by Abbot Suger and Historia gloriosi regis Ludovici by Suger and others Concludes 1140 Chronicon ex chronicis by John of Worcester c. 1140 Chronicon Roskildense1145 Samguk Sagi (삼국사기, History of the Three Kingdoms) by Kim Pusik and others Concludes 1146 Chronica de duabus civitatibus by Otto of Freising 1149–50 la Visio Tnugdali transcribed by Brother Marcus 1150–55 Roman de Brut by Wace Concludes 1152 Gesta Friderici Imperatoris Book 1 by Otto of Freising 1153–54 Relatio de Standardo (Account of the Standard, or De bello standardii, On the Battle of the Standard) by Aelred of Rievaulx 1154 Historia Anglorum by Henry of Huntingdon (fifth and last book completed) 1162–84 la Gesta comitum Barcinonensium by monks of Santa Maria de Ripoll 1170 la Chronicon Lethrense 1170–84 Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum by William of Tyre c.1168–69 Chronica Slavorum by Helmold of Bosau By 1177 Unum ex quatuor (gospel harmony with commentary) by Clement of Llanthony 1178–1208 la Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus 1181–82 Witherlogh by Sven Aggesen 1183 la De bello Troiano by Joseph of Exeter 1186–87 Historia brevis regum Dacie by Sven Aggesen 1188 Topographia Hibernica ("Topography of Ireland") by Gerald of Wales 1190s Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja1190–1215 Brut by Layamon 1191 (circulated, after revisions 1216-1217) la De principis instructione (On the education of a prince) by Gerald of WalesBejczy István P. 2006 Gerald of Wales on the Cardinal Virtues: A Reappraisal of "De Principis Instructione" https://www.jstor.org/stable/43632761 Medium Ævum 75 2 191–201 10.2307/43632761 0025-8385 subscription 1192 Chronicon de rebus gestis Ricardi Primi by Richard of Devizes Philosophy/theology Early 12th century Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible1120 Theologia 'Summi Boni' by Peter Abelard 1121 la Sic et Non by Peter Abelard 1141–42 Historia Ecclesiastica by Orderic Vitalis 1142 Speculum caritatis (The Mirror of Charity) by Aelred of Rievaulx 1150 Skara Missal 1150 ar-latn Hayy ibn Yaqdhan by Ibn TufailThe Four Books of Sentences (Libri Quattuor Sententiarum) by Peter LombardDe tribus in paenitentia consideranda and Unum ex quatuor by Clement of Llanthony Mid-12th century Unum ex quatuor by Clement of Llanthony (translation into Middle English: Oon of Foure) 1152–64 Liber viarum Dei by Elisabeth of Schönau 1160De institutione inclusarum by Aelred of RievaulxPolicraticus by John of Salisbury 1163? Makhzan al-Asrar (The Treasury of Mysteries) by Nizami Ganjavi 1164–67 De spirituali amicitiâ (Spiritual Friendship) and De anima (On the Soul) by Aelred of Rievaulx 1175–1200 enm Poema Morale 1185–90 The Guide for the Perplexed (دلالة الحائرين, Dalālat al-ḥā'irīn) by Maimonides 1190 Senchakushū (選択本願念仏集) by Hōnen (法然) 1196 Revelation of St Nicholas to a monk of EveshamAbridged in Flores Historiarum. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature vol. II, chapter XIII, section 10. Biography/hagiography 11th or 12th centuryBetha Meic Creiche (Life of Mac Creiche)Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib (The War of the Irish with the Foreigners, biography of Brian Boru) 12th centuryDe Reis van Sinte Brandaen (The Voyage of Saint Brendan)Ramavataram by KambarThe Life of Saint Catherine translated into Anglo-Norman by Clemence of Barking By 1111 Deliverance From Error (المنقذ من الضلال, al-munqidh min al-ḍalāl) by Al-Ghazali (spiritual autobiography) 1111–1115 Vita Mathildis (Life of Mathilda of Tuscany) by Donizone 1124 Vita Anselmi (Life of Anselm of Canterbury) by Eadmer (and other lives of British saints) 1148 Alexiad by Anna Komnene 1153 Vita Davidis Scotorum regis (Life of David, King of the Scots) by Aelred of Rievaulx 1153–54 Genealogia regum Anglorum (Genealogy of the Kings of the English) by Aelred of Rievaulx 1154–60 Vita Sancti Niniani (Life of Saint Ninian) by Aelred of Rievaulx 1160 De Sanctimoniali de Wattun (On the Nun of Watton, or De quodam miraculo miraculi, Of a Certain Wonderful Miracle) by Aelred of Rievaulx 1160–70 Het Leven van Sint Servaes (The Life of Saint Servatius) by Heinrich von Veldeke 1161–63 Vita S. Eduardi, regis et confessoris (Life of Saint Edward, King and Confessor) by Aelred of Rievaulx 1180–86 Vita Wulfrici anchoretae Haselbergiae (Life of Wulfric the anchorite of Haselbery) by John of Ford 1199 De rebus a se gestis by Gerald of Wales (autobiography) Epic/saga/chansonTáin Bó Cúailnge (Old Irish version in mga Lebor na hUidre, by 1106; Middle Irish version in Book of Leinster, 1160)Ramavataram by Kambar Earliest texts of the Tristan and Iseult legend 1150–1190 Le Roman de Tristan by Béroul ("common branch"; Norman language) 1155–1173 Tristan by Thomas of Britain ("courtly branch"; Old French) 1160 fr Roman d'Enéas 1165 Letter of Prester John1180 fr Chanson d'Antioche 1180–1210 de Nibelungenlied Late 12th centuryAcallam na Senórach (Dialogue of the Ancients; Middle Irish)Aiol and Mirabel (Old French)Karel ende Elegast (Middle Dutch)The Tale of Igor's Campaign (Слово о пълкѹ Игоревѣ, Slovo o pŭlku Igorevě; Old East Slavic)Chanson de JérusalemDigenis AcritasMetrical Dindshenchasc. 12th centuryHistoria Caroli Magni (pseudo-history falsely attributed to Turpin (archbishop of Reims))The Knight in the Panther's Skin by Shota RustaveliMabinogionRomance 1100 Culhwch and Olwen1155–60 fr Roman de Troie by Benoît de Sainte-Maure 1170 fr Érec et Énide by Chrétien de Troyes 1175–1200? Roman de toute chevalerie by Thomas de Kent 1176 Cligès by Chrétien de Troyes 1177–80 Khosrow and Shirin by Nizami Ganjavi 1177–81 by Chrétien de TroyesLancelot, le Chevalier de la CharretteYvain, le Chevalier au Lion1180sIpomedon by Hugh of RhuddlanProtheselaus by Hugh of RhuddlanDer arme Heinrich by Hartmann von Aue 1181–91 fr Perceval, le Conte du Graal by Chrétien de Troyes 1190 Gregorius by Hartmann von Aue 1191–92? Erec by Hartmann von Aue 1192 Layla and Majnun by Nizami Ganjavi c. 1194? Eskandar-nameh, an Alexander romance, by Nizami Ganjavi 1197 Haft Peykar by Nizami Ganjavi Fable/allegoryDolopathos, translation of the Seven Wise Masters made by Jean de Hauteseille (Joannes de Alta Silva) 1121 Kalīleh o Demneh (fa کلیله و دمنه), translation of the Panchatantra made by Abu'l Ma'ali Nasr Allah Munshi 1147 la Cosmographia by Bernardus Silvestris 1184 Architrenius by John of Hauville DramaLudus de AntichristoOrdo VirtutumLyric 1119 Lyric poetry by William IX, Duke of Aquitaine, in Old Occitan known 1124–27 Waka anthology ja-latn Kin'yō Wakashū (Collection of Gold Leaves) compiled by Minamoto no Shunrai (源 俊頼) 1140s–1150s Goliardic poetry by Hugh Primas of Orléans 1151–54 Waka anthology ja-latn Shika Wakashū (Collection of Word Blossom) compiled by Fujiwara no Akisue (藤原 顕季) 1160s Goliardic poetry by the Archpoet c. 1188 Waka anthology Senzai Wakashū (Millennial Collection, 千載和歌集) compiled by Fujiwara no Shunzei (藤原 俊成) Late 12th century Lais by Marie de France (Anglo-Norman) Linguistics 1125–1175 First Grammatical Treatise (Old Norse) by the "First Grammarian" Topography 1191 Itinerarium Cambriae by Gerald of Wales 1194 Descriptio Cambriae by Gerald of Wales 1199? la De laude Cestrie by Lucian of Chester Treatises 1107 Treatise on Tea (大觀茶論, dà guān chá lùn) by Emperor Huizong of Song 1113 Comput(us) by Philip de Thaun (Anglo-Norman, in hexasyllabic couplets) 1121–39 Bestiaire by Philip de Thaun (Bestiary translated from Physiologus into Anglo-Norman rhyming couplets) 1180–84 Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii (Treatise on the Purgatory of St Patrick) by H[enry] of Saltrey Encyclopedias By 1129 Manasollasa composed by Someshvara III, ruler of the south Indian Western Chalukya Empire (Sanskrit) 1167–85 Hortus deliciarum'' compiled by Herrad of Landsberg (original destroyed 1870) Authors Born 1100/1110: Geoffrey of Monmouth, Welsh chronicler (died 1155) Died 1101: August 24 Su Shi (蘇軾), Chinese poet (born 1037) Died 1105: July 13 Rashi, French rabbinical scholar (born 1040) Killed 1106: Máel Muire mac Céilechair, Irish monk and scribe Born 1109: April 21 – Anselm of Canterbury, Aostan-born archbishop and philosopher (born c. 1033) Born 1110: Aelred of Rievaulx, writer and abbot (died 1167) Born c. 1110: Wace, Jèrriais poet (died after 1174) Born c. 1110: Lawrence of Durham, English poet, hagiographer and bishop (died 1154) Died 1118: Florence (Florentius) of Worcester, English chronicler and monk Born 1121/2: Khaqani, Persian poet (died 1190) Born 1125: October 17 – Lu You (陸游), Chinese poet (died 1209) Died 1126: Eadmer, English ecclesiastic and historian (born c. 1060) Born 1130: Akka Mahadevi, female Indian Kannada language Vachana sahitya didactic poet (died 1160) Died 1131: December 4 Omar Khayyám, Persian philosopher, scientist and presumed poet (born 1048) Born 1141: Nizami Ganjavi, Seljuk Empire Persian romantic epic poet (died 1209) Born 1146: Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis), Cambro-Norman churchman and topographer (died c. 1223) Died 1157: Henry of Huntingdon, English historian writing in Latin Died 1160: Ibn Quzman, al-Andalusian poet (born 1078) Born 1162: Fujiwara no Teika (Fujiwara no Sadaie, 藤原定家) Japanese waka poet, calligrapher and scholar (died 1241) Died 1167: January 12 – Aelred of Rievaulx, writer and abbot (born 1100) Fl. 1180s: Joseph of Exeter, English poet writing in Latin Fl. 1180s: H[enry] of Saltrey, English Cistercian monk writing in Latin Born 1197: Gonzalo de Berceo, Castilian poet (died by 1264) Fl. late 12th century: Chrétien de Troyes, Old French poet 12th or 13th century: Berechiah ha-Nakdan, Jewish exegete, poet and philosopher 12th century: Jocelyn de Brakelond, English chronicler and monk See also 12th century in poetry 11th century in literature 13th century in literature List of years in literature References Category:Medieval literature Category:History of literature