1866 in science

none 1866 science 1866 The year 1866 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy May – William Huggins studies the emission spectrum of a nova and discovers that it is surrounded by a cloud of hydrogen.http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34039 Huggins, Sir William (1824–1910) Barbara J. Becker 2004 10.1093/ref:odnb/34039 2011-03-04 June 4 – Pluto (not known at this time) reaches its only aphelion between 1618 and 2113. Giovanni Schiaparelli realizes that meteor streams occur when the Earth passes through the orbit of a comet that has left debris along its path. Biology Gregor Mendel publishes his laws of inheritance.Mendel J. G. 1866 Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn IV 3–47 (Abhandlungen) For the English translation, see Druery C. T. William Bateson Experiments in plant hybridization Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 26 1–32 1901 http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/gm-65.pdf 2009-10-09 Ernst Haeckel challenges the plant/animal division of life, observing that single celled organisms, the protists, do not fit into either category. Élie Metchnikoff describes the early separation of "polecells" (progenital cells) in parthenogenetic Diptera.Alexander Petrunkevitch Russia's Contribution to Science Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 23 1920 239 Robert John Lechmere Guppy discovers the guppy (fish) in Trinidad. Frederick Smith first discovers Formica candida in the Bournemouth district of England, describing it as Formica gagates. Nikolai Kaufman publishes his Moscow Flora.Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). Chemistry Dynamite invented by Alfred Nobel.Schück H. Sohlman R. 1929 The Life of Alfred Nobel London Heinemann August von Hofmann proposes the now standard system of hydrocarbon nomenclature and invents the Hofmann voltameter.von Hofmann A. W. Introduction to Modern Chemistry: Experimental and Theoretic; Embodying Twelve Lectures Delivered in the Royal College of Chemistry, London Walton and Maberly London 1866 https://books.google.com/books?id=KT8JAAAAIAAJ Emil Erlenmeyer proposes that naphthalene has a structure of two fused benzene rings.Studien über die s. g. aromatischen Säuren Emil Erlenmeyer Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 137 3 327–359 1866 10.1002/jlac.18661370309 https://zenodo.org/record/1427251 Earth sciences January 26 – Volcanic eruption in the Santorini caldera begins. Mathematics The second smallest pair of amicable numbers (1184, 1210) is discovered by teenager B. Nicolò I. Paganini. Medicine February 21 – Lucy Hobbs Taylor becomes the world's first woman to receive a doctorate from a dental college (Ohio College of Dental Surgery).44443642 The First Woman Dentist Lucy Hobbs Taylor, D.D.S. (1833–1910) Edwards Ralph W. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1951 25 3 277–283 14848611 July – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson opens the St Mary's Dispensary in London where women can seek medical advice from exclusively female practitioners. Max Schultze discovers two sorts of 'receptors' in the retina.Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina. Dr John Langdon Down publishes his theory that different types of mental condition can be classified by ethnic characteristics, notably "Mongolism", the genetic developmental disability now known as Down syndrome.J. Langdon H. Down Observations on the Ethnic Classification of Idiots Clinical Lectures and Reports by the Medical and Surgical Staff of the London Hospital 3 259–62 1866 Invention of a clinical thermometer by Thomas Clifford Allbutt. A cholera epidemic in London causes over 5,000 deaths.1866 The People's Chronology Everett, Jason M. Thomson Gale 2006 Patrick Manson starts a school of tropical medicine in Hong Kong.March 2011 Paleontology American paleontologist Joseph Leidy describes the new genus and species Laelaps aquilunguis, demonstrating that theropod dinosaurs walked on their hind limbs rather than on all fours as in earlier reconstructions.Holtz Thomas R. Thomas R. Holtz Jr. 2004 Tyrannosauroidea Weishampel, David B. Dodson, Peter Osmólska, Halszka The Dinosauria 2nd University of California Press Berkeley 111–136 0-520-24209-2 Physics James Clerk Maxwell formulates the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution in the kinetic theory of gases. Technology January 12 – Royal Aeronautical Society is formed as 'The Aeronautical Society of Great Britain' in London, the world's oldest such society. July 27 – The Great Eastern successfully completes laying the transatlantic telegraph cable between Valentia Island, Ireland and Heart's Content, Newfoundland, permanently restoring a communications link.Penguin Pocket On This Day Penguin Reference Library 0-14-102715-0 2006 August 23 – Ralph H. Twedell patents the hydraulic riveter in the United Kingdom.Ian McNeill Hydraulic Power London Longman 1972 0-582-12797-1 Awards Copley Medal: Julius PlückerCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopædia Britannica 23 July 2020 Wollaston Medal for Geology: Charles Lyell Births February 1 – Agda Meyerson (died 1924), Swedish nurse and healthcare profession activist February 8 – Moses Gomberg (died 1947), Russian-born chemist February 14 – Victor Despeignes (died 1937), French pioneer of radiation oncology February 26 – Herbert Henry Dow (died 1930), Canadian-born chemist April 17 – Ernest Starling (died 1927), English physiologist July 13 – Emily Winifred Dickson (died 1944), Irish-born gynaecologist July 25 – Frederick Blackman (died 1947), English plant physiologist September 13 – Arthur Pollen (died 1937), English inventor September 21 – H. G. Wells (died 1946), English scientific populariser September 25 – Thomas Hunt Morgan (died 1945), American biologist, Nobel laureate in Physiology October 8 – Reginald Fessenden (died 1932), Canadian pioneer of radio broadcasting November 11 – Martha Annie Whiteley (died 1956), English chemist and mathematician November 30 – Robert Broom (died 1951), Scottish-born paleontologist December 7 – Maude Delap (died 1953), Irish marine biologist Deaths March 6 – William Whewell (born 1794), English scientist, philosopher and historian of science March 14 – Alexander Morison (born 1779), Scottish physician and psychiatrist April 4 – William Dick (born 1793), Scottish veterinarian April 5 – Thomas Hodgkin (born 1798), English physician July 20 – Bernhard Riemann (born 1826), German-born mathematician September 16 – François Mêlier (born 1798), French physician fr https://cths.fr/an/savant.php?id=570# François Mêlier Jules Bergeron, Alexandre Wauthier cths.fr Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 2020-10-27 October 18 – Philipp Franz von Siebold (born 1796), German physician, botanist and traveler in Japan December 1 – George Everest (born 1790), British surveyor and geographer References Category:1860s in science Category:19th century in science