1989 Soviet miners' strikes

none January 2025 January 2025 1989 Soviet miners' strikes the dissolution of the Soviet Union Шахтарсько-Рухівський мітинг біля Донецького обкому КПУ. 1990.JPG Striking miners outside of the Donetsk Regional Committee of the Communist Party building, 1990 1989 7 10 1989 7 27 yes 1 March – May 1991 Soviet Union(Kuznetsk Basin, Donbas, Lviv-Volyn coal basin, Pechora coal basin, Karaganda coal basin ru Карагандинский угольный бассейн) * Goods shortages Lack of property rights Poor working conditions Cost of living Pollution * Wage increases Workers' autonomy in management Common day off for miners Refocusing of central planning on production of necessities Ukrainian independence (in the Donbas) End of nuclear testing (in the Karaganda basin)Mandel 1990 388 Resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev (1991) Dissolution of the Congress of People's Deputies (1991) Strike action Coal miners Soviet Union Government of the Soviet Union Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Kazakh SSR Decentralised leadership Mikhail Gorbachev Volodymyr Shcherbytsky Gennady Kolbin Nursultan Nazarbayev Stepan Shalayev "Over 400,000"Mandel 1990 381 In July 1989, coal miners across the Soviet Union went on strike in protest of goods shortages, lack of property rights and poor working conditions. The largest strike in Soviet history, it was the first strike in the Soviet Union's history to be conducted legally. The miners' strike gathered support from Soviet dissidents and nationalist groups, and later snowballed into broader support for anti-communist causes, ultimately playing a significant part in the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The strikes play a significant role in both Russian and Ukrainian history; in Ukraine, the strikes are frequently described as the beginning of the 1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution, while among Russia's independent trade unionists 11 July is an informal holiday known as "miners' solidarity day." While it is generally agreed that unsafe working conditions, low life expectancy, and general poor quality of living pushed Soviet coal miners to strike, there is disagreement on what caused coal miners to strike before other occupations. Strikes began in the Kuznetsk Basin of western Siberia on 10 or 11 July 1989, although sporadic strikes had previously taken place across the Soviet Union from February to April of that year. The Kuznetsk Basin subsequently spread to the Donbas region of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic; strikes in both regions subsequently adopted political demands alongside their original economic ones, though the reasons for such were separate in both cases. The strikes continued to spread throughout the Soviet Union in July before coming to an end late in the month. Ukrainian strikes continued, and radicalised into demands for Ukrainian sovereignty from the Soviet Union; Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, the hardline and anti-strike leader of Ukraine's communist party, was removed in September. Strikes continued to heat up in the next month, and later broke out in March and April 1991 with support from Russian anti-communist leader Boris Yeltsin. The strikes ended in May of that year after ownership of the mines was transferred from the Soviet central government to the republics of the Soviet Union. Background The mining industry of the Soviet Union had suffered from unsafe working conditions throughout its entire existence. Particularly from the rule of Joseph Stalin, increased productivity was encouraged by the Soviet state at the cost of workers' well-being under the Stakhanovite movement.Bedeian Arthur G. Arthur G. Bedeian Phillips Carl R. Scientific Management and Stakhanovism in the Soviet Union: A Historical Perspective https://faculty.lsu.edu/bedeian/files/scientific-management-and-stakhanovism-in-the-soviet-union.pdf International Journal of Social Economics 17 10 34 Louisiana State University The Stakhanovite movement had occasionally been revived after Stalin's 1953 death, particularly after Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1986.Marples David R. David R. Marples Ukraine under Perestroika: Ecology, Economics and the Workers' Revolt University of Alberta Press 1991 9780888642295 176 The Twelfth Five-Year Plan had failed to deliver the promised level of industrial production in the coal industry, leading to additional pressure on regional leaders such as Ukraine's Volodymyr Shcherbytsky to increase production by any means.Lykhobova Zoia Kuzina Kseniia April 2009 Липневі страйки 1989 року в шахтарських містах Донбасу The July strikes of 1989 in the mining cities of the Donbas http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/85577 Ukraine in the 20th Century: Culture, Ideology, Politics uk 15 1 155–156 Scientific Electronic Library of Periodical Publications of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine A 1987 decree encouraged miners to work evenings and nights, for which they were not paid.Mandel 1990 383 In 1990, the life expectancy for a Soviet coal miner was under 50 years. They lacked a common day off from 1980, when the Soviet coal mining union had allowed the government to abolish it without prior input from coal miners. Industrial pollution was rampant in coal-mining regions; in certain parts of the Kuznetsk Basin of Siberia, life expectancy was ten years below the national average as a result of open-pit mining and scarce water resources and arable land.Mandel 1990 383–384 The failures of the Soviet economy during the 1980s also served to increase miners' discontent. Wages in Ukraine's Donbas region, for instance, were stagnant, and there were shortages of basic necessities like soap.Safire William William Safire 20 July 1989 A Cake of Soap https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/20/opinion/essay-a-cake-of-soap.html 3 January 2025 The New York Times The success of Gorbachev's perestroika campaign had made long-thriving local corruption intolerable, and greater knowledge of the West drove citizens to view the Soviet bureaucracy as dishonest and ineffective.Mandel 1990 384 Several theories have been advanced as to the reasons why miners, in contrast to other industries, went on strike. Clark Kerr and Abraham Siegel's 1964 "isolated community thesis", suggesting that miners were more likely to strike because of the relative isolation in which they lived, in contrast to the established inter-occupational relations in multi-industry towns, has traditionally been the most-accepted answer. Academic Stephen Crowley refuted the application of the isolated community thesis to Soviet miners in 1994, arguing that Ted Robert Gurr's relative deprivation theory and Charles Tilly's resource mobilisation theory were more apt. Crowley cites the overall decrease in miners' conditions during the Soviet economic crisis and the fact that coal miners had built up skills (namely a sense of unity amongst one another) that enabled them to better lead strikes.Crowley 1994 591 Brookings Institution research associate Clifford Gaddy suggested in 1991 that the miners' strikes had instead emerged as a result of inflation and shortages resulting in a decline in the phenomenon of illegally providing scarce goods or granting workers the right to steal from their workplace as a reward for work. This practice had peaked in the 1970s at around 50% of official wages, which were offset by constant workplace absenteeism. Gaddy argues that while other occupations would simply continue to steal from their jobs in order to survive inflationary pressures, coal miners had no such luxury, as most necessary goods could not be found in coal mines. In justifying his point, Gaddy notes that coal miners were among the best-paid in the Soviet Union, and that other theories would have driven other industries to join the miners in their strike.Gaddy Clifford Summer 1991 Th Soviet Miners' Strike http://www.jstor.org/stable/20080231 The Brookings Review 9 3 54 10.2307/20080231 20080231 subscription The role of national issues in the strikes has been disputed, particularly in the Donbas. In a May 1991 interview, Donbas strike leaders Mykhail Krylov and Yuri Makarov expressed the belief that an independent Ukrainian state would ensure Ukraine's economic self-governance and viewed it as positive.Siegelbaum Lewis H. Lewis Siegelbaum Walkowitz Daniel J. 26 May 1991 Interviews with the Strike Leaders https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1991-2/miners-strike-of-1991/miners-strike-of-1991-texts/interviews-with-the-strike-leaders/ 3 January 2025 Seventeen Moments in Soviet History Michigan State University 14 January 2025 https://web.archive.org/web/20250114160956/https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1991-2/miners-strike-of-1991/miners-strike-of-1991-texts/interviews-with-the-strike-leaders/ dead Krylov later claimed in a 2009 interview that "We never pursued the goal of Soviet collapse. We were against the people in power, rather than the country,"Koulinka Natalia 4 February 2020 Soviet Miners' Strikes, Thirty Years Later: What Miners Demanded in 1989 and 1991, Part I https://jordanrussiacenter.org/blog/thirty-years-after-the-miners-strikes-what-did-the-soviet-miners-demand-in-1989-and-1991-part-i 3 January 2025 Jordan Center for the Advanced Study of Russia New York University but chairman of the Independent Miners' Union of the Donbas Mykola Volynko uk Волинко Микола Миколайович said in 2015 that sentiments opposed to Ukrainian independence only arose during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine. Volynko noted that miners from the city of Pervomaisk, Luhansk Oblast helped to erect the flag of Ukraine at the Kyiv City Council building in 1990.Portnykov Vitalii 12 June 2015 Наша профспілка на Донбасі воює і на фронтах, і в підпіллі – Волинко Our union fights on the front and in the underground in the Donbas – Volynko https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/27069252.html 3 January 2025 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty uk Early strikes Precursors to the commonly defined beginning of the strikes occurred throughout the early months of 1989. According to a 2019 post by Sergeyev on the website of the Independent Union of Miners, the first such spontaneous strike happened in Osinniki, Kemerovo Oblast in February.Sergeyev Aleksandr 11 July 2019 Шахтерские забастовки 1989 года The mining strikes of 1989 https://ngr-ru.ru/About/history/miners-strike-1989 3 January 2025 Independent Union of Miners ru This was followed by another strike in the city of Vorkuta, in the northern Pechora coal basin, on 2 March. Workers at the Severnaya mine left their shifts and launched a hunger strike,Kirpanova Yelizaveta Odissonova Viktoriya 16 February 2021 Здесь не воркуют. Как Воркута стала самым вымирающим городом России: от «лагерной столицы мира» до квартир за 1 рубль Nobody coos here: How Vorkuta became Russia's most deprived city, from the "camp capital of the world" to flats for 1 ruble https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2021/02/16/89235-zdes-ne-vorkuyut 3 January 2024 Novaya Gazeta ru 18–19 which lasted three days. After the Vorkuta strike came strikes in Novokuznetsk on 1 April, in Rostov and Kemerovo Oblasts on 3 April, in Norilsk from 4 to 8 April, in Sverdlovsk Oblast from 5 to 9 April, and in Kiselyovsk, Kemerovo Oblast on 28 April. July strikes On 10Hoffman David David E. Hoffman 29 March 1998 All work, no pay leaves Russians feeling helpless https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/03/29/all-work-no-pay-leaves-russians-feeling-helpless/9a1ca7c6-43c4-4a96-9e70-d7d0f17bf324/ 3 January 2025 The Washington Post or 11Krechetnikov Artem 11 July 2019 "Вышли из шахты и сказали: мы здесь власть". 30 лет забастовкам шахтеров в СССР They came from the mines and said 'we are the power here': 30 years since the miners' strike in the USSR https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-48924455 3 January 2024 BBC News Russian ru July 1989, coal miners in the city of Mezhdurechensk, Kemerovo Oblast (in the Kuznetsk Basin) went on strike. David E. Hoffman wrote for The Washington Post in 1998 that the miners had "found there was no soap to wash up after work," and promptly launched a strike. Their demands were primarily economic, including greater supply for consumer goods and increased autonomy in self-management, and found sympathy both within the Soviet Union and abroad, where they were compared to the Polish trade union Solidarity.Singer Daniel Daniel Singer (journalist) 7 August 1989 Gdansk in Siberia? https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/gdansk-siberia/ 3 January 2025 The Nation The lack of soap has often been cited as the source for the strikes, but Aleksandr Sergeyev, a member of the Mezhdurechensk Strike Committee, said in 2019 that it was a "pebble that pushed the avalanche of protest." 11 July has been celebrated by Russia's independent trade unionists as "miners' solidarity day", marking the anniversary of the strikes, since 1990.Burawoy Krotov 1995 126 The strikes soon spread throughout the Kuznetsk Basin and the Soviet Union. On 17 July, miners in Ukraine's eastern Donbas joined the strikes as 2,000 miners from the city of Makiivka walked out of work.Parks Michael Michael Parks (reporter) 18 July 1989 Soviet Miners' Strike Spreads to Ukraine https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-07-18-mn-4078-story.html 3 January 2025 Los Angeles Times They were joined by workers in the smaller Lviv-Volyn coal basin in western Ukraine.Marples 1989 38 The strikes in the Kuznetsk Basin later spread to fifteen different towns, paralysing coal production. The strikes soon took on political demands, as miners demanded to speak to Soviet Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov. They were regarded warmly by the usually-conservative daily newspaper Sovetskaya Rossiya, which described the strikes as "lending [perestroika] a hand from below." In Ukraine, by contrast, Shcherbytsky treated the miners as a threat. Krylov claimed that the government cut off the strike committees' lines of communication to prevent them from organising with other industries, and disparaged them in the press. This opposition motivated the miners of the Donbas to take on political demands, namely calling for Shcherbytsky and Valentyna Shevchenko, Chairwoman of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, to be removed from office.24 August 2021 «Досить годувати Москву». Історик Каретніков про те, як Донецьк зустрічав незалежність України "Enough to feed Moscow": Historian Karetnikov on how Donetsk greeted Ukraine's independence https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/donetsk-u-1991-nezalezhnist-karetnikov/31424711.html 3 January 2025 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty uk On the same day that strikes had begun in Makiivka, a meeting of the Vorkuta urban executive committee was convened. At the meeting, it was agreed to adopt a resolution urging Soviet political leadership to accept the workers' demands, as well as to launch a "preventive" strike under the local government's auspices. The local government feared that strikes in the region would be radicalised, and, according to the First Secretary of the urban executive committee, "the urban committee set for itself the task: everything must be organised and there must be order everywhere." That night, however, workers at the Khalmer-Yu mine outside the city began a strike. They published a list of four demands on 25 July, which the mine's management refused to agree to. Safar Allakhverdiyev, a member of the management, visited deputy Ministry for the Coal Industry Minister for the Coal Industry ru Министерство угольной промышленности СССР Grigory Nuzhdikhin ru Нуждихин, Григорий Иванович, seeking a solution to the strikes, but he received no reply. By the time of his return, the list of demands had increased to 70. Much like in Ukraine, authorities in Vorkuta attempted to halt information on the strikes from spreading. However, after a worker at another mine learned about the strike, they soon spread throughout the city's coal mines.Ilyin 1998 15–16 On 20 July 1989, a Soviet government commission arrived in the city of Donetsk, as strikes began spreading throughout Ukraine's mining centres and two days after strikes had begun in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic's Karaganda coal basin ru Карагандинский угольный бассейн. Two days later, Gorbachev and Ryzhkov announced their agreement with the demands and pleaded with the miners to return to work. While this satisfied miners in the Kuznetsk Basin, who returned to work on 22–23 July, workers throughout the rest of the Union (particularly in Ukraine and Vorkuta) demanded that acceptance of their demands be bound by law. Members of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union from the Donbas met with Ryzhkov in Moscow, as Vorkuta's deputy V. Luzhnikov drafted a law to codify the miners' demands into law. By 27 July, the strikes had come to an end.Mandel 1990 387 Later strike threats and small-scale strikes thumb|left|Vladimir Ivashko (pictured) replaced Volodymyr Shcherbytsky as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine in response to the strikes After the strikes came to an end, there were continued threats to renew strikes over the Soviet government's failure to implement demands. These threatened strikes were especially frequent in Ukraine, where miners were increasingly militant in their activism. None of these strikes, however, went through; a threatened strike in September over holidays and pensions fell through after First Deputy Premier Lev Voronin claimed that the Soviet government was developing plans for increasing workers' autonomy.Marples 1989 38 Threats to call another strike were also voiced by 38 deputies from Ukraine's opposition in August in response to changes in the organisation of the Congress of People's Deputies.Kuzio 2000 129 Meanwhile, the Communist Party of Ukraine was thrown into crisis by the strikes. On 7 August the party's Central Committee met to discuss the strikes; at the meeting, the party engaged in wide-reaching self-criticism and criticism of the Soviet government, condemning minister for the coal industry Mikhail Shchadov for ignoring miners' needs and local leaders for allowing food, housing and financial insecurity among miners to escalate. A month later, Shcherbytsky was removed as First Secretary of the party and replaced with Vladimir Ivashko, a mining engineerMarples 1989 38–40 who was seen by the public as a protégé of Gorbachev.Kuzio 2000 106 This, however, did not stem efforts to renew strikes in the Donbas; on 1 and 12 October, miners threatened to launch continued strikes. They requested that their demands be passed immediately, something Gorbachev argued was impossible due to the situation being "complicated." After a strike leader, Aleksandr Sotnikov, was murdered in the city of Zverevo while investigating corruption in the coal industry, the Soviet government once again pled with miners not to strike, and a 31 October resolution among Ukrainian miners' unions to launch a strike was voted down. In spite of this, some enterprises went on strike for hours, or in one case a full day.Marples 1989 38 The labour movement continued to grow throughout 1990, with the Independent Union of Miners being founded in July 1990. The IUM attempted to launch a strike on 11 July 1990 to demand the fall of Ryzhkov's government, but the strike's purely-political nature drove away workers, resulting in a loss of momentum. As unions among other occupations began to form based on the example of the IUM, the union reverted to its economically-focused nature in late 1990 and 1991.Gordon 1996–1997 47–48 March–April 1991 strikes On 1 March 1991, roughly 70,000 miners, comprising the workforce of 23 out of 26 mines in the Karaganda basin, walked off their jobs with demands for Gorbachev's resignation, the dissolution of the Congress of People's Deputies, wage increases and compensation for increased prices.Shogren Elizabeth 2 March 1991 Soviet Coal Miners Strike, Demand Gorbachev Resign https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-02-mn-1783-story.html 3 January 2025 Los Angeles Times The same day, Ukrainian coal miners launched a strike also demanding Gorbachev's resignation and the dissolution of the Congress of People's Deputies, as well as recognition of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine.Pyvovarov Serhii 1 March 2019 28 років тому на Донбасі почався масовий страйк шахтарів. Він прискорив розпад СРСР, лідери протесту стали політиками України. Згадуємо історію шахтарського руху 90-х Mass miners' strikes in the Donbas began 28 years ago: caused collapse of the USSR, protest leaders became Ukrainian politicians https://babel.ua/texts/26522-28-rokiv-tomu-na-donbasi-pochavsya-masoviy-strayk-shahtariv-vin-priskoriv-rozpad-srsr-lideri-protestu-stali-politikami-ukrajini-zgaduyemo-istoriyu-shahtarskogo-ruhu-90-h 3 January 2025 Babel uk Miners in Karaganda originally planned to strike for a single day, but after their demands were not met, their leadership stated that the strike would be extended to four days. They were soon joined by miners in the Kuznetsk Basin.Siegelbaum Lewis Miners' Strike of 1991 https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1991-2/miners-strike-of-1991/ 3 January 2025 Seventeen Moments in Soviet History 29 June 2015 Michigan State University As price increases continued, the coal miners were joined by workers in Belarus, who also demanded Gorbachev's resignation along with the leader of Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic leader Vyacheslav Kebich.Parks Michael 5 April 1991 Thousands Strike Over Soviet Price Boosts https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-04-05-mn-2003-story.html 3 January 2025 Los Angeles Times The 1991 strikes were much more political in nature than their 1989 predecessors, openly calling for Gorbachev's resignation and the dissolution of existing political organs. They also had significantly improved their organisation, with several formal organisations working to ensure maintenance of the strikes. At the time, Gorbachev contemplated using "all measures at his disposal," as adviser Georgy Shakhnazarov told press. Shakhnazarov also stated that placing a moratorium on all strikes would be "no danger to democracy."Remnick David David Remnick 10 April 1991 Gorbachev plea defied by workers https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/04/11/gorbachev-plea-defied-by-workers/59999762-d9db-48d9-a6cf-16af48f05e92/ 3 January 2025 The Washington Post The standoff continued until May 1991, when agreements were established between the miners and the governments of the republics of the Soviet Union transferring ownership of the mines and their equipment from the central government to the republics. Dissident support Soviet dissidents, particularly in Ukraine, quickly recognised the importance of the strikes and threw their weight behind them. Viacheslav Chornovil, de facto leader of Ukraine's dissident movement and chairman of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group, spoke to Radio Liberty on 21 July describing the strikes as "a new stage of perestroika" which was "tearing down the veil of party demagoguery regarding the unity of the party and the people" both in Russia and Ukraine.24 June 2014 Із архіву Радіо Свобода (1989 рік): заява Чорновола щодо страйку шахтарів From the Archives of Radio Liberty (1989): Chornovil's statement on the miners' strikes https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/25433641.html 3 January 2025 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty uk Canadian historian David R. Marples has claimed that the Ukrainian Helsinki Union and People's Movement of Ukraine utilised the strikes to advance public support for their policies,Marples 1989 40 but Ukrainian historian Taras Kuzio disputed this, saying that the miners were originally distrustful of dissidents as they were of outsiders and figures of authority in general. According to Kuzio, the miners only united with the intellectuals late in 1989, after the formation of the People's Movement of Ukraine.Kuzio 2000 112–113 Sergeyev has stated that the Russian anti-communist intelligentsia provided no support to the miners in 1989. He has claimed that support only came during the 1991 presidential campaign of Boris Yeltsin, and beforehand intellectuals had either been uninterested in responding to the strike or had outright supported the authorities. American researcher Lewis Siegelbaum has partially corroborated Sergeyev's recollections, saying that miners "worked closely, if surreptitiously, with the so-called 'democrats' ranged around Gorbachev's rival, Boris Eltsin" before supporting him in the 1991 Russian presidential election. During the 1991 strikes in Belarus, the opposition Belarusian Popular Front supported striking workers, with dissident writers Vasil Bykaŭ and Ales Adamovich giving public backing to the strikes.Navumchyk Siarhei Siarhei Navumchyk 21 May 2011 Чаму рабочыя асьвісталі Шушкевіча? Why did the workers shout down Shushkievich? https://www.svaboda.org/a/24181524.html 3 January 2025 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty be Zviad Gamsakhurdia, a Georgian dissident leader, also called on Georgian dockers, railway workers, and other employees of state-owned enterprises to strike in April 1991. Impact The 1989 miners' strikes were the first large-scale independent strike actions to be conducted in the Soviet Union. The size of the strike, and its hitherto unprecedented nature, was cast by researcher Leonid Gordon as giving the necessary impetus to Gorbachev to implement the 500 Days Program.Gordon 1996–1997 47 Gaddy wrote that the strikes had inflicted "billions of rubles in lost output" upon the Soviet economy, a claim repeated by the Soviet government in April 1991. Coal output decreased by 5% from 1989 to 1990 and by 18% from 1990 to 1991.Shleifer Andrei Andrei Shleifer Vishny Robert W. Robert W. Vishny 1991 Reversing the Soviet Economic Collapse https://www.jstor.org/stable/2534597 Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1991 2 342 10.2307/2534597 2534597 subscription In Ukraine, the miners' strikes are traditionally described as the beginning of the 1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution, which led to Ukraine's independence from the Soviet Union.Kurennaia Daria Demchenko Oleksandr Yakubovych Tetiana Noskov Volodymyr Stryzhova Olha 25 August 2016 'Донбасс'91': какую роль сыграл Донбасс в становлении Независимости Украины? 'Donbas'91': what role did the Donbas play in establishing Ukraine's independence? https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/27944176.html 29 February 2024 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty ru In both countries, however, miners were ultimately let down by post-Soviet shock therapy and stark socio-economic inequality which manifested itself in the face of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. See also Organised labour 1980s 1990s Donbas miners' strikes 1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike 1989 Kosovo miners' strike References Bibliography Mandel David 1990 The Rebirth of the Soviet Labor Movement: The Coalminers' Strike of July 1989 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/003232929001800304 Politics & Society 18 3 381–404 10.1177/003232929001800304 Sage Journals subscription Crowley Stephen July 1994 Barriers to Collective Action: Steelworkers and Mutual Dependence in the Former Soviet Union https://www.jstor.org/stable/2950719 World Politics 46 4 589–615 10.2307/2950719 2950719 subscription Marples David R. 1989 No Soap, Say Striking Soviet Miners https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00963402.1989.11459764 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 45 10 38–40 10.1080/00963402.1989.11459764 1989BuAtS..45j..38M 0096-3402 Taylor & Francis Online subscription Burawoy Michael Krotov Pavel 1995 Russian Miners Bow to the Angel of History https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229956271 Antipode 27 2 115–136 10.1111/j.1467-8330.1995.tb00269.x 1995Antip..27..115B 0066-4812 ResearchGate Ilyin Vladimir Власть и уголь: шахтерское движение Воркуты Syktyvkar State University 1998 9785885840477 Moscow 270 ru Power and coal: the miner's movement of Vorkuta Kuzio Taras Taras Kuzio Ukraine: Perestroika to Independence Palgrave MacMillan 2000 0-333-73844-6 2nd Basingstoke, London 273 Gordon Leonid A. Summer 1996–1997 Perestroika Time: The Beginning of the Free Labor Movement in the USSR http://www.jstor.org/stable/40470670 International Journal of Political Economy 26 2 43–57 10.1080/08911916.1996.11643924 40470670 0891-1916 subscription Category:1989 in Russia Category:1989 in Ukraine Soviet miners Category:Dissolution of the Soviet Union Category:July 1989 in the Soviet Union Category:Labor disputes in Kazakhstan Category:Labor disputes in Russia Category:Labor disputes in Ukraine Category:Labor in the Soviet Union Category:Mining in Kazakhstan Category:Mining in Russia Category:Mining in Ukraine Category:Protests in Kazakhstan Category:Protests in Russia Category:Protests in the Soviet Union Category:Protests in Ukraine Category:1989 in the Soviet Union Category:Mining in the Soviet Union Category:Miners' labor disputes in Europe