2016 Ethiopian flood

Multiple floods in 2016 in Ethiopia 2016 Ethiopian flood 6 April 2016 Ethiopia 202+ In 2016, deadly floods hit Ethiopia, leaving at least 200 people dead and over 200,000 people homeless as seasonal rains come early to the country.https://www.voanews.com/a/ethiopia-28-people-killed-in-floods-in-remote-regions/3269777.html Ethiopia: 28 People Killed in Floods in Remote Regions 5 April 2016 VOA 14 June 2016 The majority of these deaths occurred in the city of Jijiga while elsewhere, heavy downpours of rain were reported with more floods expected in the next few days.http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/deadly-floods-hit-ethiopia-160406101102909.html Flood killed 28 people in Ethiopia 6 April 2016 Al Jazeera 3 April 2016 The floods are reportedly at higher levels than other flood travesties than that of previous years. Background Flood Events in Ethiopia Ethiopia has extensive experience in flash floods and river floods. The identified historical flood event years (1988, 1996, 1998, 2006, 2010, 2012, and 2016) in the country were also known as La Niήa episodes.Melesse Assefa M. https://books.google.com/books?id=H46gDwAAQBAJ&dq=flood+in+the+country+were+also+known+as+La+Ni%CE%AEa+episodes.&pg=PA381 Extreme Hydrology and Climate Variability: Monitoring, Modelling, Adaptation and Mitigation Abtew Wossenu Senay Gabriel 2019-07-03 Elsevier 978-0-12-815999-6 en Flood Area Description thumb|Basin map of Ethiopia with flood-prone extents.Ethiopia has 12 basins, of which 8 are basins, 1 is a lake basin with perennial rivers and 3 are dry basins. Most major rivers are of a transboundary nature and cross-border. Many parts of these river basins are affected by prominent flash floods and river floods.Mamo Surafel Chapter 29 - Historical flood events and hydrological extremes in Ethiopia 2019-01-01 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128159989000294 Extreme Hydrology and Climate Variability 379–384 Melesse Assefa M. Elsevier en 10.1016/b978-0-12-815998-9.00029-4 978-0-12-815998-9 2021-10-26 Berhanu Belete Melesse Assefa M. 210243639 Abtew Wossenu Senay Gabriel subscription State of Flood The characteristics of heavy precipitation and distribution, as well as the preconditions of hydrological variables (soil moisture content, groundwater and surface water level), play an important role in the physical change of flood influence factors.Guan DongJie Li HaiFeng Inohae Takuro Su Weici Nagaie Tadashi Hokao Kazunori 2011-10-01 Modeling urban land use change by the integration of cellular automaton and Markov model https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380011004698 Ecological Modelling en 222 20 3761–3772 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.09.009 2011EcMod.222.3761G 0304-3800 subscription Climate and the Flood Typically, La Nina events are associated with higher-than-normal rainfall between June and September in central and highland Ethiopia, leading to flooding. Commonly, these La Nina events in Ethiopia were preceded by the drought effects of El Nino events.Rosenzweig Cynthia https://books.google.com/books?id=8-UbmSxLWlUC&dq=ROSENZWEIG%2C+C.+&pg=PR5 Climate Variability and the Global Harvest: Impacts of El Niño and Other Oscillations on Agro-Ecosystems Hillel Daniel 2008-01-07 Oxford University Press 978-0-19-803147-5 en The El Nino phenomenon La Nina episodes 2016 Ethiopia Flood In 2016, some areas in the Horn of Africa experienced flood events following the 2015 El Nino (drought) events. In Ethiopia, the 2016 flood event occurred with heavy Kiremt rains and caused many localized flash floods, landslides, and overflowing of rivers in Lower Omo Valley, Dire Dawa, Amhara, Afar, Somali, Tigray, Gambella, Oromia, and Harari regions.Li Tim Abida Abdallah Aldeco Laura S. Alfaro Eric J. Alves Lincoln M. Amador Jorge A. Andrade B. Baez Julian Bardin M. Yu Bekele Endalkachew Broedel Eric 2020-08-12 Regional Climates Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society EN 101 8 S321–S420 10.1175/2020BAMSStateoftheClimate_Chapter7.1 2020BAMS..101S.321L 242639032 0003-0007 free 20.500.12542/1083 free Geographical and Physical Impact Thousands of individuals living within the flooded areas have little shelter or food and are exposed to terrible weather, with the danger of contracting diseases. The floods have also killed livestock and destroyed large areas of farmland.December 2021 Impacts on Water Resources According to NAPA (2011), the water resources sector will be affected by climate change through a decrease in river run-off,Climate impacts on water resources https://www.eea.europa.eu/archived/archived-content-water-topic/water-resources/climate-impacts-on-water-resources live https://web.archive.org/web/20181218153318/https://www.eea.europa.eu/archived/archived-content-water-topic/water-resources/climate-impacts-on-water-resources 2018-12-18 a decrease in energy production, as well as increased floods and droughts. Consequently, the ecosystem, which is the source of rain and water resource, will be affected. Rainwater scarcity would affect the aquatic life by deteriorating the quality and quantity of a water body.December 2021 Impacts on Food Availability Because of irregular rainfall and droughts the country is experiencing deficits in food production in several areas, and likely increase in acute weather events, amplified aridity and a decrease in precipitation, range resources and soil moisture will escalate the situation. The availability of food has become a major bottleneck for millions of households in many parts of Ethiopia due to the repeated drought cycles and disparity in rainfall. Agro-pastoral and pastoral households, which are reliant on livestock for their livelihoods, also suffer severe asset losses during droughts.December 2021 Impacts on Settlement and Infrastructure Climate variability, including extreme events such as storms, floods and sustained droughts, has marked impacts on settlements and infrastructure.Raymond, C. Horton, R.M. Zscheischler, J. etal Understanding and managing connected extreme events Nature Climate Change 2020 10 7 611–621 10.1038/s41558-020-0790-4 2020NatCC..10..611R 219691387 free Indeed, for urban planners, the biggest threats to localized population concentrations posed by climate variability and change are often expected to be from little-characterized and unpredictable rapid-onset disasters such as storm surges, flash floods and tropical cyclones (Freeman, 2003).Settlements, industry and infrastructure https://archive.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch9s9-4-8.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20191219023821/https://archive.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch9s9-4-8.html 2019-12-19 Negative impacts of climate change could create a new set of refugees, who may migrate into new settlements, seek new livelihoods and place additional demands on infrastructure (IPCC, 2007). Direct Impact of Floods in Ethiopia Floods in Ethiopia have direct environmental and socio-economic impacts; these include the impact of pollution on the environment and the socio-economic impact of damage to people's homes and economic property.Demissie Biadgilgn Teklemariam Dereje Haile Mitiku Meaza Hailemariam Nyssen Jan Billi Paolo Abera Wuletawu Gebrehiwot Misgina Haug Ruth Eetvelde Veerle Van 2021 Flood hazard in a semi-closed basin in northern Ethiopia: Impact and resilience Geo: Geography and Environment en 8 2 e00100 10.1002/geo2.100 free 2021GeoGE...8E.100D 1854/LU-8745602 239694533 2054-4049 free Casualties to People and Property According to statistics, nearly 20,000 families were displaced in Ethiopia in 2016 due to floods and unusual disasters that occurred in various parts of the country. Heavy rains triggered floods and landslides in Oromia and the southern part of the country, resulting in at least 202 deaths. More than 1,000 cattle were also killed and 559 hectares of crops were damaged.Ethiopia – 20,000 Families Displaced by Floods – FloodList https://floodlist.com/africa/ethiopia-families-displaced-belg-rain-floods-may-2016 2021-10-26 floodlist.com Exacerbating the Consequences of Drought The drought and floods of the same year affected almost all sectors in Ethiopia, with the loss of crops and livestock and the impact of reduced water resources being significant.Taye Meron Dyer Ellen Julius Moina Maina Spooner Ethiopia's future is tied to water – a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate 22 August 2019 10.64628/AAJ.udtg33kf5 https://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 live https://web.archive.org/web/20190822131642/http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 2019-08-22 Among them, the Tigray, Afar and Somali regions were severely affected, as the drought caused the death of almost 50% of the livestock in the region and affected 24%, 25% and 21% of the population respectively.Mera Getachew Alem December 2018 Drought and its impacts in Ethiopia Weather and Climate Extremes 22 24–35 10.1016/j.wace.2018.10.002 133853460 2212-0947 free 2018WCE....22...24M Contributing to the Spread of Disease Floods in Ethiopia often lead to infectious diseases, vector-borne diseases, malnutrition, mental health problems and damage to health infrastructure. Floods exacerbate the spread of diarrhoeal diseases due to poor sanitation, inadequate water supply and poor monitoring and detection. At the same time, floods have had a direct impact on the epidemiological pattern of malaria in Ethiopia because they create many breeding grounds for mosquitoes.Wakuma Abaya Samson Mandere Nicodemus Ewald Göran 2009-10-28 Floods and health in Gambella region, Ethiopia: a qualitative assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of coping mechanisms http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v2i0.2019 Global Health Action 2 1 2019 10.3402/gha.v2i0.2019 20027252 2792158 1654-9716 Health Impacts on Ethiopians The onslaught of floods poses a serious threat to the health of Ethiopians. Examples include direct deaths, injuries, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, psychosocial health and malnutrition.Alderman Katarzyna Turner Lyle R. Tong Shilu 2012-10-15 Floods and human health: A systematic review https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412012001237 Environment International en 47 37–47 10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.003 22750033 2012EnInt..47...37A 0160-4120 subscription Short-term Impact: Bacterial Growth During floods, the state of the environment is altered after heavy precipitation, for example, temperature, humidity and surface vegetation. These changes may favor the growth of pathogens. As a result, pathogens may spread rapidly through contaminated water.de Man H. van den Berg H.H.J.L. Leenen E.J.T.M. Schijven J.F. Schets F.M. van der Vliet J.C. van Knapen F. de Roda Husman A.M. January 2014 Quantitative assessment of infection risk from exposure to waterborne pathogens in urban floodwater http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.022 Water Research 48 90–99 10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.022 24095592 2014WatRe..48...90D 0043-1354 subscription As well as because of the difficulty of access to clean water already clean sanitation facilities clean water and improved sanitation, the rate of disease transmission increases again.Wasihun Araya Gebreyesus Dejene Tsehaye Asmelash Teferi Mekonen Marugán Javier Negash Letemichal Yemane Dejen McGuigan Kevin G. 2018-11-26 Risk factors for diarrhoea and malnutrition among children under the age of 5 years in the Tigray Region of Northern Ethiopia PLOS ONE en 13 11 e0207743 10.1371/journal.pone.0207743 1932-6203 6257922 30475875 2018PLoSO..1307743W free Acute Watery Diarrhea & Malaria The problem of acute watery diarrhea after the floods was exacerbated by the dense population, destruction of water facilities, and limited sanitation. In times of flooding, people may be forced to drink non-clean water (e.g. contaminated surface water) to survive. Water is often contaminated with harmful substances such as human and animal excreta and animal carcasses from upstream, making these infectious diseases very vulnerable to outbreaks.Wakuma Abaya Samson Mandere Nicodemus Ewald Göran 2009-11-11 Floods and health in Gambella region, Ethiopia: a qualitative assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of coping mechanisms https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v2i0.2019 Global Health Action 2 1 2019 10.3402/gha.v2i0.2019 1654-9716 2792158 20027252 Malnutrition Ethiopia has high malnutrition rates, especially among children, with 46% stunting. The crops and floods suffered from food shortage in the region after the floods, leading to malnutrition among the people. Long-term Impact: Immune-deficiency in Residents Malnutrition and diarrheal mortality are inextricably linked.Mazumder Ramindra N. Ashraf Hassan Hoque Syed S. Kabir Iqbal Majid Naseha Wahed Mohammad A. Fuchs George J. Mahalanabis Dilip Effect of Energy Dense Diet on Clinical Course of Acute Shigellosis in Undernourished Children August 1998 Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition 27 2 261 10.1097/00005176-199808000-00101 0277-2116 free This is a vicious circle because malnutrition leads to deficiencies in the immune system, and conversely diarrhea leads to malnutrition because of reduced energy intake and malabsorption. The potential for waterborne diseases is also exacerbated by the reduced physical strength of the population due to food shortages and limited temporary living conditions, as well as the degradation of turbid drinking water. The poorer and more backward countries need time to rebuild after the disaster, and the healthy living standard of the Ethiopian people cannot be guaranteed in time. Response Local Response The National Disaster Risk Management Commission (NDRMCC) acted in a leading role.Ethiopia: Floods Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) DREF Operation n° MDRET017 - Ethiopia https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-floods-emergency-plan-action-epoa-dref-operation-n-mdret017 2021-10-23 ReliefWeb 20 May 2016 en National humanitarian actors mainly include the Ethiopian Red Cross Society (ERCS), the National Flood Task Forces (FTF), National Meteorological Agency (NMA), Ethiopia Humanitarian Country Team (EHCT), Ethiopia Humanitarian Fund (EHF) and other National Society branches. ERCS was responsible for supporting NDRMC by dispatching NFI stocks (emergency shelter and household kits) to affected regions(see Table 1) and setting up quick assessment teams within risk areas, and also monitored NMA’s weather forecasts and basic health status among communities with the help of National Society branches. +Table 1: Distribution of 800 partial NFI kits (blankets, sleeping mats, body soap, laundry soap, tarpaulins, kitchen utensils)RegionsWoredasDateNumber of NFI kitsSomaliJijiga8 April200 HH kits (full)OromiaArsi24 April200 HH kitsSNNPRGurage25 April200 HH kitsSNNPRSilita26 April200 HH kits In April 2016, a Flood Alert was released by the FTF to remind people of the seriousness of the flood risk.Ethiopia: 2016 Belg National Flood Contingency Plan - Snapshot (as of 4 May 2016) - Ethiopia https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-2016-belg-national-flood-contingency-plan-snapshot-4-may-2016 2021-10-23 ReliefWeb 11 May 2016 en On 2 September 2016, a joint plan was issued by the EHCT to help deal with acute watery diarrhoea (AWD) in Ethiopia, with the EHF allocating 5.4 million dollars in response to the funding requirements of AWD.Ethiopia: Floods - Apr 2016 https://reliefweb.int/disaster/fl-2016-000045-eth 2021-10-23 ReliefWeb 27 September 2018 enEthiopia Weekly Humanitarian Bulletin, 12 September 2016 - Ethiopia https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-weekly-humanitarian-bulletin-12-september-2016 2021-10-23 ReliefWeb 15 September 2016 en International Response Red Cross Red Crescent Movement partners including IFRC, ICRC, Austrian RC, Swiss RC, Spanish RC, Canada RC, NLRC, and Swedish RC and other partner organizations including IOM, UNICEF, IRC, Save the children international (SCI) and Government of Ethiopia (GoE) participated in response to this disaster positively. They actively reported these up-to-date risks and corresponding supports and IFRC, ICRC and PNSs participated in coordination meetings regularly. Lessons Learned from the Disaster Early Warning and Response Analysis In early April 2016, National Disaster Risk Management Commission (NDRMC), Early Warning and Response Directorate warned that flood is likely to happen in flood-prone areas with high probability in the southern and south-eastern parts. Additionally, a flash flood is anticipated in the northeastern, central and eastern parts of the country. Taking into consideration the presence of the El Niño effect with anticipated above-normal rains in the belg season, the risk of flash and river flood is high. To remind that the concerned personnel should undertake appropriate measures ahead of time in order to minimize the effect of flood hazards in the areas.National Disaster Risk Management Commission (NDRMC), Early Warning and Response Directorate: Early Warning and Response Analysis - April 2016 - Ethiopia https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/national-disaster-risk-management-commission-ndrmc-early-warning-and-response 2021-10-27 ReliefWeb 12 May 2016 en NDRMC has reached 258,136 MAM children and women in priority-2 woredas of the country. Therefore, Early warning and response analysis from NDRMC can productively contribute to reducing the negative influence of disasters. Improving the Water Conservancy Facilities for Farmland In some areas, the expected heavy falls would favour the season's agricultural activities, particularly for long cycle crops. Actually, the concerned department and farmers could take appropriate measures in order to make use of the expected moisture efficiently. Therefore, the Ethiopian Government is planning to construct two new dams to mitigate Ethiopia’s devastating and recurring floods in the second half of 2016. The decision comes just a few months after flash floods ravaged the country, causing as many as one hundred fatalities and displacing tens of thousands of people. It is also one of the important lessons brought by the flood disaster to Ethiopians.Ethiopian Government Aims to Mitigate Floods with New Dams - Ethiopia https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopian-government-aims-mitigate-floods-new-dams 2021-10-27 ReliefWeb 23 November 2016 en Challenge of Humanitarian Fund in Financial Requirements The Ethiopia Humanitarian Fund (EHF) was instrumental in the overall response, supporting Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) endorsed strategies and priorities developed by cluster/sector task forces. In 2016, The AWD outbreak was exacerbated due to flooding in April–May that affected 480,000 people, of whom 190,000 were displaced. In addition, other endemic diseases compounded pressure on an already overstretched health system. Overall, some 3.6 million people in Ethiopia were in need of emergency health interventions.Ethiopia Humanitarian Fund (EHF) Annual Report 2016 - Ethiopia https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-humanitarian-fund-ehf-annual-report-2016 2021-10-27 ReliefWeb 19 June 2017 en Financial requirements remained high across all sectors throughout 2016. The total requirement of the Humanitarian Requirements Document (HRD) was revised. Inadequate funding poses challenges to effective humanitarian. Therefore, Ethiopia Humanitarian Fund may require further support in the future. References External links World Watch Reliefweb Flood Ethiopia Category:Natural disasters in Ethiopia Flood Category:History of Jijiga