1996 Andhra Pradesh cyclone

Category 4 North Indian tropical cyclone in 1996 November 2019 August 2019 07B Nov 6 1996 0758Z.png Satellite image of the storm prior to landfall in India on 6 November 4 November 1996 7 November 1996 77 988 115 927 1996 1,077 total 602000000 India (especially Andhra Pradesh) 1996 North Indian Ocean cyclone season The 1996 Andhra Pradesh cyclone (also known as Cyclone 07B) was a small but powerful storm that left heavy damage in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It formed on 4 November in the eastern Bay of Bengal. Moving westward, it quickly organized and developed a well-defined eye. On 6 November, the cyclone struck about 50 km mi on south of Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh at peak intensity. The India Meteorological Department estimated peak winds of 145 km/h mph on 5,The India Meteorological Department is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the northern Indian Ocean.India Meteorological Department Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre (RSMC) – Tropical Cyclones, New Delhi 24 April 2015 http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmcobmission.pdf RSMC New Delhi https://web.archive.org/web/20120412152908/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmcobmission.pdf 12 April 2012 "nb" while the American-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) assessed peak winds of 215 km/h mph on 5.The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the northern Indian Ocean and other regions.Joint Typhoon Warning Center Joint Typhoon Warning Center Mission Statement 2011 30 November 2011 https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/menu/JTWC_mission.html https://web.archive.org/web/20070726103400/https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/menu/JTWC_mission.html 26 July 2007 United States Navy, United States Airforce "nb" Soon after landfall, the cyclone weakened and dissipated by 7 November. Ahead of the storm, about 225,000 families evacuated, although many towns lacked proper storm shelters. When the cyclone made landfall, it produced strong winds up to 100 km mi on inland, dropped 210 mm in on of rainfall across a 40 km mi on region, and flooded over 250 villages along a 60 km mi on portion of the coast. About 70% of the overall damage was in East Godavari district, where two villages were entirely destroyed. The storm destroyed 241802 ha acre on of crops and killed millions of cattle and chicken. Across Andhra Pradesh, the storm damaged 647,554 houses, including over 10,000 that were destroyed. Overall damage totaled 21.5 b 1996, comparable to a cyclone in 1977 that also hit Andhra Pradesh. There were 1,077 confirmed deaths with many others missing, although many of the dead were washed into the sea and were unlikely to be found. After the storm, the government and local Red Cross chapters helped residents recover from the damage, while the World Bank provided money to better prepare Andhra Pradesh for future storms. Meteorological history Cyclone 07B 1996 track.png On 30 October, a Pacific tropical depression crossed the Kra Isthmus into the Bay of Bengal, dissipating the next day over Myanmar. A new area of convection, or thunderstorms, developed over the Andaman Sea on 1 November Eric J. Trehubenko Joint Typhoon Warning Center 1997 1996 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report 6 November 2015 http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1996atcr.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054837/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1996atcr.pdf 2016-03-04 183, 234–235 Hagåtña, Guam The system was located within the monsoon trough, and a weak flow steered it slowly westward across the Bay of Bengal,2, 3 Bureau of Meteorology 15 11 October 1996 Tropical Cyclones Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement 6 November 2015 http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199611.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024409/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199611.pdf 2015-11-17 bringing it briefly over southwestern Myanmar. After the convection organized more, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert at 07:30 UTC on 3 November. At 12:00 UTC that day, the agency initiated advisories on the system, designating it Tropical Cyclone 07B about 645 km mi on west of Yangon, Myanmar. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) – the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the basin – did not classify the system until 4 November; at 15:00 UTC, the agency designated it as a depression.India Meteorological Department January 1996 Report on cyclonic disturbances over north Indian Ocean during 1996 6 November 2015 http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/1996.pdf Located beneath the axis of an upper-level ridge, the depression was able to intensify and organize more, with prominent outflow developing. On 5 November, the IMD upgraded the system to a deep depression and later to a cyclonic storm. At 06:00 UTC on the same day, the JTWC upgraded the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, estimating 1 minute winds of 120 km/h mph on 5.Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 1996 Missing (1996306N15097) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 6 November 2015 http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1996306N15097 https://web.archive.org/web/20151120042112/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1996306N15097 20 November 2015 It continued westward toward eastern India at a slow pace, later turning more to the west-northwest. Early on 6 November, the storm began rapidly intensifying, and the IMD upgraded the storm to a severe cyclonic storm and later a very severe cyclonic storm. At 04:00 UTC that day, an irregular eye formed in the middle of the central dense overcast, which quickly became more circular and distinct. At 06:00 UTC on 6 November, the JTWC estimated peak 1 minute winds of 215 km/h mph on 5, the equivalent of a Category 4 on the Saffir–Simpson scale, and a minimum barometric pressure of 927 mbar inHg on. The IMD assessed a much lower intensity, estimating 3 minute winds of 145 km/h mph on 5 based on a Dvorak rating of 4.5. While approaching land, the eye contracted from a peak width of 64 to 17 km mi on. At 16:00 UTC on 6 November, the cyclone made landfall about 50 km mi on south of Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh along the east coast of India. The estimated landfall pressure was 978 mbar inHg on. It was a smaller-than-normal cyclone, only 450 km mi on in diameter. The storm rapidly weakened after moving ashore, deteriorating into a deep depression early on 7 November. The JTWC issued their last advisory at 06:00 UTC that day, and the IMD downgraded the system to a remnant low-pressure area over Telangana at 12:00 UTC. Preparations and impact right|thumb|Satellite image and map of the cyclone approaching India The IMD issued warnings related to the cyclone that were distributed to the public by television, telegraph, news outlets, and other government departments. The All India Radio broadcast warnings beginning on 5 November, the day before landfall. Train service was disrupted throughout Andhra Pradesh, stranding thousands of travelers. India's Oil and Natural Gas Corporation suspended operations during the storm. The storm caused local Diwali festivities to be canceled. It ultimately struck about 50 km mi on north of where it was expected, in a region farther away from state shelters.The New York Times 12 November 1996 Battered by Cyclone, Indians Begin to RebuildLexis Nexis About 225,000 families evacuated due to the storm. However, about 30% of the towns in the region lacked a storm shelter, and the existing shelters were generally in poor shape.Agence France-Presse 8 November 1996 Cyclone victims should have been warned, say Indian newspapersLexis Nexis Some residents avoided the shelters due to their state of disrepair, or stayed in their homes for fear they would be robbed. In addition, storm emergency plans enacted after a cyclone in 1977 that struck Andhra Pradesh had not been used since 1986. Roads and shelters built following a cyclone in 1990 fared the storm better than older structures. The powerful cyclone brought intense winds, heavy rainfall, and high waves to Andhra Pradesh in eastern India. Hurricane-force winds – at least 120 km/h (75 mi) – penetrated 100 km mi on inland. Peak gusts were estimated at 200 km/h mph on 5, based on anemometers that were blown away in Yanam. The highest recorded sustained wind was 111 km/h mph on by a ship at the Kakinada Port, only 50 km mi on from the landfall location. The storm dropped heavy rainfall near the coast, peaking at 390 mm in on in Amalapuram. Rainfall rates of over 210 mm in on occurred over 3 hours in a 40 km mi on stretch of land.Krishna Prasad S. Sivanand The Day Disaster Struck 27 November 1996 The Outlook 12 November 2015 https://www.outlookindia.com/national/the-day-disaster-struck-news-202570 Along a 60 km mi on portion of the coast, 12 ft m on flip waves accompanied a 2 m ft on storm surge, spreading 5 km mi on inland. The storm struck just three weeks after another storm killed 350 people. Storm damage extended 130 km mi on inland.Agence France-Presse 9 November 1996 Cyclone victims pick up the pieces Madhu NainanLexis Nexis Widespread areas of crop fields were inundated with floodwaters, washing away tons of rice, coconuts, and bananas. The winds knocked down about 5 million coconut trees. It was estimated that the storm destroyed 174000 ha acre on of rice paddy, along with 67802 ha acre on of other crops. About 13,500 livestock and 1 million chickens were killed by the storm;The News Associated Press 10 November 1996 Tragedy revealed as water recedes 10 November 2015 https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1290&dat=19961110&id=UiRUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=S44DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6535,2467199&hl=en many of them rotted on arable fields after the waters receded. Heavy rainfall and high tides flooded more than 250 villages, and the cyclone affected 1,380 villages throughout Andhra Pradesh. Many canals and drains were breached by the floods. The storm washed four cargo ships ashore and sank or destroyed 6,464 boats. About 70% of the overall damage was in East Godavari district,International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 21 November 1996 India: Cyclone IFRC situation report no. 2 ReliefWeb 6 November 2015 http://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-cyclone-ifrc-situation-report-no-2 where Kakinada was among the hardest hit villages. Two nearby villages – Bhairvapada and Bulusutippa – were entirely destroyed. The villages did not receive advanced warning, and Bhairvapada did not have a functioning cyclone shelter. There, 90% of the boats were damaged or destroyed. In Amalapuram, also in East Godavari, roughly two of every three houses were destroyed. The cyclone also destroyed 55 electrical towers, including a 100 m ft on tall telecommunications tower, as well as nearly 17,000 power lines in West Godavari. About 1300 km mi on of roads were damaged or washed out, including 210 km mi on of National Highway 5. Flooding also washed out several railroads, while damaged water drainage systems spewed sewage onto the streets. Many hospitals in the region were washed away or flooded. Across Andhra Pradesh, the storm damaged 647,554 houses, with about 200,000 sustaining roof damage, and over 10,000 that were destroyed. Over 100,000 people were left homeless.United Press International 10 November 1996 India offers tax break for cyclone aidLexis Nexis In the hardest hit areas, only houses made of brick and cement withstood the high winds, and huts made of mud and thatch were decimated. Overall damage was officially estimated at RS$21.5 billion (US$602 million).The total was originally reported in Indian rupee. Total converted via the Oanda Corporation website.Oanda Corporation 2015 Historical Exchange Rates 6 November 2015 http://www.oanda.com/currency/historical-rates/ 4 October 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20131004000103/http://www.oanda.com/currency/historical-rates/ dead "nb" "jpy" However, the World Bank indicated damage reached as high as US$1.5 billion. Officials likened damage to the 1977 cyclone that also struck Andhra Pradesh. After the storm, there were 1,000 fishermen missing at sea, despite warnings not to leave port.Reuters India Cyclone Death Toll May Exceed 2,000 11 November 1996 7 November 2015 ReliefWeb http://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-cyclone-death-toll-may-exceed-2000 After being presumed lost, 162 boats returned to port four days after the storm,Associated Press 12 November 1996 Omer Farooq Feared Dead in Cyclone, Fishermen Return to India's South CoastLexis Nexis and additional fishermen returned over the succeeding days.United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs 15 November 1996 India Cyclone Information Report No.2 ReliefWeb 6 November 2015 http://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-cyclone-information-report-no2 However, there were 569 fishermen killed or left missing due to lost boats at sea. Many of these fishermen had departed days before the storm, and those that survived had transistors in their boats. Lacking advanced warning, many shrimp farmers in remote villages were swept away by waves. Hundreds of dead bodies were discovered along the shore; after they were identified, the corpses were cremated instead of bringing the bodies into local villages. Most of the fatalities on land were the result of buildings collapsing on people who stayed inside. A ferry crossing the Godavari River sank amid rough waves, killing all 42 people on board.Associated Press 7 November 1996 Omer Farooq Storm Hits India, State Executive Says Death Toll May Reach 2,000Lexis Nexis Overall, the cyclone killed at least 978 people in Andhra Pradesh, with 1,375 people listed as missing in January 1997. However, the Red Cross did not expect to find all of the missing bodies, as some were likely washed into the Bay of Bengal. A later report to the Food and Agriculture Organization indicated there were 1,077 confirmed deaths, with an unconfirmed death toll as high as 2,760.0429-9337 FAO Fisheries Report A Description and Analysis of the Events Occurring at Sea and on Land 6 and 7 November 1996 in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India C.M. Muralidharan https://books.google.com/books?id=26LY4Jf-zEgC&pg=PA36 Report of the Government of India/Government of Andhra Pradesh/FAO Workshop on Measure to Reduce the Loss of Life During Cyclones 2000 36–38 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Aftermath Following the storm's heavy damage, homeless residents resided in temporary camps. Later, the Indian government set up 742 relief centers housing 177,000 people, utilizing schools and office buildings. However, residents did not stay for extended periods of time in the shelters, as rebuilding began within three days of the storm's landfall. Many of the displaced people returned to their homes after the storm receded. Workers restored water service and distributed potable water to those in need. Workers used cranes to remove trees from highways.Agence France-Presse 9 November 1996 Traffic resumes in cyclone-ravaged India's southLexis Nexis Roads and communication links were quickly restored, as was the power supply.International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 13 November 1996 India: Cyclone IFRC situation report no. 1 ReliefWeb 7 November 2015 http://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-cyclone-ifrc-situation-report-no-1 Later, damaged houses were reconstructed with tiled roofs while destroyed houses were rebuilt on concrete slabs, both to withstand stronger winds.March 2022 The Andhra Pradesh government coordinated with the Indian Red Cross Society to provide relief goods to the affected citizens, such as 75 kg lb on of rice per family. The Red Cross sent 10 trucks carrying blankets, food, and cooking supplies from Delhi to Andhra Pradesh, to be distributed by the Andhra Pradesh Red Cross. India's military enacted search and rescue missions in the days following the storm.World Bank India-Proposed Andhra Pradesh Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project 29 January 1997 13 November 2015 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/09/05/000009265_3971229184534/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf Six helicopters worked continuously to airlift food, water, and medicine to storm victims,Reuters Dev Varam 9 November 1996 Indian state battles to aid cyclone victimsLexis Nexis although residents fought over the aid in poor areas. Helicopters also surveyed the storm damage, as many affected small villages were not linked by roads. About 935 medical teams were established following the storm, and chlorinated drinking tablets were distributed to purify water,Associated Press Omer Farooq 9 November 1996 Death, Disease, Destruction from Cyclone in Southern IndiaLexis Nexis in an attempt to prevent a cholera outbreak. Cholera spreads through stagnant contaminated water, and there were eight reports of storm victims contracting the disease.Omer Farooq The Daily Gazette 9 November 1996 10 November 2015 Associated Press Cyclone leaves death, disease and destruction in India https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1957&dat=19961109&id=DIhGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NekMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5237,2071334&hl=en In the months after the storm, foreign governments and international organizations donated about US$500,000. The World Bank considered the cyclone as having a significant effect on Andhra Pradesh's economy. Andhra Pradesh's chief minister N. Chandrababu Naidu estimated that the state would take as long as 30 years to recover from the storm.Agence France-Presse 10 November 1996 Cholera outbreak grips cyclone-hit Indian stateLexis Nexis The government provided Rs. 1,500 (US$420) to every family whose hut collapsed during the storm, and Rs. 100,000 (US$2,857) to the family of every person killed by the storm.Agence France-Presse 8 November 1996 Indian cyclone may have killed 1,000, says chief ministerLexis Nexis However, there were also reports of people stealing bodies to receive the payment. The federal government provided about US$12 million to the state, as well as tax deductions for monetary donations. Former Union Minister Rangaiah Naidu opined that the state government overinflated the damage estimates to qualify for additional aid, in part due to the government spending annual disaster subsidies for salaries.The Outlook 27 November 1996 Milking A Tragedy? 12 November 2015 https://www.outlookindia.com/national/milking-a-tragedy-news-202571 The World Bank credited the government's experience with disasters as saving lives, although the response to the disaster was largely in repairing damage, rather than mitigating against future storms. The storm also demonstrated the region's outdated infrastructure. Following the heavy damage from the cyclone and other recent disasters, the World Bank enacted a plan for Andhra Pradesh in April 1997, consisting of repairing damaged infrastructure, an updated disaster plan, and technical assistance to the state government. Shelters and roads would be improved to higher standards.11 April 1997 Technical Annex on a Proposed Loan and Credit to India for an Andhra Pradesh Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project 5–7, 10–11, Attachment 11 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/1997/04/11/000009265_3970818103327/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf World Bank This plan ultimately cost about US$175 million and was completed in July 2003, three years longer than expected but at a lower cost due to the Indian rupee losing some of its value. Power lines were improved to withstand winds of 200 km/h mph on, while drains were enlarged and a coastal plant system was created to lessen flooding. An additional 82 public shelters were constructed. However, the plan failed to yield a long term disaster policy for the state.19 March 2004 Implementation Completion Report (ICR) Review – A.p. Emerg. Cyclone Silke Heuser 13 November 2015 http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/InterLandingPagesByUNID/8525682E0068603785256E2900544741 20 November 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20151120053701/http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/InterLandingPagesByUNID/8525682E0068603785256E2900544741 See also Tropical cyclones Typhoon Gay (1989) – powerful cyclone that took a similar track from the South China Sea into India Cyclone Jal – weaker storm that also crossed the entirety of the Bay of Bengal Notes nb References Category:1996 North Indian Ocean cyclone season Category:Tropical cyclones in India Category:Very severe cyclonic storms Category:1990s in Andhra Pradesh Category:Disasters in Andhra Pradesh Category:Floods in India