2.5D (visual perception)

Term in visual perception 2.5D (disambiguation) thumb|right|300px|A 2.5d image Two-and-a-half-dimensional (2.5D) perception is an effect in visual perception. It is the construction of an apparently three-dimensional environment from 2D retinal projections.MacEachren Alan M. How maps work: representation, visualization, and design 2008 Guilford Press 978-1-57230-040-8 355–458 GVIS Facilitating Visual Thinking 698536855 Alan MacEachrenWatt, R.J. and B.J. Rogers. "Human Vision and Cognitive Science." In Cognitive Psychology Research Directions in Cognitive Science: European Perspectives Vol. 1, edited by Alan Baddeley and Niels Ole Bernsen, 10–12. East Sussex: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989.Wood Jo Exploring geovisualization Kirschenbauer Sabine Dollner Jurgen Lopes Adriano Bodum Lars 2005 International Cartographic Association/Elsevier 0-08-044531-4 Jason Dykes Using 3D in Visualization 988646788 Alan M. MacEachren Menno-Jan Kraak While the result is technically 2D, it allows for the illusion of depth. It is easier for the eye to discern the distance between two items than the depth of a single object in the view field. Read JCA Phillipson GP Serrano-Pedraza I Milner AD Parker AJ 2010 Stereoscopic Vision on the Absence of the Lateral Occipital Cortex PLOS ONE 5 9 e12608 10.1371/journal.pone.0012608 20830303 2935377 2010PLoSO...512608R free Computers can use 2.5D to make images of human faces look lifelike.Kang C.-Y. Chen Y.-S. Hsu W.-H. Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Mapping a lifelike 2.5 D human face via an automatic approach http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.1993.341061 1993 611–612 IEEE Comput. Soc. Press 10.1109/cvpr.1993.341061 0-8186-3880-X 10957251 Perception of the physical environment is limited because of visual and cognitive issues. The visual problem is the lack of objects in three-dimensional space to be imaged with the same projection, while the cognitive problem is that the perception of an object depends on the observer. David Marr found that 2.5D has visual projection constraints that exist because "parts of images are always (deformed) discontinuities in luminance". Therefore, in reality, the observer does not see all of the surroundings but constructs a viewer-centred three-dimensional view. Blur perception A primary aspect of the human visual system is blur perception. Blur perception plays a key role in focusing on near or far objects. Retinal focus patterns are critical in blur perception as these patterns are composed of distal and proximal retinal defocus. Depending on the object's distance and motion from the observer, these patterns contain a balance and an imbalance of focus in both directions.Ciuffreda Kenneth J. Wang Bin Vasudevan Balamurali April 2007 Conceptual model of human blur perception Vision Research 47 9 1245–1252 10.1016/j.visres.2006.12.001 17223154 10320448 free Human blur perceptions involve blur detection and blur discrimination. Blur goes across the central and peripheral retina. The model has a changing nature and a model of blur perception is in dioptric space while in near viewing. The model can have suggestions according to depth perception and accommodating control. Digital synthesis The 2.5D range data is obtained by a range imaging system, and the 2D colour image is taken by a regular camera. These two data sets are processed individually and then combined. Human face output can be lifelike and be manipulated by computer graphics tools. In facial recognition, this tool can provide complete facial details.Chii-Yuan Kang January 1, 1994 Automatic approach to mapping a lifelike 2.5D human face http://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/02628856/v12i0001/5_aatmal2hf.xml Image and Vision Computing 12 1 5–14 10.1016/0262-8856(94)90051-5 subscription Three different approaches are used in colour edge detection: Analyze each colour independently and then combine them; Analyze the 'luminance channel' and use the chrominance channels to aid other decisions; Treat the colour image as a vector field, and use derivatives of the vector field as the colour gradient. 2.5D (visual perception) offers an automatic approach to making human face models. It analyzes a range data set and a color perception image. The sources are analyzed separately to identify the anatomical sites of features, craft the geometry of the face and produce a volumetric facial model. 10.1016/0262-8856(94)90051-5 12 Automatic approach to mapping a lifelike 2.5D human face Image and Vision Computing 5–14 1994 Chii-Yuan Kang Yung-Sheng Chen Wen-Hsing Hsu The two methods of feature localization are a deformable template and chromatic edge detection.Automatic identification of human faces by the 3-D shape of surfaces – using vertices of B spline surface Syst. & Computers in Japan, v.Vol 22 (No 7), p. 96, 1991, Abe T et al. The range imaging system contains benefits such as having problems become avoided through contact measurement. This would be easier to keep and is much safer and other advantages also include how it is needless to calibrate when measuring an object of similarity, and enabling the machine to be appropriate for facial range data measurement. 2.5D datasets can be conveniently represented in a framework of boxels (axis-aligned, non-overlapping boxes). They can be used to directly represent objects in the scene or as bounding volumes. Leonidas J. Guibas and Yuan Yao's work showed that axis-aligned disjoint rectangles can be ordered into four orders so that any ray meets them in one of the four orders. This is applicable to boxels and has shown that four different partitionings of the boxels into ordered sequences of disjoint sets exist. These are called antichains and enable boxels in one antichain to occlude boxels in subsequent antichains. The expected runtime for the antichain partitioning is O(n log n), where n is the number of boxels. This partitioning can be used for the efficient implementation of virtual drive-throughs and ray tracing.Goldschmidt Nir Gordon Dan November 2008 The BOXEL framework for 2.5D data with applications to virtual drivethroughs and ray tracing free Computational Geometry 41 3 167–187 10.1016/j.comgeo.2007.09.003 0925-7721 A person's perception of a visual representation involves three successive stages The 2D representation component yields an approximate description. The 2.5D representation component adds visuospatial properties to the object's surface. The 3D representation component adds depth and volume.Bouaziz Serge Magnan Annie January 2007 Contribution of the visual perception and graphic production systems to the copying of complex geometrical drawings: A developmental study Cognitive Development 22 1 5–15 10.1016/j.cogdev.2006.10.002 0885-2014 Applications Uses for a human face model include medicine, identification, computer animation, and intelligent coding.Kang C. Y. Chen Y. S. Hsu W. H. 1994 Automatic approach to mapping a lifelike 2.5d human face . Image and Vision Computing 12 1 5–14 10.1016/0262-8856(94)90051-5 References Category:Visual perception Category:Articles containing video clips