1981 Seychelles coup attempt

Failed coup attempt by South Africa September 2026 June 2025 1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt the Cold War 1981 Seychelles coup - interview.jpg The perpetrators of the coup being interviewed by local media: L to R: Dolinchek, England, Carey, Brooks, Sims and Puren. 25 November 1981 Seychelles International Airport, Mahé, Seychelles 04 40 27.64 S 55 31 18.67 E type:airport title,inline Coup failure Seychelles 1977 South Africa 1928Seychelles 1976 Mercenary forces France-Albert RenéOgilvy Berlouis Mike HoareTullio MonetaVarious 1982 14 Unknown troop strength2 armoured vehicles 53 mercenaries1 chartered aircraft 1 soldier killed 1 police officer wounded1 armoured vehicle damaged 1 mercenary killed2 mercenaries wounded5 mercenaries arrested1 NIS agent arrested1 accomplice arrested1 aircraft disabled Approximately 70 people in the airport terminal were taken hostage by the mercenaries. They also hijacked an aircraft with 65 passengers and 13 crew aboard. The aircraft was later relinquished and the hostages were released. The 1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt, sometimes referred to as the Seychelles affair or Operation Angela, was a failed South African–orchestrated coup to overthrow the government of Prime Minister France-Albert René in Seychelles and restore the previous president, James Mancham, to power. The South African government encouraged a mercenary group to force a change of government. Still, the poorly organised and underfunded operation was obstructed when a Seychelles customs official discovered weapons in the baggage of one of the arriving mercenaries and raised the alarm. After an extended firefight, the mercenaries hijacked an aircraft and fled to Durban in South Africa. They were charged in the South African courts but received lenient sentences. United Nations and the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission enquiries condemned the South African government for their participation in an attempt to overthrow a neighbouring government. Background 1977 Seychelles coup d'état left|thumb|1982 CIA map of East Africa with Seychelles in the center The Republic of Seychelles achieved independence on 29 June 1976 from the United Kingdom. James Mancham was president and France-Albert René was prime minister, but relations between the two quickly soured. In 1977 René's leftist supporters launched an armed coup while Mancham was in London. Though René denied any responsibility, he assumed the presidency in June. Being a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, the René presidency was considered by the United States to be Marxist in its outlook and favourably disposed towards the Soviet Union.Ray 1982 5 This led to a US-initiated plot against his government in 1979 – the plot was uncovered and resulted in the expulsion of several of the 120 American civilians working at a USAF Satellite Tracking Facility on the main island of Mahe (for economic reasons the station was permitted to remain operational – but the terms of lease were re-negotiated to be more equitable towards the Seychelles). The US Ambassador to Kenya as well as the Chargé d'Affaires in the Seychelles were also implicated in the coup.Ray 1982 5-6 Later in 1979, René's party won the elections and he pursued a socialist agenda, upsetting the small but influential middle-class population.Arnold 1999 63 His reign also saw the withdrawal of South Africa's landing rights as well as a deterioration of economic ties between the two countries.Brooks 2015 147 René frequently warned that sympathizers of the old government were conspiring to use mercenaries to stage a counter-coup. Most of his critics dismissed the alleged plots as exaggerated or even fabricated excuses to jail political opponents.Shillington 2014 252 In 1978 the deposed Mancham approached the South African government through Seychelles exiles to garner support for a counter-coup. The South African government was willing to assist and set aside a small number of special forces for a plot, but directed Mancham's representative to Mike Hoare and a South African government front company called Longreach.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28646454 Africa and International Corruption: the strange case of South Africa and Seychelles Stephen Ellishttps://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/13331/2/Brewster%20Flowers%20are%20Blooming%20Naval%20Review%202011.pdf Flowers Are Blooming: the story of the India Navy's secret operation in the Seychelles David Brewster "Mad" Mike Hoare had served as a mercenary during the Congo Crisis and, at the time, had retired to Hilton, KwaZulu-Natal and was living as a stock broker and investment manager. He agreed to lead the coup.Axelrod 2013 Mad Mike Hoare in the Seychelles Planning South African support South African officials organised the coup under the code name "Operation Angela".Fawthrop 1982 As plans developed, an internal struggle emerged between the Defence Intelligence Division (SADF-ID) and the National Intelligence Service (NIS) over which agency would be responsible for the operation. In the end, SADF was given charge of the plot but an NIS agent, Martin Dolinchek, was appointed to be a liaison officer with the task force. Seychellois exiles Gérard Hoarau, Paul Chow, and Edie Camille helped orchestrate the coup plot.Arnold 2016 201 Hoare determined that bringing in weapons via boat was, despite its effectiveness, too expensive a method to carry out.Mitchell 1982 Kenyan support Several prominent Kenyan politicians were alleged to have had prior knowledge of the coup, most prominently Attorney General Charles Njonjo, Police Commissioner Ben Gethi, JD Irwin, head of Kenya's Criminal Investigation Department and Andrew Cole, the current 7th Earl of Enniskillen and then owner of Sunbird Aviation, now a part of Air Kenya. Twenty days before the attempt, Gerard Hoarau and Paul Chow were sent to Nairobi to book a Sunbird Aviation Beechcraft Super King Air 200, registration number N 821CA, to transport the exile government to Seychelles from Mombasa. There have also been allegations that Kenya was to play a larger role in the plot. Just prior to the operation, Mike Hoare would tell South African intelligence officer Martin Dolinchek that Kenya had agreed to send "troops and police while the government-in-waiting was assembled in Nairobi". These troops would only arrive in the Sunbird Beechcraft after ‘Mad Mike’ had secured the army barracks, the airport and the radio station, which never came to pass.Owaah Death of a Mercenary: The Pilot Who Almost Brought Down A Government https://owaahh.com/death-mercenary-pilot-almost-brought-government/ 2017 3 December 2023 31 December 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20231203132323/https://owaahh.com/death-mercenary-pilot-almost-brought-government/ dead In the aftermath of the attempt, when Dolinchek was arrested, details of the Sunbird flight were found in his possession. Had Dolinchek not been left behind, perhaps the Kenyan connection would never have surfaced. Kenyan President Daniel arap Moi, then Chair of the OAU was embarrassed by the affair and may have been kept in the dark by Gethi and Njonjo who were both sacked the following year.Kamau John Daily Nation: How Njonjo, Gethi were embroiled in coup plot in Seychelles that embarrassed Moi https://nation.africa/kenya/news/politics/How-Njonjo-Gethi-were-embroiled-in-Seychelles-coup-plot/1064-2937724-hijdu0/index.html 31 October 2015 Recruitment thumb|right|Col. Thomas "Mad Mike" Hoare in 2018 (aged 98) An article in Gung Ho magazineA competitor magazine to Soldier of Fortune edition of May 1981 titled "Mercenary opportunities west of Suez" extolled the benefits and possibilities associated with a mercenary take-over of Seychelles and Mauritius, noting former Seychelles Prime Minister Mancham's support for such an operation. According to the Johannesburg-based Sunday Times newspaper of 29 November 1981, Jim Graves (the editor of Soldier of Fortune magazine) admitted that he had known about a large African mercenary operation being planned and his visit to Johannesburg two days before the attempted coup was "pure coincidence." The word of a large recruitment drive was known in mercenary circles in London, Paris, Johannesburg and Durban.Ray 1982 6 Hoare managed to assemble a force of 54 mercenaries (himself included).Axelrod 2013 Mad Mike Hoare in the Seychelles Of these, 27 were members of the South African Defence Force, 9 were ex-Rhodesian soldiers, 7 ex-Congo mercenaries, 1 NIS agent (Dolinchek), and 3 civilians.Brooks 2015 152 Hoare also advised that US$5 million be raised for the operation, but only US$300,000 was garnered. The rest of the mercenaries' salaries would come from the Seychelles Treasury.Shillington 2014 247–248 Plan Nine members of Hoare's team were sent to the island of Mahé, Seychelles as an advance team.Brooks 2015 147 They were to identify potential targets and rally support from dissident Seychellois soldiers.Mitchell 1982Shillington 2014 248 The rest would arrive on a chartered Royal Swazi National Airways Fokker F-28 in the afternoon of 25 November 1981, disguised as vacationing rugby players and members of a charitable beer drinking club.Brooks 2015 147 They took the name of their beer club –Ye Ancient Order of Froth-Blowers (AOFB)– from a London society that had been defunct since the 1930s. As part of their cover, the mercenaries disguised as AOFB members filled their baggage with toys that were to be supposedly distributed to local orphanages. In reality, these were meant to conceal the weight of AK-47 rifles hidden under the false bottoms of each item of luggage.Cowell Alan Alan Cowell In the Far Seychelles, a Tale of Intrigue https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/03/world/in-the-far-seychelles-a-tale-of-intrigue.html 2021-05-04 The New York Times 2 December 1981 https://web.archive.org/web/20150524075755/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/03/world/in-the-far-seychelles-a-tale-of-intrigue.html 2015-05-24 Part 2 of article (click link at bottom of page) makes reference to 'false bottoms' Hoare ensured that the toys were as bulky as possible to best suit the purpose.Axelrod 2013 Mad Mike Hoare in the Seychelles The mercenaries plan was to arrive on Mahé, rendezvous with the advance team and disperse around the island to various hotels. They were to wait for several days until René would be holding a cabinet meeting in the Maison du Peuple during which time they would launch their coup. They would seize the parliament, the airport, the radio station, police station, the army camp at Pointe La Rue, and other strategic locations.Shillington 2014 248 From the radio station they would broadcast that they had taken power on behalf of Mancham.Fawthrop 1982 The Seychellois exiles had assured the mercenaries that they would have the assistance of a 400-strong "local resistance force", but no such force existed.Shillington 2014 248 Operation thumb|Seychelles International Airport, the site of the abortive coup At 17:30 on 25 November 1981, Hoare and 43 mercenaries flew into Seychelles International Airport at Pointe La Rue on Mahé.Shillington 2014 248 All but two of them had made it through customs when a security supervisor began a thorough search of the luggage of a mercenary,Mitchell 1982Shillington 2014 248 discovering an AK-47.Brooks 2015 148 Realising their cover was blown, the mercenaries produced their weapons. One security guard ran towards the office to request assistance and bolted the door, successfully raising the alarm,Shillington 2014 248 which led to the beginning of a six-hour gun battle at the airport.Fawthrop 1982 About 70 airport staff and passengers were taken hostage by the mercenaries.Bailey 2016 105 President René was in his residence when he received a phone call about the incident at the airport. He immediately put the island on alert, calling all police and militia into service and imposing a 24-hour curfew. Colonel Ogilvy Berlouis, the chief of the Defence Force, was ordered to secure the airport and prevent the mercenaries from escaping.Shillington 2014 248–249 The number of mercenaries was unknown to the Seychellois, as was the question of whether the attack at the airport was supposed to coincide with a seaborne invasion. Hoare's men erected a roadblock on the north end of the airport and mounted an unsuccessful attack on the Pointe La Rue BarracksShillington 2014 249 in which one mercenary was wounded.Brooks 2015 151 Seychellois forces, with two armoured vehicles, occupied the airstrip, confining the mercenaries to the airport's buildings. They also fired upon the chartered aircraft, disabling it. One of the armoured vehicles made its way to the terminal forecourt, but the lights were out in the building and the driver had difficulty spotting the mercenaries. The vehicle's tires were quickly shot out and it was set ablaze by a Molotov cocktail. 2nd Lieutenant David Antat, the vehicle's commander, emerged from the top and engaged the mercenaries. They surrounded the vehicle and shot Antat several times in the chest, killing him.Shillington 2014 249 While the fighting was underway, Air India Flight 224 (a Boeing 707) en route from Salisbury (now Harare) to Bombay (now Mumbai) carrying 13 crew and 65 passengers closed in to land for a scheduled refuelling.TOI 2006 The mercenaries, having just seized the control tower, gave permission for it to land. Berlouis was afraid that the plane might be carrying mercenary reinforcements and he thus ordered trucks to be used to block the runway while flares were fired to direct the pilot to abort the landing. At that point the plane was too committed to the landing and proceeded to land and despite the lack of runway lighting, the pilot managed to manoeuvre the aircraft to avoid the trucks, only sustaining superficial damage to its right wing.Shillington 2014 249 Seychellois forces then began firing in the direction of the Boeing, spreading worry among some of the mercenaries who saw the aircraft as their only means of escape.Shillington 2014 249 The mercenaries then boarded the flight and the operational leader, Peter Duffy, instructed Captain Umesh Saxena to take them to Zimbabwe. After an argument regarding the lack of fuel, Saxena agreed to fly them to the nearer city of Durban, South Africa.TOI 2006 The advance team of five mercenaries, NIS agent Dolinchek (under the alias Anton Lubic) and one female civilian accomplice were subsequently arrested.Mitchell 1982Brooks 2015 148 Out of the total coup force, one mercenary was killed (SADF 2 Recce member Johan Fritz)United Nations 1981 and two wounded. One Seychellois soldier was killedUnited Nations 1981 and a police sergeant was wounded.Brooks 2015 148, 151 Aftermath Arrests, charges and sentences Treason charges in Seychelles Of the five mercenaries who had been arrested and charged in Seychelles, four (Rhodesian Aubrey Brooks, South African Jerry Puren and Britons Bernard Carey and Roger England) were sentenced to death for treason on 6 July 1982.https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/06/22/Seychelles-withdraws-treason-charge-against-mercenary/9797393566400/ Seychelles withdraws treason charge against mercenary Charles Mitchell United Press International online Archive 22 June 1982 none Martin Dolinchek was also found guilty of treason and was sentenced to twenty years imprisonment for indirect participation in the coup attempt.Various 1982 14 Robert Sims,Simms was the brother-in-law of Mike Hoare the fifth mercenary was sentenced to ten years imprisonment on charges related to smuggling arms into the Seychelles. Charges were dropped against Susan Ingles (47), Sims' common law wife who had been arrested and was subsequently released. After extended negotiations between the Seychelles and South African governments and a US$3.0 million payment directly to President RenéTRC 1998 162 – all six prisoners were pardoned by René and deported to South Africa in mid-1983.TRC 1998 162https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/05/07/Mercenary-renounces-violence/6154484286400/ Mercenary renounces violence United Press International online Archive 7 May 1985 Mercenary trial in South Africa Mike Hoare and the mercenaries who had fled to Durban were arrested on landing in Durban. Surprisingly, they were not charged for having attempted a military coup in a foreign country but rather under the Civil Aviation Offences Act on relatively minor charges related to the Air India aircraft. Five were charged and released under bail, while the other mercenaries were released without charge.Ray 1982 9 During the course of the proceedings and charges, General Magnus Malan in his capacity as Minister of Defence, invoked Section 29(1) of the General Laws Amendment Act barring twenty-five of the accused and/or witnesses (all of whom were current or reserve members of the SADF) from giving evidence on matters concerning their involvement in SADF operations prior to 24 November 1981. Without their testimony, only eight of the forty-three accused were charged. All other mercenaries had their charges dropped and were releasedTRC 1998 162 The international response was swift and vitriolic, considering South Africa had been a strong vocal opponent of terrorism, including air piracy and it is also a signatory to many conventions on hijacking. South African law is harsh in this regard, with a mandatory five-year minimum prison sentence for hijacking. Under sustained international pressure – the entire group of 44 mercenaries was again charged with air piracy on 5 January 1982.Ray 1982 9 International and local press immediately commented that the charges may be a sham – as South African law defined a hijacking as an event that takes place once the aircraft doors have been closed and the aircraft is under direct command of the captain. As the decision was made to divert the aircraft to Durban before the "hijackers" embarked onto the aircraft, this was not considered to be air piracy, but rather a political crime that had taken pace on Seychelles territory and that should be ruled on by Seychelles courts. This was unlikely to happen as South Africa had no extradition treaty with Seychelles.Ray 1982 9 After a five-month trial, Provincial Supreme Court Judge Neville James absolved the South African government and Prime Minister Pieter W. Botha of complicity in the coup attempt as had been alleged by the mercenaries.https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1982/07/28/hoares-mercenaries-guilty-of-hijacking-in-seychelles-coup/30c20b52-af32-49cd-9231-de798442af79/ Hoare's Mercenaries Guilty of Hijacking In Seychelles Coup Sparks Allister The Washington Post 28 July 1982 The sentences finally passed in July 1982 were: Mike Hoare was sentenced to ten years imprisonment: The judge, Justice Neville James told the court that Hoare, was "an unscrupulous man with a highly cavalier attitude to the truth."BBC 1998 He was released from prison in May 1985 after serving three of his ten-year sentence, under a general amnesty announced in December 1984 by President Pieter W. Botha.https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/05/06/Mad-Mike-Hoare-released-from-prison/7877484200000/ Mad Mike Hoare released from prison United Press International online Archive 6 May 1985 Briton Peter Duffy (40), and South Africans Tullio Moneta (32) and Pieter Doorewaard (28) were sentenced to five years imprisonment.https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/07/29/Veteran-soldier-of-fortune-Col-Mad-Mike-Hoare-was/4073396763200/ Veteran soldier of fortune Col. 'Mad Mike' Hoare was sentenced today to 10 years in jail United Press International online Archive 29 July 1982 Briton Michael Webb (32), Kenneth Dalgleish (32), of South Africa and Zimbabwean Charles Goatley (27) were sentenced to two years imprisonment; South African, Vernon Prinsloo (31) was given five-year terms on each of two charges against him, but would serve an effective 12 months in jail; The remaining 34 prisoners were charged with endangering the safety of an Air India aircraft and they were sentenced to five years imprisonment of which four years were suspended in each case. The men were effectively jailed for 6-month prison terms and released after four months for good conduct;Details of the full mercenary "Frothblower team" are listed in Независимая Африка. Катанга. Конго. Биафра. Родезия (Eng: Independent Africa. Katanga. Congo. Biafra. Rhodesia.)https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/11/27/Foreign-News-in-Brief/2087407221200/ Foreign news in brief United Press International online Archive 27 November 1982 Two of the 45 who flew to Durban after the coup bid, turned state's witness (South Africans, Steyn de Wet and Theodorus van Huysteen). American, Charles William Dukes was wounded during the action at the Seychelles airport and was loaded onto the aircraft in a sedated state. He was deemed to have not participated in the hijacking and was released without charge. Muzzling of the press Three journalists were found guilty of violating the Official Secrets Act for reporting that South Africa's secret service was involved in the aborted coup. Rex Gibson, editor of the English-language Rand Daily Mail; Tertius Myburgh, editor of the Sunday Times; and Eugene Hugo, a reporter for South African Associated Newspapers were fined between $270 to $720, but the fines were suspended.https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/03/04/Three-journalists-were-found-guilty-today-of-violating-the/7365415602000/ Three journalists were found guilty today of violating the Official Secrets Act United Press International online Archive 4 March 1983 South African government's involvement Prime Minister P.W. Botha stated that the attempted coup was carried out without the knowledge of the South African Government, the Cabinet or the State Security Council and he also stated that no authorisation for the coup had been given by any of these entities. Also, the judge of the Pietermaritzburg hijack-trial concluded that the South African government was not involved in the coup.The Argus, 27 June 1982 The UN Commission instituted under Resolution 495 revealed that the South African government had issued military mobilisation orders for forty-three of the mercenaries who were either serving in- or were reservist SADF soldiers.TRC 1998 162 The South African government also refused to grant the UN Commission access to any of the mercenaries and it also prevented any interviews from being conducted with them.United Nations 1981TRC 1998 162 Mike Hoare said that the South African Cabinet and top ranking NIS and SADF officers knew about the abortive coup and condoned it.Rand Daily Mail: 4 May 1982 Martin Dolinchek (alias Anton Lubic) declared that his department (NIS) and the SADF had full and prior knowledge of the coup plans and they were presented to the South African Government in 1979 and rejected, only to be accepted in 1980.TRC 1998 161 He stated that logistical support was given by the South African Defence Force with them providing AK-47 assault rifles, ammunition and grenades and further arranging for the other weapons to be available on the island).Rand Daily Mail: 13 and 14 April 1982 Further, Dolinchek had travelled to the Seychelles on a government issued South African passport in the name of 'Anton Lubic'. He claimed the passport was issued to him on 12 October 1981 by the Department of the Interior in Durban. This was confirmed by the South African government to the United Nations inquiry into the abortive coup.United Nations 1981 Kenyan involvement Dolinchek told his captors in Seychelles that "..a new government was to be flown in from Kenya and that the Kenyan government had further agreed to provide two aircraft to fly in troops and police to support the new government and to supplement the mercenary force."Ray 1982 10 Seychellois police found a document among Dolinchek's belongings that showed flight times for a Beechcraft Super Kingair 2000 that was scheduled to fly to Comoros on 24 November 1981 from Mombasa. Then it would fly back to Mombasa to take off again on 26 November to the Seychelles. Under questioning, Dolinchek filled in details that the charter plane from Mombasa would be carrying James Mancham, his wife and three colleagues ready to retake power in Seychelles. With them, Dolinchek added, would be Kenyan military and police reinforcements for the coup. https://owaahh.com/death-mercenary-pilot-almost-brought-government/ Death of a Mercenary: The Pilot Who Almost Brought Down a Government 13 April 2017 31 December 2020 3 December 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231203132323/https://owaahh.com/death-mercenary-pilot-almost-brought-government/ dead The Kenyan government strongly denied any such involvement once this statement was made public. The denial was questioned as it was known that Kenyan President Arap Moi was not well disposed towards Seychelles and because Kenya was an active participant in the 1979 Seychelles attempted coup together with the United States.Ray 1982 10 Tanzania involvement Tanzanian troops were helping man airport and coastal defence positions after the coup attempt by mercenaries, Maj. James Michel, the Seychelles Information Minister reported.June 2022 Major Michel, who was also Chief of Staff of the Seychelles Defense Forces, said Tanzanian soldiers, who had been training the Seychelles Army since 1977, had almost all gone home before the mercenaries attacked the airport on the main island of Mahe on 25 November.June 2022 But right after the attack Tanzania sent combat troops and they are now supplementing our own defence forces at the airport and coastal defence positions to help us counter any future aggressions, Major Michel said. They will stay as long as is needed. https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/31/world/soldiers-from-tanzania-help-defend-seychelles-aide-says.html Soldiers from Tanzania Help Defend Seychelles, Aide Says The New York Times 31 December 1981 United Nations Commission On 15 December 1981, the United Nations Security Council convened a commission of enquiry to investigate the invasion and to report its findings to the Security Council.Ray 1982 10 The commission, composed of Panamanian, Irish and Japanese representatives concluded that "..it was 'hard to believe' South Africa had no prior knowledge of the plot to overthrow the leftist government on the Indian Ocean island." In the second report, the Commission reported that evidence implicating the South African authorities had emerged and said 'it is not now disputed' that Hoare had approached the South African national intelligence service and was referred to members of the defence forces. The panel said it uncovered several other matters 'which it considers clearly established' South African involvement:https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/12/07/Charge-South-African-involvement-in-Seychelles-coup-attempt/6841408085200/ Charge South African involvement in Seychelles coup attempt John Usher United Press International online Archive 7 December 1982 Arms, ammunition and other equipment were supplied by South African Defense Force personnel; An (South African) army officer participated in the preliminary discussions; The government was generally aware of attempts by Seychelles exiles seeking support to overthrow the Seychelles government; and Members of an elite South African commando unit took part in the operation. South Africa Truth and Reconciliation Commission The South Africa Truth and Reconciliation Commission found that: The commission finds that the attempt to overthrow the Seychelles government was an operation undertaken by senior operatives of the NIS and the Department of Military Intelligence with the collusion of elements within the SADF. As such, it was a violation of international law and an infringement of the sovereignty of the Seychelles government. The death of a Seychellois citizen in the operation was a gross human rights violation. For these acts, the Commission finds the following to be accountable in their capacities as heads of agencies of the state directly involved in the operation:TRC 1998 163-164 Prime Minister P.W. Botha, Minister of Defence General Magnus Malan, Head of the office of Chief of Staff Intelligence: Lieutenant General P.W. van der Westhuizen, and The National Intelligence Service.TRC 1998 163-164 Other Mike Hoare later authored a book on the coup attempt, entitled The Seychelles Affair.Axelrod 2013 Mad Mike Hoare in the Seychelles After the event, David Antat became a Seychelles national hero.Greek Ministry of Culture 1986 60 See also History of Seychelles 1977 Seychelles coup d'état Notes and references Notes Note Citations Bibliography Arnold Guy Mercenaries: Scourge of the Developing World Springer illustrated 1999 https://books.google.com/books?id=KPuuCwAAQBAJ 9781349277087 Arnold Guy Wars in the Third World Since 1945 Bloomsbury Publishing 2016 https://books.google.com/books?id=L3TqDAAAQBAJ 9781474291019 Axelrod Alan Alan Axelrod Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies CQ Press 2013 https://books.google.com/books?id=EWQXBAAAQBAJ 9781483364667 Bailey Sydney The UN Security Council and Human Rights Springer illustrated 2016 https://books.google.com/books?id=Ugu_DAAAQBAJ 9781349237012 https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/27/newsid_2499000/2499153.stm BBC News: On this day 27th July BBC 1998 Brooks Aubrey Death Row in Paradise: The Untold Story of the Mercenary Invasion of the Seychelles 1981–83 Helion and Company revised 2015 https://books.google.com/books?id=S5S0DAAAQBAJ 9781911096771 Captain hosts his hijacker The Times of India TOI 2006 13 October 2006 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Captain-hosts-his-hijacker/articleshow/2168068.cms https://www.csmonitor.com/1982/0120/012044.html Seychelles coup attempt: as intriguing as a spy thriller Fawthrop Tom 20 January 1982 The Christian Science Monitor 18 March 2017 Greek Ministry of Culture Ministry of Culture and Sports (Greece) Seychelles, close to us Hypourgeio Politismou 1986 https://books.google.com/books?id=wB0uAQAAIAAJ http://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/06/14/Mercenaries-to-stand-trial-on-coup-attempt/4805392875200/ Mercenaries to stand trial on coup attempt Mitchell Charles 14 June 1982 United Press International Ellen Ray 1982 Seychelles beats back mercenaries https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-00845R000100180006-2.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20170123210321/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-00845R000100180006-2.pdf dead 23 January 2017 Covert Action Information Bulletin 16 March 1982 Shillington Kevin Albert René: The Father of Modern Seychelles : a Biography Apollo Books 2014 https://books.google.com/books?id=vMlWPez0380C 9781742586120 https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume 2 TRC 1998 South African Government Printer https://www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire/81-84/Chapter%208/81-84_08-9-Complaint%20by%20Seychelles%20.pdf United Nations Resolution 496 of 15 December 1981 (2,314th meeting) United Nations 1981 UN Security Council Various https://books.google.com/books?id=H0u1rgnWOEIC&dq=Tullio+Moneta&pg=RA4-PA19 AF Press Clips 1982 Ohio State University External links Seychelles Affair: 1981 – Youtube Video 19811126-0 Hijacking Air India flight Category:1981 conflicts Category:Cold War in Africa Coup d'état attempt Seychelles coup d'état attempt Category:Military of Seychelles Seychelles 1981 Category:November 1981 in Africa Category:Battles involving Seychelles Category:Battles involving South Africa Category:Cold War military history of South Africa Category:1981 in South Africa Category:Attempted coups d'état in Africa Category:Seychelles–South Africa relations Category:India–Seychelles relations Category:India–South Africa relations Category:Aircraft hijackings in Africa