2011–12 El Hierro eruption

September 2021 y Submarine volcanic eruption near the Canary Islands 2011–2012 El Hierro eruption Lava balloons floating on water, El Hierro 2011.jpg Lava balloons floating on discoloured water during the 2011–2012 El Hierro eruption 2011 10 10 yes 2012 03 05 yes Tagoro Submarine, Surtseyan El Hierro, Canary Islands, Spain 27 36 55 N 18 01 35 W type:event_source:kolossus-cawiki title,inline 2 Spain Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife Volcán Tagoro Volcano icon.svg 15 27.615278 -18.026389 The 2011–2012 El Hierro eruption occurred just off the island of El Hierro, the second smallest and farthest south and west of the Canary Islands (an autonomous community of Spain), in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa. The island is also the youngest in the volcanic chain. The October 2011 – March 2012 eruption was underwater, with a fissure of vents located approximately 2 km mi off to the south of the fishing village of La Restinga on the southern coast of the island.Carracedo Juan Carlos Troll Valentin R. Zaczek Kirsten Rodríguez-González Alejandro Soler Vicente Deegan Frances M. 2015-11-01 The 2011–2012 submarine eruption off El Hierro, Canary Islands: New lessons in oceanic island growth and volcanic crisis management http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001282521530009X Earth-Science Reviews en 150 168–200 2015ESRv..150..168C 10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.06.007 0012-8252 subscription Increased seismicity in June 2012 to the north-west of the vent did not result in another phase of eruptive activity. Until the 2021 La Palma eruption, which started on 19 September 2021, this was the last volcanic eruption in Spain. Earthquakes Beginning on 17 July 2011, increased seismic activity was detected by the Instituto Vulcanológico de Canarias (Volcanological Institute of the Canary Islands) and National Geographic Institute's seismic monitoring station located in Valverde. The seismic monitoring network was increased in density on 21 July to allow better detection and location of the seismic events. There was an earthquake swarm with in excess of 400 minor tremors between 20 July and 24 July;Canary Islands Government Monitors El Hierro Earthquake Swarm http://www.irishweatheronline.cohttp://www.ign.es/ign/resources/volcanologia/CHIE/imagenes_sismica/DIA/CHIE_2011-10-10.jpgm/news/earthquakesvolcanos/canary-islands-government-monitors-el-hierro-earthquake-swarm/28244.html 24 July 2011 September 2016 InternetArchiveBot yes by 27 July a further 320 earthquakes had been recorded.El Hierro Volcano eruption (Canary Islands) : Part 1 - July 28 until September 7, 2011 http://earthquake-report.com/2011/07/28/earquake-activity-below-el-hierro-volcano-canary-islands-spain/ https://web.archive.org/web/20111001113140/http://earthquake-report.com/2011/07/28/earquake-activity-below-el-hierro-volcano-canary-islands-spain/ usurped 1 October 2011 28 July 2011 On 25 August there were reports that some horizontal deformation had been detected, but that there was no unusual vertical deformation.El enjambre sísmico de El Hierro suma más de 4.000 terremotos http://www.suite101.net/news/el-enjambre-sismico-de-el-hierro-suma-mas-de-4000-terremotos-a64499 25 August 2011 Spanish dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110923093810/http://www.suite101.net/news/el-enjambre-sismico-de-el-hierro-suma-mas-de-4000-terremotos-a64499 23 September 2011 At that time, the total number of tremors had exceeded 4000. By the end of September, the tremors had increased in frequency and intensity, with experts fearing landslides affecting the town of La Frontera, and also a small possibility of a volcanic eruption through a new vent. In late September, emergency services evacuated several families in the areas at most risk, and made plans to evacuate the island if necessary.Perez-Torrado F. J. Carracedo J. C. Rodríguez-González A. Soler V. Troll V. R. Wiesmaier S. 2012-06-30 La erupción submarina de La Restinga en la isla de El Hierro, Canarias: Octubre 2011-Marzo 2012 http://estudiosgeol.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeol/article/view/870 Estudios Geológicos es 68 1 5–27 10.3989/egeol.40918.179 1988-3250 free 10553/44225 free Submarine eruption: October 2011 – March 2012 thumb|left|upright=1.2|Satellite image taken on 23 October 2011, showing the volcanic material in the sea Between 4:15 and 4:20 am on 10 October 2011 the earthquake swarm changed behaviour and produced a harmonic tremor.Seismogram for El Hierro http://www.ign.es/ign/head/volcaSenalesAnterioresDia.do?nombreFichero=CHIE_2011-10-10&ver=s&estacion=CHIE&Anio=2011&Mes=10&Dia=10&tipo=1 10 October 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20111012100532/http://www.ign.es/ign/head/volcaSenalesAnterioresDia.do?nombreFichero=CHIE_2011-10-10&ver=s&estacion=CHIE&Anio=2011&Mes=10&Dia=10&tipo=1 12 October 2011 Harmonic tremors are produced by magma movements and can indicate that an eruption has begun. That same day, patches of pale-coloured and sulphurous smelling water with dead fish were seen off the coast of La Restinga. A small submarine eruption had begun, 2 km south of La Restinga. Eruption 'jacuzzis', occasionally reaching 10–15 m ft off high above the surface of the water, were seen during the most energetic eruptive episodes.Marín Bernardo Valverde R. Méndez 2011-10-11 La erupción volcánica submarina de el Hierro libera magma y gases en el océano El País http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/Instituto/Geografico/Nacional/apunta/erupcion/submarina/marcha/Hierro/elpepusoc/20111010elpepusoc_5/Tes In early November, the 600 residents of La Restinga were evacuated for the second time. A confirmed surtseyan type of eruption phase started at the fissure on 7 November 2011. On 25 November 2011 the eruption was ongoing with vigorous phreatic bubbles emerging.Perez-Torrado F. J. Carracedo J. C. Rodríguez-González A. Soler V. Troll V. R. Wiesmaier S. 2012-06-30 La erupción submarina de La Restinga en la isla de El Hierro, Canarias: Octubre 2011-Marzo 2012 http://estudiosgeol.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeol/article/view/870 Estudios Geológicos es 68 1 5–27 10.3989/egeol.40918.179 1988-3250 free 10553/44225 free Several separate plumes of material, aligned N-S, were visible from the air, showing that the eruption was of a fissure type.October 2021 The main volcano on the island, Tanganasoga, underwent rapid inflation and increased carbon dioxide gas emissions, which were a cause for concern.http://volcanocafe.wordpress.com/2011/11/22/tanganasoga-vulcano-inflation/ Tanganasoga Vulcano Inflation 2011-11-22 On 24 November there were various reports of a sulphurous smell in the El Golfo area of the island. thumb|upright=1.68|Effects observed in the surface waters as a consequence of the volcanic emissions of Tagoro submarine volcano near El Hierro:(a) Surface seawater bubbling (5 Nov 2011) (b) Colour patches in the surface waters (c) A 10-metre high bubble (5 Nov 2011) (d) Light green seawater surface On 27 November the coast guard vessel Salvamar Adhara collected some pumice clasts,Zaczek Kirsten Troll Valentin R. Cachao Mario Ferreira Jorge Deegan Frances M. Carracedo Juan Carlos Soler Vicente Meade Fiona C. Burchardt Steffi 2015-01-22 Nannofossils in 2011 El Hierro eruptive products reinstate plume model for Canary Islands Scientific Reports en 5 1 7945 2015NatSR...5E7945Z 10.1038/srep07945 free 2045-2322 4302296 25609055 colloquially nicknamed 'floating lava bombs' or 'lava balloons', some of many that had been ejected by the underwater eruption and floated to the surface of the sea before sinking again.Troll V. R. Klügel A. Longpré M.-A. Burchardt S. Deegan F. M. Carracedo J. C. Wiesmaier S. Kueppers U. Dahren B. Blythe L. S. Hansteen T. H. 2012-03-13 Floating stones off El Hierro, Canary Islands: xenoliths of pre-island sedimentary origin in the early products of the October 2011 eruption https://se.copernicus.org/articles/3/97/2012/ Solid Earth English 3 1 97–110 10.5194/se-3-97-2012 2012SolE....3...97T 1869-9510 free 10553/46237 freehttp://earthquake-report.com/2011/09/25/el-hierro-canary-islands-spain-volcanic-risk-alert-increased-to-yellow/ https://archive.today/20130122154420/http://earthquake-report.com/2011/09/25/el-hierro-canary-islands-spain-volcanic-risk-alert-increased-to-yellow/ usurped 22 January 2013 El Hierro Volcano activity report 2011-09-25https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/11/mixing-magmas-at-the-ongoing-el-hierro-eruption/ Wired Erik Klemetti Mixing Magmas at the Ongoing El Hierro Eruption 28 November 2011Meletlidis S. 2012 Xenopumices from the 2011–2012 submarine eruption of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain): Constraints on the plumbing system and magma ascent Geophysical Research Letters 39 17 L17302 2012GeoRL..3917302M 10.1029/2012GL052675 128957293 free In the following days, three scientific and seismic survey vessels studied the area: Sarmiento da Gamboa (bathymetry, gravity and mapping seismic profiles), Ramon Margalef (multibeam bathymetric survey, sediment sampling and the acquisition of echograms of the water column) and Cornide de Saavedra (physical and chemical evolution of the volcano stain). The depth of the volcano beneath the surface of the water was estimated at 60 m ft off in early December;4 December 2011 Canary Island volcano: A new island in the making? BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15917740 after detailed bathymetric surveys, the highest point was placed at between 150 and 180 m ft off below the sea surface. By late February 2012 the depth of the highest point was 100 m ft off below sea level. On 21 December 2011 it was suggested that the eruption was subsiding, as the harmonic tremors and earthquakes are decreasing in frequency;http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=76717&src=eoa-iotd Tremors, Eruption at el Hierro Subsiding? 2011-12-21 however, in early January 2012 the earthquakes were increasing in frequency and the area of the eruption appeared to be increasing, with a wider area of sea producing the steaming pumice clasts, steam and general "jacuzzi" activity. By late February 2012 a decrease in seismicity, deformation and gas release was noted.Carracedo Juan Carlos Torrado Francisco Pérez González Alejandro Rodríguez Soler Vicente Turiel José Luis Fernández Troll Valentin R. Wiesmaier Sebastian 2012 The 2011 submarine volcanic eruption in El Hierro (Canary Islands) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2012.00827.x Geology Today en 28 2 53–58 10.1111/j.1365-2451.2012.00827.x 1365-2451 free 10261/77891 55833380 subscription In early March the authorities on El Hierro declared the eruption to be over; this was questioned by some vulcanologists. The webcams were taken down. In mid-April 2012 the top of the cone was measured at 86 m ft off below the surface of the sea.http://earthquake-report.com/2012/05/19/el-hierro-volcano-eruption-canary-islands-part-40-april-11-until-april-21/ https://web.archive.org/web/20140829072339/http://earthquake-report.com/2012/05/19/el-hierro-volcano-eruption-canary-islands-part-40-april-11-until-april-21/ usurped 29 August 2014 El Hierro Volcano eruption (Canary Islands) : Part 40 – April 11 until April 21 2012-05-19 Passive degassing of the underwater vent continued during 2012. Climatic impacts of the October 2011 to March 2012 El Hierro submarine volcanic eruption were reported by Yim (2013).Yim, W. (2013). El Hierro: climatic impacts of the October 2011 to March 2012 El Hierro submarine volcanic eruption. Imperial Engineer, issue number 19, 12–13. June 2012 activity 230px|thumb|right|View from the slopes of El Julan on El Hierro. The June 2012 seismic activity was centred near this area. Between 2 and 4 June 2012 seismic activity on the island again picked up, with small earthquake swarms indicating deep-seated magma movement below the island. A period of quiet followed, with another period of earthquake swarms starting on 14 June. Plotting of the earthquake epicentres showed that the magma was moving southwestwards across the central part of the island and under the area of the sea near the El Julan – La Dehesa area of the island, i.e. to the northwest of the submarine vent of 2011–2012. Deformation of the island continued at a faster rate than that observed prior to the October 2011 eruption.https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/06/signs-of-revived-activity-at-el-hierro-in-the-canary-islands/ Wired Erik Klemetti Signs of Revived Activity at El Hierro in the Canary Islands 25 June 2012 Sensors measured that inflation of 4 cm in off height had taken place in the three days up to 27 June - a very fast rate of deformation. September 2012 activity In mid-September 2012 earthquake activity increased again.https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/09/potential-magmatic-intrusion-underway-at-el-hierro/ Wired Erik Klemetti Potential Magmatic Intrusion Underway at El Hierro? 16 September 2012 Source of the magma For the October 2011–March 2012 eruption, and the two phases of subsequent earthquake activity, plotting has shown that in all cases the magma rose under the area of Tanganasoga. In the eruption it worked south-eastwards to near La Restinga; in the February upsurge in activity followed the same path. Modelling of ground deformation measured with radar interferometry confirmed two shallow magma reservoirs, consistent with the migration of earthquakes epicenters.González Pablo J. 2013 Magma storage and migration associated with the 2011–2012 El Hierro eruption: Implications for crustal magmatic systems at oceanic island volcanoes Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 118 8 4361–4377 2013JGRB..118.4361G 10.1002/jgrb.50289 free 10261/81685 130288780 The June 2012 earthquake activity had the magma moving to the west of the island, and the current (mid-September) earthquake activity has shown that the magma moving south from Tanganasoga. Naming of the volcano In 2016, the underwater volcano was officially named Tagoro. The word comes from the Guanche language and means 'circular enclosure made of stones' or 'meeting place'. The name was suggested by the Instituto Español de Oceanografía (Spanish Oceanography Institute) to the Instituto Hidrográfico de la Marina (Navy Hydrography Institute), which is in charge of the naming of such geographical features.https://www.canarias7.es/hemeroteca/el_volcan_submarino_de_el_hierro_bautizado_oficialmente_como_tagoro_-HCCSN421710 El volcán submarino de El Hierro bautizado oficialmente como "Tagoro" es El Hierro's underwater volcano officially named "Tagoro" 2016-05-30 Canarias7 2019-08-16 See also 2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption 1971 Teneguía eruption 1949 Cumbre Vieja eruption Geology of the Canary Islands References External links "Xenopumices from the 2011–2012 submarine eruption of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain): Constraints on the plumbing system and magma ascent" GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 39, L17302, doi:10.1029/2012GL052675, 2012 (PDF) NASA Earth Observatory image and article on the eruption Instituto Vulcanológico de Canarias page with many photos (in Spanish) 4D model of earthquake swarm July to September 2011 Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution James M. Day, et al.: Evidence for distinct proportions of subducted oceanic crust and lithosphere in HIMU-type mantle beneath El Hierro and La Palma, Canary Islands, 2010 (Science Direct, PDF) Martin J.R. Gee, et al.: Landslides and evolution of El Hierro in the Canary Islands, Marine Geology 177 (2001), 271-93 (PDF) M. R. Gee, et al.: Offshore continuation of volcanic rift zones, El Hierro, Canary Islands, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 105 (2001), 107 - 119 (PDF) Longpre, M.; Troll, V.; Hansteen, T. H.; Anderson, E.: Ankaramitic Lavas and Clinopyroxene Megacrysts From the Tanganasoga Volcano, El Hierro Island (Canary Archipelago), American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2009, abstract #V51A-1662, Publication Date: 12/2009 (Abstract) N. A. Stroncik, et al.: The magmatic plumbing system beneath El Hierro (Canary Islands): constraints from phenocrysts and naturally quenched basaltic glasses in submarine rocks, Contrib Mineral Petrol (2009) 157:593–607, DOI 10.1007/s00410-008-0354-5 (PDF) J. J. Hernandez, et al.: Volcanic caves in El Hierro island, Canary Islands, Spain (PDF) J. de Nuez Pestana, e al.: Geology and volcanology of La Palma and El Hierro, western Canaries , Estudios geológicos, Vol. 57 no.56, 175-273 (Abstract) Serie Sísmica de El Hierro, Grupo de Investigación de Ingeniería Sísmica, Universidad de Madrid, act. 29.9.2011 (Spanish) Photo gallery of the El Hierro volcanic eruption. Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Madrid. Archived 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2018-10-26. Category:21st-century volcanic events Category:El Hierro Category:2011 in Spain Category:2012 in Spain Category:2011 disasters in Spain Category:2012 disasters in Spain Category:Volcanism of the Canary Islands El Hierro Category:Volcanic eruptions in Spain Category:Submarine eruptions Category:Surtseyan eruptions