1988 violence in Shusha and Stepanakert

Expulsion of Armenians from Shusha and Azerbaijanis from Stepanakert 1988 violence in Shusha and Stepanakert the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Nagorno_Karabakh03.png 300px Map of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast Shusha and Stepanakert, Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union Armenian population of Shusha and Azerbaijani population of Stepanakert September 18–20, 1988 (09 18 1988 09 20 1988) Expulsion 1 49 The 1988 violence in Shusha and Stepanakert was the expulsion of the ethnic Armenian population of Shusha and the ethnic Azerbaijani population of Stepanakert, in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast in the Azerbaijani SSR, Soviet Union, from September 18 to 20, 1988.http://karabakhrecords.info/documents_officials_zakluchenie-komiteta-po-pravam-cheloveka-rsfsr.html Заключение Комитета ВС РСФСР по правам человека Conclusion of the Human Rights Committee of the RSFSR Supreme Council April 24, 2012 ru October 10, 2019 Karabakh Records https://web.archive.org/web/20191010193224/http://karabakhrecords.info/documents_officials_zakluchenie-komiteta-po-pravam-cheloveka-rsfsr.html Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II, Том 1, by Uk Heo, Karl DeRouen, 2007 During the violence, 33 Armenians and 16 Azerbaijanis were wounded, more than 30 houses had been set on fire, and a 61-year-old Armenian was killed.https://books.google.com/books?id=aRJJ9qs6PeQC&dq=%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%AB+1988+septembe8&pg=PA143 Gha-ra-bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia Mark Malkasian Wayne State University Press 1996 143–144 At the end of the violence, 3,117 ethnic Azerbaijanis were forced to leave Stepanakert.https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000004915181&view=1up&seq=149&size=125 Bakinskiy Rabochiy 27 November 1988 JPRS report. Soviet Union. Political affairs / Foreign Broadcast Information Service Political Affairs The Service 156 The events was one of the acts of ethnic violence in the context of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, carried out along the demands of the Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh to secede from Azerbaijan and unify with Armenia. Background Throughout modern history the city of Shusha, known to Armenians as Shushi, mainly fostered a mixed Armenian–Azerbaijani population. Following the Shusha massacre in 1920, the Armenian population of the city was mostly killed or expelled, and the city reduced to a town with a dominant Azerbaijani population.S. Neil MacFarlane, Oliver Thränert,, Balancing hegemony: the OSCE in the CIS, Centre for International Relations, 1997, p. 71 Stepanakert, located in the Karabakh Plateau, was the capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), with an Armenian majority, and an Azerbaijani minority. According to the 1979 Soviet census, the city had a population of 38,980 people, mostly of Armenians, who constituted 87% of the total population, and more than four thousand Azerbaijanis.Yamskov A. N., Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh, Theory and Society, Vol. 20, No. 5, Special Issue on Ethnic Conflict in the Soviet Union,(Oct., 1991), p. 645, "According to the estimates of T. Sarkisian, A. Vartanov, and G. Starovoitova, by early 1987 there were 133,200 Armenians in Nagomo-Karabakh (74 percent of the population) and 43,900 Azeris (24.4 percent of the population). The Azeris represented the following percentages of the population in the raions of Nagomo-Karabakh: Mardakertskii -— 14.8% (6,800), Askeranskii - 16.7% (3,000), Shushinskii - 90.1% (19,000), Martuninskii -— 22.7% (6,200), Gadrutskii -— 14.6% (2,100); Stepanakert City -— 12.8% (6,800)". On March 1, Armenian refugees from Sumgayit arrived in Stepanakert, following the Sumgait pogrom. During the Summer-autumn of 1988 the wave of mutual violence in the NKAO grows. On September 18, 1988, a clash between Armenians and Azerbaijanis occurred near the Azerbaijani village of Khojaly (NKAO); several Armenians received gunshot wounds, one Armenian was killed. According to Thomas de Waal, "the violence heralded disaster for the minority communities of Karabakh's two main towns, as all the Armenians were driven from Shusha and the Azerbaijanis were expelled from Stepanakert".Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, By Thomas de Waal, p. 69 The exchange of populations took place as a result of clashes in Khojaly. In Stepanakert Armenians burned Azerbaijani houses, while in Shusha Azerbaijanis burned Armenian houses. Since May 1988 this was the first anti-Armenian violence in Shusha. Armenian population of Shusha were subjected to tension. Hrant Abrahamyan, Tragedy of Shushi in 1988, Scientific Readings of ArSU, 2016, #1, pp. 4-6Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, By Thomas de Waal, p. 47 A crowd of 600 people threatened to burn down houses of Armenians, destroyed their property.Shushi/Shusha, living in a symbol, OBC Transeuropa, 2020 The expulsion of Azerbaijanis in Stepanakert also began on September 18, 1988, with 3,117 ethnic Azerbaijanis becoming refugees at the end of the month. The violence was accompanied by beatings and arson of houses. On September 21, the Soviet troops stationed in the city imposed a curfew to preserve the situation.https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/news/newsid_3681000/3681079.stm Карабах: хронология конфликт Karabakh: Chronology of the conflict August 29, 2005 https://archive.today/20120711104919/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/news/newsid_3681000/3681079.stm July 11, 2012 September 17, 2020 BBC Russian BBC ru live References Citations Sources Истоки конфликта Strana I Mir München December 1, 1988 6 0178-5036 ru Strana i mir 1988 Levon Chorbajian Patrick Donabédian Claude Mutafian https://books.google.com/books?id=OUlnYdOHJ3wC&q=Vararakn&pg=PA139 The Caucasian knot: the history & geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh 978-1856492874 1994 Zed Books Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia Yerevan Armenian Soviet Academy of Sciences 1985 Степанакерт 11 ru Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia 1985 Golovkov Anatoly Особый район Ogonyok 18 1989 28–30 Hewsen Robert H. Robert Hewsen Armenia: A Historical Atlas 2001 Chicago University of Chicago Press 0-226-33228-4 Malkasian Mark Gha-ra-bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia 1996 Wayne Wayne State University Press 0-8143-2604-8 http://files.preslib.az/site/karabakh/gl1.pdf Dağlıq Qarabağ münaqişəsi: Tammətnli elektron materiallar məcmuəsi Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: A collection of full-text electronic materials Azerbaijani Presidential Library az 2005 September 17, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: A collection of full-text electronic materials 2005 Архитектура Советского Азербайджана Architecture of the Soviet Azerbaijan Rana Makhmudovna Afandizadeh https://books.google.com/books?id=H9QjAAAAMAAJ&q=%22В+прошлом+небольшое+селение+Ханкенды+(ханская+деревня)+превратилось+в+утопающий+в+зелени+город.%22 Stroizdat 1986 ru Нагорный Карабах: разум победит Nagorno-Karabakh: Reason Will Win Azernashr Baku 1989 5-552-00686-0 ru Nagorno-Karabakh: Reason Will Win 1989 Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia Baku Azerbaijani Soviet Academy of Sciences 1985 Ханкәнди 49 10 J. Kulieva az Kaufman Stuart 2001 Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War New York Cornell Studies in Security Affairs 0-8014-8736-6 Azərbaycan tarixi http://lib.az/users/1/upload/files/Azerbaycan_tarixi_7_cildde%2C_cild__7.pdf Respublikanın ictimai-siyasi həyatı (80-ci illərin II yarısı) Socio-political life of the republic (second half of 80s) Tahir Gaffarov Elm Baku 2008 7 978-9952-448-48-1 az http://www.anl.az/down/meqale/525/2011/sentyabr/199487.htm 18 sentyabr: Xankəndlilərin yaddaşından silinməyən gün September 18: An indelible day in the memory of the people of Khankendi 525-ji gazet Flora Gasimova September 20, 2011 az https://archive.today/20200917214742/http://www.anl.az/down/meqale/525/2011/sentyabr/199487.htm September 17, 2020 September 17, 2020 live Трагедия длиною в 2 года: фотохроника событий A tragedy lasting 2 years: Photo chronicle of events Azernashr Baku 1990 5-552-00717-4 ru A tragedy lasting 2 years: Photo chronicle of events 1990 Category:1988 conflicts Category:Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia Category:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic Category:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic Category:War crimes in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War Category:1988 in Azerbaijan Category:Stepanakert Category:September 1988 in Asia Category:Anti-Azerbaijani pogroms Category:Anti-Armenian pogroms Category:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan Category:Racially motivated violence in Asia