1169 Sicily earthquake

none June 2020 1169 Sicily earthquake yes Italy Sicily yes 1169 02 04Barbano Maria Serafina De Martini P.M. Pantosti D. Smedile A. Del Carlo P. Gerardi F. Guarnieri P. Pirrotta C. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/41149961.pdf In search of tsunami deposits along the eastern coast of Sicily (Italy): state of the art Recent progress on earthquake geology 2010 New York Nova Science Publishers 9781608761470 429026456 Guarnieri Pierpaolo 08:00 7.3 MsAzzaro R. Barbano M.S. Analysis of the seismicity of Southeastern Sicily: a proposed tectonic interpretation Annali di Geofisica 43 1 171–188 2000 Viewed 25 June 2012. 37.217 14.95 inline, title Eastern Sicily X Yes 15,000–25,000 deaths thumb|Isoseismal map of the earthquake The 1169 Sicily earthquake occurred on 4 February 1169 at 08:00 local time on the eve of the feast of St. Agatha of Sicily (in southern Italy). It had an estimated magnitude of between 6.4 and 7.3 and an estimated maximum perceived intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The cities of Catania, Lentini and Modica were severely damaged, and the earthquake also triggered a paleotsunami. Overall, the earthquake is estimated to have caused the deaths of at least 15,000 people. Tectonic setting thumb|Main faults of the Siculo-Calabrian rift zone Sicily lies on part of the complex convergent boundary where the African plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian plate. This subduction zone is responsible for the formation of the stratovolcano Mount Etna. Most of the damaging earthquakes occur on the Siculo-Calabrian rift zone, a zone of extensional faulting which runs for about 370 km mi 0 5, forming three main segments through Calabria, along the east coast of Sicily and immediately offshore, and finally forming the southeastern margin of the Hyblean Plateau, a carbonate platform in southeastern Sicily. Faults in the Calabrian segment were responsible for the 1783 Calabrian earthquakes sequence.Catalano S. De Guidi G. Monaco C. Tortorici G. Tortorici L. amp 2008 Active faulting and seismicity along the Siculo–Calabrian Rift Zone (Southern Italy) Tectonophysics Elsevier 453 1–4 177–192 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.05.008 2008Tectp.453..177C In the southern part of the eastern coast of Sicily, investigations have identified a series of active normal dip-slip faults, dipping to the east. Most of these lie offshore, and some control basins that contain large thicknesses of Quaternary sediments. The two largest faults, known as the western and eastern master faults, border half-grabens, with fill of up to 700 m ft 0 and 800 m ft 0 respectively. Onshore, two ages of faulting have been recognised, an earlier phase trending NW-SE and a later phase trending SSW-NNE that clearly offsets the first group, including the Avola fault and the Rosolini-Ispica fault system.Bianca M. Monaco C. Tortorici L. Cernobori L. amp 1999 Quaternary normal faulting in southeastern Sicily (Italy): a seismic source for the 1693 large earthquake Geophysical Journal International Royal Astronomical Society London 139 2 370–394 1999GeoJI.139..370B 10.1046/j.1365-246X.1999.00942.x free Earthquake The location of the earthquake's epicentre is quite uncertain, with different seismologists giving locations offshore and onshore; there is similar uncertainty regarding the 1693 Sicily earthquake. The damaged area is similar to that for the 1693 earthquake, suggesting that both the location and magnitude were similar. Intensities of X (Extreme) have been estimated for Catania, Lentini and Modica, IX (Violent) at Syracuse and Piazza Armerina and VIII (Severe) at Santi Pietro e Paolo and Messina. The earthquake was also felt in Calabria with a maximum intensity of VI (Strong) in Reggio Calabria.http://storing.ingv.it/cfti/cfti5/quake.php?00062IT Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500) Guidoboni E. Ferrari G. Mariotti D. Comastri A. Tarabusi G. Valensise G. amp INGV-SGA 24 June 2012 The magnitude of the earthquake has been estimated from intensity information and these estimates vary from 6.4 on the e (Equivalent magnitude scale) to 7.3 on the surface-wave magnitude scale. Tsunami The tsunami affected most of the Ionian coast of Sicily and caused inundation from Messina in the north to the mouth of the Simeto River in the south.De Martini P.M. Barbano M.S. Smedile A. Gerardi F. Pantosti D. Del Carlo P. Pirrotta C. amp 2010 A unique 4000 yrs long geological record of multiple tsunami inundations in the Augusta Bay (eastern Sicily, Italy) Marine Geology Elsevier 276 1–4 42–57 http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/6415/2/DeMartinietal_MG10_manuscript.pdf 24 June 2012 10.1016/j.margeo.2010.07.005 2010MGeol.276...42D Tsunami deposits correlated with this earthquake have been found both onshoreScicchitano G. Costa B. Di Stefano A. Longhitano S. Monaco C. amp 2008 Tsunami deposits in the Siracusa coastal area (south-eastern Sicily) Rend. Online SGI Note Brevi Società Geologica Italiana 1 159–162 http://www.socgeol.info/Ricerca/documents/rendiconti_online_1_2008_140_221.pdf#page=20 24 June 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120225233258/http://www.socgeol.info/Ricerca/documents/rendiconti_online_1_2008_140_221.pdf#page=20 25 February 2012 dead and offshore.Smedile A. De Martini P.M. Pantosti D. Bellucci L. Del Carlo P. Gasperini L. Pirrotta C. Polonia A. Boschi E. amp 2011 Possible tsunami signatures from an integrated study in the Augusta Bay offshore (Eastern Sicily—Italy) Marine Geology Elsevier 281 1–4 1–13 10.1016/j.margeo.2011.01.002 2011MGeol.281....1S The tsunami is also thought to be responsible for moving several large boulders from the middle of the sublittoral zone onto the coast between Augusta and Syracuse.Scicchitano G. Monaco C. Tortorici L. amp 2007 Large boulder deposits by tsunami waves along the Ionian coast of south-eastern Sicily (Italy) Marine Geology Elsevier 238 1–4 75–91 10.1016/j.margeo.2006.12.005 2007MGeol.238...75S Eruption of Etna Some accounts of this earthquake refer to a major eruption from Etna at the time of the earthquake, blaming most of the deaths in Catania and the tsunami on the eruption. However, most later workers believe the tsunami was triggered by the earthquake and that the only effect on Etna was the collapse of part of the cone above Taormina, with no significant eruption.Tinti S. Tsunamis in the World Springer 1993 Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research 1 57 978-0-7923-2316-7 https://books.google.com/books?id=pWzIEdzi1iEC&pg=PA57 As with the 1693 earthquake the 1169 event seems to have followed after a major period of eruptive activity.Hirn A. Nicolich R. Gallart J. Laigle M. Cernobori L. ETNASEIS Scientific Group amp 1997 Roots of Etna volcano in faults of great earthquakes Earth and Planetary Science Letters Elsevier 148 1–2 171–191 1997E&PSL.148..171H 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00023-X Calculations have shown that a major eruption may significantly increase the stress on the normal faults to the south-east of the volcano.Feuillet N. Cocco M. Musumeci C. Nostro C. amp 2006 Stress interaction between seismic and volcanic activity at Mt Etna Geophysical Journal International Royal Astronomical Society London 164 3 697–718 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02824.x 2006GeoJI.164..697F https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00150210/file/GJI2006-164-697-feuillet.pdf free Damage Catania was almost completely destroyed. Catania Cathedral collapsed, killing the Bishop John of Ajello, 44 of the Benedictine monks, and many others who were crowded into the building for the feast of St. Agatha.White L.T. Latin Monasticism in Norman Sicily Mediaeval Academy of America 1938 The Mediaeval academy of America 31 115 https://books.google.com/books?id=TKWbQkJfbDgC Lentini, Modica, Aci Castello, Sortino and Syracuse were also severely damaged. In a contemporary account, Hugo Falcandus described the effects on the Arethusa spring in Syracuse, which increased its rate of flow greatly and became salty. Near Casale Saraceno the flow of another spring, known as Tais, stopped after the earthquake. Two hours later it returned with much greater force than before and had the colour of blood.Falcando Ugo The History of the Tyrants of Sicily by "Hugo Falcandus," 1154–69 Loud G.A. Wiedmann T.E.J. Manchester University Press 1998 216–217 978-0-7190-5435-8 https://books.google.com/books?id=LlkpnG1iAEwC&pg=PA216 Estimates of the death toll in the earthquake vary, with 15,000 being often quoted, sometimes for the overall totalSolov'ev S.L. Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Sea, 2000 B.C.-2000 A.D. Springer 2000 Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research 13 36 https://books.google.com/books?id=v_a-wtLJ5XIC&pg=PR7 978-0-7923-6548-8 and sometimes just for Catania. A few sources give the higher estimate of 25,000.Barbano M.S. De Martini P.M. Pantosti D. Smedile A. Del Carlo P. Gerardi F. Guarnieri P. Pirrotta C. amp Recent Progress on Earthquake Geology Guarnieri P. Nova 2011 109–146 In search of Tsunami deposits along the eastern coast of Sicily (Italy): state of the art 978-1-60876-147-0 http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/5606/1/Barbanoetal_Book_09_submitted.pdf 25 June 2012 Aftermath In the chaos that followed the earthquake, there was concern that exiles like Tancred of Lecce and Robert of Loritello would take part in a Byzantine invasion of the island. However, these disaffected exiles were soon allowed to return and there was no invasion, nor the rebellion that it might have triggered.Metcalfe A. The Muslims of Medieval Italy Edinburgh University Press 2009 205 978-0-7486-2008-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=VRXTzPOly-oC&pg=PA205 Peter of Blois saw the earthquake as God's punishment on the Sicilians for the exile of Stephen du Perche and the appointment of Bishop John of Ajello, through bribery, to the see of Catania, replacing his brother William of Blois in the post.http://medievalsicily.com/Docs/04_Kingdom_of_Sicily/Peter%20of%20Blois%20letters.pdf Some Letters of Peter of Blois concerning Sicily Peter of Blois Peter of Blois Loud G.A. 4–6 25 June 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20131210235224/http://medievalsicily.com/Docs/04_Kingdom_of_Sicily/Peter%20of%20Blois%20letters.pdf 10 December 2013 usurped See also List of earthquakes in Italy List of historical earthquakes List of tsunamis References 1169 Sicily Sicily earthquake Sicily earthquake Category:12th century in the Kingdom of Sicily Category:Catania Category:Medieval tsunamis Category:Mount Etna