1980 Southern Rhodesian general election

none May 2023 May 2023 Southern Rhodesia parliamentary 1979 Rhodesian general election 1979 List of members of the 1st Parliament of Zimbabwe 1985 Zimbabwean parliamentary election 1985 All 100 seats in the House of Assembly 14 February–4 March 1980 President Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe bezoekt Nederland Robert Mugabe (3x4 cropped).jpg Robert Mugabe ZANU–PF N/A 57 (Common Roll) N/A 1,668,992 (Common Roll) 63.0% (Common Roll) Aankomst leider Rhodesisch Patriottisch Front, Joshua Nkomo (kop), Bestanddeelnr (3x4 croppe b).jpg Joshua Nkomo 010100 Zimbabwe African People's Union N/A 20 (Common Roll) N/A 638,879 (Common Roll) 24.1% (Common Roll) Ian Smith 1975.jpg Ian Smith Rhodesian Front 28 (White Roll) 20 (White Roll) 8 13,621 (White Roll) 83.0% (White Roll) Muzorewa 1978 b (3x4 cropped).jpg Abel Muzorewa United African National Council 1980 Zimbabwean parliamentary election - Results by constituency.svg 51 3 (Common Roll) 48 219,307 (Common Roll) 8.3% (Common Roll) Prime Minister Prime Minister-designate Abel Muzorewa United African National Council Robert Mugabe ZANU–PF 51 General elections were held in Southern Rhodesia between 14 February and 4 March 1980 to elect the members of the House of Assembly of the first Parliament of the independent Zimbabwe.Gregory, Martyn. "The 1980 Rhodesian Elections — A First-Hand Account and Analysis", The World Today 36, no. 5 (1980): 180-188.Gregory, Martyn. "The Zimbabwe election: the political and military implications", The Journal of South African Studies 7, no. 1 (1980): 17-37. As stipulated by the new Constitution of Zimbabwe produced by the Lancaster House Conference, the new House of Assembly was to comprise 100 members, 80 of whom would be elected proportionally by province by all adult citizens on a common roll, and 20 of whom would be elected in single-member constituencies by whites on a separate roll. The result was a victory for Robert Mugabe's ZANU–PF, which won 57 of the 80 common roll seats, giving it a majority in the 100-member House of Assembly. Joshua Nkomo's Zimbabwe African People's Union, contesting the election as the Patriotic Front, won 20 of the 80 common roll seats, with the remaining 3 going to Abel Muzorewa's United African National Council. Ian Smith's Rhodesian Front won all 20 of the white roll seats, with most of its candidates running unopposed. As a result of the election, Robert Mugabe became Zimbabwe's first prime minister upon internationally recognised independence on 11 April 1980. There was widespread violence during the election.Violence, a Colonial Curse: The 1980 General Elections 2023 https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/election-violence-in-zimbabwe/violence-a-colonial-curse/AA84D63ABA69F35DB62E24EB8E72D3B0 Election Violence in Zimbabwe: Human Rights, Politics and Power 8–34 Kwashirai Vimbai Chaumba Cambridge University Press 10.1017/9781108120265.003 978-1-107-19081-8 subscription Background Agreement at Lancaster House on the fundamentals of the constitution was relatively easy. The new House of Assembly was to comprise 100 members, of whom 80 would be elected on a common roll by every adult citizen. The intention was to move to election in single member constituencies but owing to the lack of an electoral roll and the timescale, the first election was to be conducted by provinces using closed lists put forward by the political parties. Voters had their fingers marked with an invisible ink that showed up under ultraviolet light to detect attempts to vote twice. To qualify for seats in a province, a party needed to achieve a threshold of 10% of the vote, and then the seats among the eligible parties were divided proportionately. The remaining 20 members of the House of Assembly were to be elected by the 'white roll' comprising those people (mostly white) who had previously qualified to vote. This election was conducted in 20 single member constituencies which had been drawn up by a Delimitation Commission in 1978 and were the same as those used in the 1979 'internal settlement' election. Voters who were registered on the white roll were ineligible to participate in the common roll election. Following the passage in Zimbabwe Rhodesia of the Constitution of Zimbabwe Rhodesia (Amendment) No. 4 Act 1979 on 11 December 1979, and the arrival of Lord Soames as Governor the next day, the 14-year UDI rebellion came to an end, and Zimbabwe Rhodesia returned to legality under British law as the colony of Southern Rhodesia. The United Kingdom Parliament then passed the Zimbabwe Act to put in place the country's independent constitution. On 21 December 1979, the formal agreement to a ceasefire in the Rhodesian Bush War (or second Chimurenga) was signed; Lord Soames also signed proclamations lifting the ban on ZANU-PF and the Zimbabwe African People's Union and granting a general amnesty to all those who had taken up arms in the war. British Army forces then set up 16 assembly points throughout Southern Rhodesia where Patriotic Front guerillas could disarm and return to civilian life; 18,300 did so by the deadline of 6 January.Nicholas Ashford, "Guerillas flock in as deadline passes", The Times, 7 January 1980, p. 5. While the Rhodesian authorities were in charge of administration on the ground, the formal Returning Officer was Sir John Boynton (1918–2007) who had just retired as chief executive of Cheshire County Council. Campaign Common roll Over Christmas 1979, many former Patriotic Front soldiers returned to their former homes to prepare for the election.Frederick Cleary, "Tumultuous Salisbury welcome for guerillas", The Times, 27 December 1979, p. 1.BBC News online 'On this Day', 26 December 1979. For ZANU-PF, its military leader Josiah Tongogara was killed in a car crash in Mozambique. Tongogara was known to be a supporter of the two Patriotic Front parties, ZANU-PF and ZAPU, fighting the election with a joint list, and it was immediately speculated that his death was arranged by opponents of this policy."Military chief of Mugabe forces dies in collision", The Times, 28 December 1979, p. 4. On 13 January, Joshua Nkomo, leader of ZAPU, returned to Southern Rhodesia after three years' exile and addressed a rally of between 100,000 and 150,000 at Highfield township in Salisbury.Nicholas Ashford, "Nkomo returns to a hero's welcome", The Times, 14 January 1980, p. 1. He was followed on 27 January by Robert Mugabe of ZANU-PF, who addressed 200,000 (the crowd would have been larger had organisers not turned some away for safety reasons).Nicholas Ashford, "Mr Mugabe calls on whites to stay in Rhodesia", The Times, 28 January 1980, p. 1.BBC News online 'On this day', 27 January 1980. Abel Muzorewa, who had led the unity government of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, campaigned vigorously on behalf of his United African National Council which had won the most votes the previous year. However, attendance at his rallies was reported to be poor, and Muzorewa's habit of inveighing against other Zimbabwean politicians was thought to detract from his appeal as a man of unity.Nicholas Ashford, "Mugabe party 'will win most seats in poll'", The Times, 31 January 1980, p. 6. James Chikerema, who had fallen out with Muzorewa in June 1979, entered the field with his Zimbabwe Democratic Party which grew increasingly close to ZAPU (he held unity talks with Nkomo);Nicholas Ashford, "Rhodesia reservists called up to stand by in election", The Times, 7 February 1980, p. 6. Chikerema complained about intimidation by supporters of ZANU-PF. ZANU-PF presented a moderate manifesto that showed little of the party's professed alliance with communist China, although party speakers often threatened that the war might continue if the party did not win. The party complained bitterly to Lord Soames about official bias against it. The Registrar-General of Elections refused to put the party's intended logo on ballot papers because it contained an image of an AK47 rifle and he considered it detrimental to public order.Frederick Cleary, "Nkomo party is Patriotic Front now", The Times, 15 January 1980, p. 7. ZANU-PF posters were confiscated if they were considered inflammatory, and many party activists and some candidates were arrested.Nicholas Ashford, "Arrests fuel charges of official bias against Mr Mugabe", The Times, 15 February 1980, p. 8. Soames responded by accusing ZANU-PF of intimidating voters in 23 out of the 56 districts of the colony. ZAPU caused something of a stir by deciding to fight the elections under the name "Patriotic Front". They campaigned most heavily in the Ndebele areas, where the ZAPU army, ZIPRA, made particular strides in trying to integrate with the Southern Rhodesian forces. White roll Comparatively little interest was shown in the election for the 20 white roll seats, partly because those elected were unlikely to have much influence in the independent Zimbabwe, but mostly because all seats were expected to be won easily by the Rhodesian Front under Ian Smith. Fourteen out of the twenty seats were filled unopposed, and only two candidates in the other seats could put up a reasonable challenge to the Rhodesian Front candidate. One was Dr Timothy Stamps, a newcomer to politics, in the Kopje constituency covering the centre of Salisbury. Stamps advocated co-operation with the new black-led government. In addition, Nick McNally, who had led the liberal 'National Unifying Force' which opposed white dominance, ran in Mount Pleasant in the Salisbury suburbs. Twelve out of the 20 Rhodesian Front candidates were reported to favour merging their party with Muzorewa's United African National Council to create a biracial party, following their experience in government together in Zimbabwe Rhodesia. White opinion was generally supportive of Muzorewa's government for including competent Ministers, and hoped that Muzorewa would win enough common roll seats to deprive ZANU–PF of a majority. Results Results of the 1980 Southern Rhodesian general election ZANU–PF 57 Zimbabwe African People's Union 20 United African National Council 3 Rhodesian Front 20 true Common roll White roll ZANU–PF 1668992 57 57 ZAPU 638879 20 20 United African National Council 219307 3 3 ZANU–Ndonga 53343 0 0 Zimbabwe Democratic Party 28181 0 0 National Front of Zimbabwe 18794 0 0 National Democratic Union 15056 0 0 Rhodesian Front 13621 20 20 United National Federal Party 5796 0 0 United People's Association of Matabeleland 1181 0 0 Independents 2781 0 0 52746 29566 0 African Elections Database Provincial common roll results ProvinceNDUNFZPF-ZAPUUANCZANU-NZANU-PFZDP Other parties Votes % Votes % Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Votes % Seats Votes % Votes (%) Manicaland (11)1,8370.61,2830.44,9921.6 –19,6086.2 –16,8435.4263,97284.1115,2511.7 – Mashonaland Central (6)1,2160.71,0860.63,9472.3 –14,9858.6 –3,6712.1146,66583.862,4461.4 UNFP 914 (0.5%) Mashonaland East (16)2,3590.41,6680.328,8054.6 –75,23711.929,4991.5508,81380.5144,4660.7 UNFP 1,593 (0.3%) Mashonaland West (8)2,2110.82,5890.937,88813.4128,72810.214,6881.7203,56771.963,2611.2 – Matabeleland North (10)1,8400.54,5171.1313,43579.0930,2747.6 –3,2180.839,81910.011,3330.3 UNFP 1,340 (0.3%)UPAM 729 (0.2%) Matabeleland South (6)9270.52,4941.4148,74586.465,6153.3 –6940.411,7876.8 –7750.5 UNFP 619 (0.4%)UPAM 452 (0.3%) Midlands (12)2,2180.63,0870.994,96027.1430,2458.6 –5,7921.7209,09259.783,3871.0 UNFP 1,330 (0.4%) Victoria (11)2,4480.72,0700.66,1071.9 –14,6154.5 –8,9382.7285,27787.3117,2622.2 – White roll constituency results Polling day was 14 February 1980. A dagger (†) indicates a member of the Zimbabwe Rhodesia House of Assembly for that constituency. A double dagger (‡) indicates a white non-constituency member. Constituency CandidateParty Votes % Avondale †John LandauRhodesian Frontunopposed Borrowdale †David Colville SmithRhodesian Frontunopposed Bulawayo Central †Patrick Francis ShieldsRhodesian Frontunopposed Bulawayo North †Denis WalkerRhodesian FrontunopposedBulawayo South †Wally StuttafordRhodesian Front3,71592.0 Francis Robert Bertrand Independent2897.2 Jan (John) Francis Betch Independent360.9 Central †Rowan CronjéRhodesian Frontunopposed Eastern †Desmond ButlerRhodesian Frontunopposed Gatooma/Hartley †P. K. van der BylRhodesian Frontunopposed Hatfield †Richard CartwrightRhodesian Frontunopposed Highlands Robert GauntRhodesian FrontunopposedKopje †Dennis DivarisRhodesian Front1,99965.5 Timothy Stamps Independent1,05334.5 Lundi †Donald GoddardRhodesian FrontunopposedMakoni Arthur TapsonRhodesian Front1,39676.4 Petrus Christophel van der Merwe Independent43123.6 Marlborough †William IrvineRhodesian Frontunopposed Mazoe/Mtoko ‡André Sothern HollandRhodesian Frontunopposed Midlands †Henry Swan ElsworthRhodesian FrontunopposedMount Pleasant †Jonas Christian AndersenRhodesian Front2,68379.4 Nicholas John McNally Independent69820.6 Northern †Esmond Meryl MicklemRhodesian FrontunopposedSouthern †Ian SmithRhodesian Front2,25393.8 Johannes Jacobus Hulley Independent1134.7 Donovan Peter Speedie Independent371.5Western †Alexander MoseleyRhodesian Front1,57992.7 Lawrence Alastair Bronson Independent1247.3 Accuracy "The Election Commissioner concluded that, despite some distortion of voting as a result of intimidation in certain areas, the overall result would broadly reflect the wishes of the people."RHODESIA ELECTIONS: NEW GOVERNMENT https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1980/mar/04/rhodesia-elections-new-government Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 4 March 1980 15 June 2021 "These Commonwealth observers also knew that intimidation could be overt, or subtle and covert; but there was a limited amount they could do about this. "Palut Martin Zimbabwe's elections – lessons from 1980 https://martinplaut.com/2013/07/31/zimbabwes-elections-lessons-from-1980/ Martin Palut 31 July 2013 15 June 2021 References Southern Rhodesia General Category:Parliamentary elections in Zimbabwe Southern Rhodesia Southern Rhodesia Category:Election and referendum articles with incomplete results Southern Rhodesia