2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

Megathrust earthquake off Japan's east coast 2011 Miyagi earthquake 3.11 the aftershock that occurred on 7 April April 2011 Miyagi earthquake other uses 3/11 (disambiguation) yes October 2024 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami SH-60B helicopter flies over Sendai.jpg A helicopter flies over the port of Sendai to deliver food to survivors. 2011 Japan shakemap.jpg 2011 3 11 y 14:46:24 JST 2011-03-11 05:46:24 official20110311054624120_30 16461282 6 minutes 9.0–9.1 w y 29 km 0 38.322 N 142.369 E type:event_scale:50000000 inline,title Megathrust Convergent boundary between Pacific plate and Okhotsk microplatePlate Tectonic Stories: Tohoku Earthquake, Japan Japan (shaking, tsunami) Pacific Rim (tsunami) US$360 billion (equivalent to $US 360 2011 1 c billion in US) 7 MMI 9Japan Meteorological Agency Information on the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/2011_Earthquake/Information_on_2011_Earthquake.html 22 February 2021 2.99 g 117.41 cm/s Up to 40.5 m in Miyako, Iwate, Tōhoku Yes List of foreshocks and aftershocks of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake 13,386 (2018 3 6 y)http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/1803/08d/1802offtohokueq.pdf 「平成23年(2011年)東北地方太平洋沖地震」について〜7年間の地震活動〜 Japan Meteorological Agency About 2011 Tōhoku earthquake – Seismic activities for 7 years 18 June 2018 on 6 March 2018. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official20110311054624120_30#executive M 9.1 – near the east coast of Honshu, Japan United States Geological Survey (USGS) 9 November 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005101/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0001xgp/ 7 April 2011 live2 49 The Bridge Scawthorn Charles Porter Keith 1 July 2019 Enhancing Resilience through Risk-Based Design and Benefit-Cost Analysis https://www.nae.edu/212183/Enhancing-Resilience-through-RiskBased-Design-and-BenefitCost-Analysis 1 June 2025 National Academy of Engineeringhttp://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/japan-tsunami-strikes-indonesia-one-confirmed-dead/428545 Japan Tsunami Strikes Indonesia, One Confirmed Dead 12 March 2011 Jakarta Globe 12 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110315085530/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/japan-tsunami-strikes-indonesia-one-confirmed-dead/428545 15 March 2011http://wireupdate.com/wires/16604/body-found-in-oregon-identified-as-missing-tsunami-victim/ Body found in Oregon identified as missing tsunami victim BNO News 12 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110414005117/http://wireupdate.com/wires/16604/body-found-in-oregon-identified-as-missing-tsunami-victim/ 14 April 2011 Tsunami victim remains wash ashore near Fort Stevens. Koinlocal6.com (12 March 2011). Retrieved 2 May 2011. Associated Press 12 April 2011 Body of Calif. man killed by tsunami washes up https://www.cbsnews.com/news/body-of-calif-man-killed-by-tsunami-washes-up/ CBS News 3 July 2018 東北地方太平洋沖地震, Tōhoku-chihō taiheiyō-oki jishin東日本大震災, Higashi nihon daishinsai ja On 11 March 2011, at 14:46:24 local time (UTC+9), a w y 9.0–9.1 undersea megathrust earthquake occurred in the Pacific Ocean, 72 km east of the Oshika Peninsula of the Tōhoku region of Japan. It lasted approximately six minutes and caused a tsunami. It is sometimes known in Japan as the "Great East Japan Earthquake" 東日本大震災 Higashi Nihon Daishinsai, among other names."en" "en_1" Great earthquake disaster of East Japan. The Japan Meteorological Agency announced the English name as 'The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake'.http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2011/03/quake-shifted-japan-coast-about-13-feet-knocked-earth-65-inches-off-axis/1 Quake shifted Japan coast about 13 feet, knocked Earth 6.5 inches off axis Michael Winter 14 March 2011 USA Today 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005135/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2011/03/quake-shifted-japan-coast-about-13-feet-knocked-earth-65-inches-off-axis/1 7 April 2011 livehttp://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/News/2011_Earthquake_01.html The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake – first report Japan Meteorological Agency 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002505/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/News/2011_Earthquake_01.html 16 March 2011 live March 2011Abstract of the 191th [sic!] meeting of CCEP – website of the Japanese Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction NHKhttp://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/jishin0311/ NHKニュース 東北関東大震災(動画) .nhk.or.jp 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314050256/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/jishin0311/ 14 March 2011http://www3.nhk.or.jp/saigai/jishin/sendai/4133_1.html 仙台放送局 東北関東大震災 .nhk.or.jp 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314050331/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/saigai/jishin/sendai/4133_1.html 14 March 2011 used Tōhoku Kantō Great Earthquake disaster 東北関東大震災 Tōhoku Kantō Daishinsai; Tōhoku-Kantō Great earthquake 東北・関東大地震 Tōhoku-Kantō Daijishin was used by Kyodo News,http://www.kyodonews.jp/feature/news04/ 東日本大震災 – 一般社団法人 共同通信社 ニュース特集 Kyodo News 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005014/http://www.kyodonews.jp/feature/news04/ 7 April 2011 the Tokyo Shimbun【東京】 http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/tokyo/20110312/CK2011031202000013.html 東京新聞:収まらぬ余震 ...不安 東北・関東大地震:東京(TOKYO Web) Tokyo-np.co.jp 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110317002516/http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/tokyo/20110312/CK2011031202000013.html 17 March 2011 and the Chunichi Shimbun;【中日新聞からのお知らせ】 http://www.chunichi.co.jp/article/release/CK2011031202000067.html 中日新聞:災害義援金受け付け 東日本大震災:中日新聞からのお知らせ(CHUNICHI Web) Chunichi.co.jp 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005025/http://www.chunichi.co.jp/article/release/CK2011031202000067.html 7 April 2011 East Japan Giant earthquake 東日本巨大地震 Higashi Nihon Kyodaijishin was used by the Yomiuri Shimbun,http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/feature/eq2011/ 東日本巨大地震 震災掲示板 : 特集: YOMIURI ONLINE(読売新聞) Yomiuri Shimbun Japan 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005118/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/feature/eq2011/ 7 April 2011 live Nihon Keizai Shimbunhttp://www.nikkei.com/news/special/top/q=9694E3E3E2E1E0E2E3E3E5E3E6E2;p=9694E3E3E2E1E0E2E3E3E5E3E1E6;o=9694E3E3E2E1E0E2E3E3E5E3E1E1 ja:東日本巨大地震 : 特集 : 日本経済新聞 ja Nikkei.com 1 January 2000 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005052/http://www.nikkei.com/news/special/top/q=9694E3E3E2E1E0E2E3E3E5E3E6E2;p=9694E3E3E2E1E0E2E3E3E5E3E1E6;o=9694E3E3E2E1E0E2E3E3E5E3E1E1 7 April 2011 live and TV Asahi,http://news.tv-asahi.co.jp/ann/news/web/html/210313015.html 【地震】東日本巨大地震を激甚災害指定 政府 News.tv-asahi.co.jp 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110317002505/http://news.tv-asahi.co.jp/ann/news/web/html/210313015.html 17 March 2011 and East Japan Great earthquake 東日本大地震 Higashi Nihon Daijishin was used by Nippon Television,https://cr.ntv.co.jp/24htv/charity/ 東日本大地震 緊急募金受け付け中 Cr.ntv.co.jp 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110331005147/https://cr.ntv.co.jp/24htv/charity/ 31 March 2011 Tokyo FMhttp://www.tfm.co.jp/timetable/?date=20110314 番組表 – Tokyo FM 80.0 MHz – 80.Love FM Radio Station Tfm.co.jp 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005135/http://www.tfm.co.jp/timetable/?date=20110314 7 April 2011 live and TV Asahi.http://kakaku.com/tv/channel=10/programID=4196/episodeID=472647/ 「報道特番 〜東日本大地震〜」 2011年3月14日(月)放送内容 Kakaku.com 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110317002459/http://kakaku.com/tv/channel%3D10/programID%3D4196/episodeID%3D472647/ 17 March 2011 live Also known as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake,USGS Updates Magnitude of Japan's 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake to 9.03 – website of the United States Geological Survey the Great Sendai earthquake,Pletcher Kenneth Rafferty John P. Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011: Facts & Death Toll https://www.britannica.com/event/Japan-earthquake-and-tsunami-of-2011 Encyclopædia Britannica 12 March 2019 4 March 2019 the Great Tōhoku earthquake, and the great earthquake of 11 March. It is often referred to by its numerical date, 3.11 (read ja San ten Ichi-ichi in Japanese).https://www9.nhk.or.jp/archives/311shogen/summary/area/ 3.11の映像Nhk災害アーカイブス 15 June 2021 25 November 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20221125045643/http://www9.nhk.or.jp/archives/311shogen/summary/area/ 3.11 footageNhk Disaster Archiveshttps://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/headline/3_11_2013fukko.html 3.11復興特集〜復興の今、そしてこれから〜 kantei.go.jp Japanese 15 September 2021 live https://web.archive.org/web/20130310041949/http://www.kantei.go.jp:80/jp/headline/3_11_2013fukko.html 10 March 2013https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/3-11/ 3.11 18 August 2023 The earthquake was the most powerful ever recorded in Japan, and the fourth most powerful recorded in the world since modern seismography began in 1900.New USGS number puts Japan quake at fourth largest https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/03/14/501364/main20043126.shtml CBS News Associated Press 14 March 2011 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005051/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/03/14/501364/main20043126.shtml 7 April 2011https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/13/japan-tsunami-earthquake-power-cuts Tsunami, earthquake, nuclear crisis – now Japan faces power cuts Branigan Tania 13 March 2011 The Guardian London 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20220611003207/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/13/japan-tsunami-earthquake-power-cuts/print 11 June 2022 livehttp://www.3news.co.nz/Japan-quake---7th-largest-in-recorded-history/tabid/417/articleID/201998/Default.aspx Japan quake – seventh largest in recorded history 11 March 2011 11 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110331005015/http://www.3news.co.nz/Japan-quake---7th-largest-in-recorded-history/tabid/417/articleID/201998/Default.aspx 31 March 2011 It triggered powerful tsunami waves that may have reached heights of up to 40.5 m us 0 in Miyako in Tōhoku's Iwate Prefecture,http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/13_04.html March 11th tsunami a record 40.5 metres high NHK .nhk.or.jp 13 August 2011 7 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110728013451/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/13_04.html 28 July 2011Yomiuri Shimbun evening edition 2-11-04-15 page 15, nearby Aneyoshi fishery port (姉吉漁港)(Google map E39 31 57.8, N 142 3 7.6) 2011-04-15, 大震災の津波、宮古で38.9 m...明治三陸上回る by okayasu Akio (岡安 章夫) https://web.archive.org/web/20110418144715/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/science/news/20110415-OYT1T00389.htm 18 April 2011 and which, in the Sendai area, traveled at 700 kph 077 Warnings: Finding Cassandras to stop catastrophe Clarke Richard A. R.P. Eddy Harper Collins 2017 and up to 10 km 0 inland.Roland Buerk https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12709598 Japan earthquake: Tsunami hits north-east BBC 11 March 2011 12 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110312003317/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12709598 12 March 2011 live Residents of Sendai had only eight to ten minutes of warning, and more than a hundred evacuation sites were washed away. The snowfall which accompanied the tsunami and the freezing temperature hindered rescue works; for instance, in Ishinomaki, the city with the most deaths, the temperature was 0 °C as the tsunami hit. Official figures released in 2021 reported 284 firefighters dead from attempts to close preventative fire gates,Facing the Wave: A Journey in the Wake of the Tsunami Ehrlich Gretel 14 November 2013 Random House Audio 2013 1st USA Chapter December - Rikuzenataka English and . A report in 2015 found that 228,863 people were still living away from their home either temporarily or permanently.4th Anniversary today Kobe Shinbun 11 March 2015 1 The tsunami caused the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, primarily the meltdowns of three of its reactors, the discharge of radioactive water in Fukushima and the associated evacuation zones affecting hundreds of thousands of residents.http://www.ktvz.com/news/28143212/detail.html Japan: 3 Nuclear Reactors Melted Down – News Story – KTVZ Bend Ktvz.com 6 June 2011 7 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110728014644/http://www.ktvz.com/news/28143212/detail.html 28 July 2011http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/06/japan.nuclear.meltdown/index.html 3 nuclear reactors melted down after quake, Japan confirms CNN 6 June 2011 7 June 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120725071232/http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/06/japan.nuclear.meltdown/index.html 25 July 2012 live Many electrical generators ran out of fuel. The loss of electrical power halted cooling systems, causing heat to build. Without ventilation, hydrogen gas accumulated within the upper refueling hall and exploded, forcefully ejecting the refueling hall's blast panels. Residents within a 20 km 0 radius of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and a 10 km 1 radius of the Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant were evacuated. Early estimates placed insured losses from the earthquake alone at US$14.5 to $34.6 billion.Molly Hennessy-Fiske Los Angeles Times 13 March 2011 13 March 2011 Japan earthquake: Insurance cost for quake alone pegged at $35 billion, AIR says https://latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-insurance-20110314,0,866931.story https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002506/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-insurance-20110314,0,866931.story 16 March 2011 live The Bank of Japan offered ¥15 trillion (US$183 billion) to the banking system on 14 March 2011 in an effort to normalize market conditions.https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20110314/wl_nm/us_japan_quake New explosion shakes stricken Japanese nuclear plant Uranaka Taiga Kwon Ki-Joon 14 March 2011 Reuters 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110317002638/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20110314/wl_nm/us_japan_quake/print 17 March 2011 live The estimated economic damage amounted to over $300 billion, making it the costliest natural disaster in history.Daniell James Vervaeck Armand Wenzel Friedemann 2011 A timeline of the Socio-economic effects of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake with emphasis on the development of a new worldwide rapid earthquake loss estimation procedure https://aees.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/14-DANIELL-James-Atimeline.pdf Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2011 ConferenceFerris Elizabeth Solís Mireya 11 March 2013 Earthquake, Tsunami, Meltdown – The Triple Disaster's Impact on Japan, Impact on the World https://www.brookings.edu/articles/earthquake-tsunami-meltdown-the-triple-disasters-impact-on-japan-impact-on-the-world/ 9 May 2024 Brookings According to a 2020 study, "the earthquake and its aftermaths resulted in a 0.47-percentage-point decline in Japan's real GDP growth in the year following the disaster".Carvalho Vasco M Nirei Makoto Saito Yukiko U Tahbaz-Salehi Alireza 10 December 2020 Supply Chain Disruptions: Evidence from the Great East Japan Earthquake* The Quarterly Journal of Economics 136 2 1255–1321 10.1093/qje/qjaa044 0033-5533 free Earthquake thumb|left|A seismogram recorded in Massachusetts, United States The magnitude 9.1 (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake occurred on 11 March 2011 at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) in the north-western Pacific Ocean at a relatively shallow depth of 32 km,Sample Ian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/11/japan-earthquake-tsunami-questions-answers Japan earthquake and tsunami: what happened and why The Guardian London 11 March 2011 14 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314184000/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/11/japan-earthquake-tsunami-questions-answers 14 March 2011 live with its epicenter approximately 72 km east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku, Japan, lasting approximately six minutes.http://www.asahi.com/science/update/0317/TKY201103170129.html 震災の揺れは6分間 キラーパルス少なく 東大地震研 The Asahi Shimbun Japan 17 March 2011 18 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005044/http://www.asahi.com/science/update/0317/TKY201103170129.html 7 April 2011 live The earthquake was initially reported as 7.9 Mw by the USGS before it was quickly upgraded to 8.8 Mw, then to 8.9 Mw,https://www.reuters.com/article/japan-quake-usgs-idUSN1120429420110311 UPDATE 3-USGS upgrades Japan quake to 8.9 magnitude Reuters 11 March 2011 18 March 2011 Anthony Boadle https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005059/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/11/japan-quake-usgs-idUSN1120429420110311 7 April 2011 live and then finally to 9.0 Mw.https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/03/powerful-japan-quake-sparks-ts.html Japan's quake updated to magnitude 9.0 Short Sharp Science New Scientist 11 March 2011 Michael Reilly https://web.archive.org/web/20110401141938/http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/03/powerful-japan-quake-sparks-ts.html 1 April 2011https://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2727 USGS Updates Magnitude of Japan's 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake to 9.0 United States Geological Survey (USGS) 14 March 2011 18 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110318010707/http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2727 18 March 2011 live On 11 July 2016, the USGS further upgraded the earthquake to 9.1. Sendai was the nearest major city to the earthquake, 130 km from the epicenter; the earthquake occurred 373 km northeast of Tokyo. The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large foreshocks, with hundreds of aftershocks reported. One of the first major foreshocks was a 7.2 Mw event on 9 March, approximately 40 km from the epicenter of the 11 March earthquake, with another three on the same day in excess of 6.0 Mw.http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/03/110315-japan-earthquake-tsunami-big-one-science/ Japan Earthquake Not the 'Big One'? Lovett Richard A. 14 March 2011 National Geographic News 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002506/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/03/110315-japan-earthquake-tsunami-big-one-science/ 16 March 2011 Following the main earthquake on 11 March, a 7.4 Mw aftershock was reported at 15:08 JST (6:06 UTC), succeeded by a 7.9 Mw at 15:15 JST (6:16 UTC) and a 7.7 Mw at 15:26 JST (6:26 UTC).http://tenki.jp/earthquake/detail-3612.html 地震情報 – 2011年3月10日 15時6分 – 日本気象協会 tenki.jp https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MROEAe?url=http://tenki.jp/earthquake/detail-3612.html 18 April 2011 11 March 2011http://tenki.jp/earthquake/detail-3616.html 地震情報 – 2011年3月11日 15時15分 – 日本気象協会 tenki.jp https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MROEAe?url=http://tenki.jp/earthquake/detail-3612.html 18 April 2011 11 March 2011 Over 800 aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 Mw or greater occurred after the initial quake.http://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/quake_singendo_index.html Earthquake Information 11 March 2011 Japan Meteorological Agency https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003148/http://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/quake_singendo_index.html 24 March 2011 live Aftershocks followed Omori's law, which states that the rate of aftershocks declines with the reciprocal of the time since the main quake. The aftershocks thus tapered off over time, but continued for years after the initial quake, including one on 26 October 2013 (local time) of magnitude 7.1 Mw.https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/10/25/earthquake_strikes_near_fukushima_region_of_japan.html Earthquake strikes near Japan's Fukushima nuclear plant; no reports of damage Associated Press 25 October 2013 25 October 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20131025232609/http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/10/25/earthquake_strikes_near_fukushima_region_of_japan.html 25 October 2013 A 7.3-magnitude earthquake struck early Saturday morning off Japan's east coast [...] Japan's meteorological agency said the quake was an aftershock of the magnitude-9.0 earthquake and tsunami that struck the same area in 2011. Toronto The Star thumb|A visual depiction of the type of faulting that caused the main tremor, low-angle thrusting on a west-dipping fault plane The earthquake moved Honshu 2.4 m us east, shifted the Earth on its axis by estimates of between 10 and 25 cm 0,Quake shifted Japan by over two metres http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14909967,00.html Deutsche Welle 14 March 2011 14 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110315181343/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14909967,00.html 15 March 2011 live increased Earth's rotational speed by 1.8 μs per day,ja http://www.nationalgeographic.co.jp/news/news_article.php?file_id=20110317002 大地震で一日が短縮、軸の振動も変化 National Geographic 17 March 2011 19 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20130513233043/http://www.nationalgeographic.co.jp/news/news_article.php?file_id=20110317002&expand&source=gnews 13 May 2013 and generated infrasound waves detected in perturbations of the low-orbiting Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer satellite.http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/GOCE/GOCE_the_first_seismometer_in_orbit 8 March 2013 GOCE: The First Seismometer in Orbit 21 August 2016 Initially, the earthquake caused part of Honshu's Pacific coast to sink by roughly a meter, but after about three years, the coast rose back and then kept on rising to exceed its original height.未来を考える力を 気仙沼復興レポート㉘ 地盤の沈下と隆起 11 June 2016 今川 悟http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/videonews/jnn?a=20141011-00000027-jnn-soci 震災で沈下の地盤が隆起、高すぎる岸壁に漁師困惑 11 October 2014 https://archive.today/20141011180532/http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/videonews/jnn?a=20141011-00000027-jnn-soci 2 November 2017 11 October 2014 TBS Newsi地盤が隆起 漁業者困惑 最大40センチ、積み荷に影響 三陸沿岸で地殻変動か Nikkei 9 March 2015東北沿岸、地震で沈んだ地盤が謎の隆起 マントル影響か Nikkei 27 February 2017 Geology left|thumb|Mechanism of 2011 Tōhoku earthquake This megathrust earthquake was a recurrence of the mechanism of the earlier 869 Sanriku earthquake, which has been estimated as having a magnitude of at least 8.4 Mw, which also created a large tsunami that inundated the Sendai plain.Sawai Yuki Namegaya Yuichi 9 November 2012 Challenges of anticipating the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami using coastal geology https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258647207 Geophysical Research Letters 39 21 L21309 10.1029/2012GL053692 2012GeoRL..3921309S freeGoto Kazuhisa Chagué-Goff Catherine 29 August 2012 The future of tsunami research following the 2011 Tōhoku-oki event http://home.hisf.no/steinbo/Marine%20geohazards/Goto_Sedimentary%20Geology_Tohoku_Tsunami_2012.pdf Sedimentary Geology 282 1–13 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.08.003 https://web.archive.org/web/20150528095244/http://home.hisf.no/steinbo/Marine%20geohazards/Goto_Sedimentary%20Geology_Tohoku_Tsunami_2012.pdf 28 May 2015 2012SedG..282....1G Three tsunami deposits have been identified within the Holocene sequence of the plain, all formed within the last 3,000 years, suggesting an 800-to-1,100-year recurrence interval for large tsunamigenic earthquakes. In 2001 it was reckoned that there was a high likelihood of a large tsunami hitting the Sendai plain as more than 1,100 years had then elapsed.Minoura K. Imamura F. Sugawara D. Kono Y. Iwashita T. 2001 The 869 Jōgan tsunami deposit and recurrence interval of large-scale tsunami on the Pacific coast of northeast Japan Journal of Natural Disaster Science 23 2 83–88 http://www.jsnds.org/contents/jnds/23_2_3.pdf Fumihiko Imamura In 2007, the probability of an earthquake with a magnitude of Mw 8.1–8.3 was estimated as 99% within the following 30 years.Tsunami source of the unusual AD 869 earthquake off Miyagi, Japan, inferred from tsunami deposits and numerical simulation of inundation 31 T31G–03 Satake K. Kenji Satake Sawai, Y. Shishikura, M. Okamura, Y. Namegaya, Y. Yamaki, S. 2007 American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2007, Abstract #T31G-03 2007AGUFM.T31G..03S This earthquake occurred where the Pacific plate is subducting under the plate beneath northern Honshu.Kenneth Chang Quake Moves Japan Closer to U.S. and Alters Earth's Spin https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/world/asia/14seismic.html The New York Times 13 March 2011 14 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002603/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/world/asia/14seismic.html 16 March 2011 live The Pacific plate, which moves at a rate of 8 to 9 cm per year, dips under Honshu's underlying plate, building large amounts of elastic energy. This motion pushes the upper plate down until the accumulated stress causes a seismic slip-rupture event. The break caused the sea floor to rise by several meters. The magnitude of this earthquake was a surprise to some seismologists. A quake of this magnitude usually has a rupture length of at least 500 km and generally requires a long, relatively straight fault surface. Because the plate boundary and subduction zone in the area of the Honshu rupture is not very straight, it is unusual for the magnitude of its earthquake to exceed 8.5 Mw.Maugh Thomas H https://latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-sci-japan-earthquake-20110310,0,7154967.story Size of Japan's quake surprises seismologists Los Angeles Times 11 March 2011 11 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005107/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-sci-japan-earthquake-20110310,0,7154967.story 7 April 2011 live The hypocentral region of this earthquake extended from offshore Iwate Prefecture to offshore Ibaraki Prefecture.http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20110312/t10014615121000.html https://web.archive.org/web/20110314055731/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20110312/t10014615121000.html 14 March 2011 地震調査委 想定外の連動地震 NHKニュース .nhk.or.jp 12 March 2011 The Japan Meteorological Agency said that the earthquake may have ruptured the fault zone from Iwate to Ibaraki with a length of 500 km and a width of 200 km.http://www.jiji.com/jc/c?g=soc&k=2011031100807&j1 時事ドットコム: M8. 8、死者300人超=行方不明540人以上−大津波10m・宮城で震度7 Jiji.com 12 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20131213161307/http://www.jiji.com/jc/c?g=soc&k=2011031100807&j1 13 December 2013 livehttp://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/jishin0311/ 気象庁"マグニチュードは9. 0" NHKニュース .nhk.or.jp 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314050256/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/jishin0311/ 14 March 2011 Analysis showed that this earthquake consisted of a set of three events.http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103130302.html asahi.com(朝日新聞社): 地殻破壊3連鎖、計6分 専門家、余震拡大に警鐘 – 東日本大震災 The Asahi Shimbun Japan 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005046/http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103130302.html 7 April 2011 live Other major earthquakes with tsunamis struck the Sanriku Coast region in 1896 and in 1933. The source area of this earthquake has a relatively high coupling coefficient surrounded by areas of relatively low coupling coefficients in the west, north, and south. From the averaged coupling coefficient of 0.5–0.8 in the source area and the seismic moment, it was estimated that the slip deficit of this earthquake was accumulated over a period of 260–880 years, which is consistent with the recurrence interval of such great earthquakes estimated from the tsunami deposit data. The seismic moment of this earthquake accounts for about 93% of the estimated cumulative moment from 1926 to March 2011. Hence, earthquakes in this area with magnitudes of about 7 since 1926 had only released part of the accumulated energy. In the area near the trench, the coupling coefficient is high, which could act as the source of the large tsunami. https://web.archive.org/web/20111207195402/http://www.aob.geophys.tohoku.ac.jp/download/ronbun/EPS_uchida2011.pdf 7 December 2011 Most of the foreshocks are interplate earthquakes with thrust-type focal mechanisms. Both interplate and intraplate earthquakes appeared in the aftershocks offshore Sanriku coast with considerable proportions."Spatial distribution and focal mechanisms of aftershocks of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake" by Y. Asano, T. Saito, Y. Ito, K. Shiomi, H. Hirose, T. Matsumoto, S. Aoi, S. Hori, and S. Sekiguchi. Energy The surface energy of the seismic waves from the earthquake was calculated to be 1.9×1017 joules,Okada Norio Tao Ye Yoshio Kajitani Peijun Shi Hirokazu Tatano The 2011 eastern Japan great earthquake disaster: Overview and comments 8 August 2012 International Journal of Disaster Risk Science Springer 2 1 34–42 10.1007/s13753-011-0004-9 129611625 free which is nearly double that of the 9.1 Mw 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that killed 230,000 people. If harnessed, the seismic energy from this earthquake would power a city the size of Los Angeles for an entire year.Marcia McNutt Energy from quake: if harnessed, could power L.A. for a year https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_C7KKwIMapw 12 March 2011 CBS News via YouTube (Google) 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005304/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_C7KKwIMapw 7 April 2011 live The seismic moment (M0), which represents a physical size for the event, was calculated by the USGS at 3.9×1022 joules,https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0001xgp/neic_c0001xgp_wmt.php USGS.gov: USGS WPhase Moment Solution United States Geological Survey 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314185317/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0001xgp/neic_c0001xgp_wmt.php 14 March 2011 slightly less than the 2004 Indian Ocean quake. Ground motion thumb|Seismic intensity observations resulting from mainshockThe strong ground motion registered at the maximum of Shindo 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in Kurihara, Miyagi Prefecture. Three other prefectures—Fukushima, Ibaraki and Tochigi—recorded a 6 upper on the JMA scale. Seismic stations in Iwate, Gunma, Saitama and Chiba Prefectures measured a 6 lower, while Tokyo and five other prefectures recorded 5 upper. Japan's National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) calculated a peak ground acceleration of 2.99 g (29.33 m/s2).Preliminary report of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake Okada Yoshimitsu http://www.bosai.go.jp/e/pdf/Preliminary_report110328.pdf National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) 25 March 2011 12 March 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20161021164617/http://www.bosai.go.jp/e/pdf/Preliminary_report110328.pdf 21 October 2016The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami has been assigned GLIDE identifier EQ-2011-000028-JPN by the Asian Disaster Reduction Center.http://www.adrc.asia/view_disaster_en.php?NationCode=392&lang=en&KEY=1497 Asian Disaster Reduction Center(ADRC) Adrc.asia 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005055/http://www.adrc.asia/view_disaster_en.php?NationCode=392&lang=en&KEY=1497 7 April 2011 livehttp://www.adrc.asia/project/index.html#glide Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) Information Sharing on Disaster Reduction Adrc.asia 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003226/http://www.adrc.asia/project/index.html#glide 24 March 2011 "en_2" "en" A USGS seismic installation at Kurihara recorded 2.751 g in ground acceleration (pga) and 98.21 cm/s in ground velocity (pgv); the station data corresponded to a Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) of IX (Violent), which was also recorded at five other installations at Ōsaki, Onagawa and Iwanuma, Miyagi, Haga, Tochigi, and the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant; tremors exceeding MMI VI (Strong) or higher were felt in the Greater Tokyo Area, with a seismic station in Kōtō recording a pga of 0.2552 g and a pgv of 43.96 cm/s, corresponding to MMI VIII (Severe) shaking.M 9.1 - 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake, Japan 2011 https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official20110311054624120_30/map?shakemap-code=atlas20110311054624&shakemap-source=atlas&shakemap-intensity=true&shakemap-mmi-contours=false&shakemap-macroseismic-stations=true&shakemap-seismic-stations=true 17 February 2026 Tremors from the earthquake were also felt in the Northern Mariana Islands, the Korean Peninsula, Taiwan, Northeast China and the Russian Far East. IntensityPrefecture震度データベース検索 https://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/eqdb/data/shindo/index.html#20110311144618 18 June 2021 Japan Meteorological Agency7 wikitable yes Miyagi6+ wikitable yes Fukushima, Ibaraki, Tochigi6- wikitable yes Iwate, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba5+ wikitable yes Aomori, Akita, Yamagata, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Yamanashi5- wikitable yes Niigata, Nagano, Shizuoka4 wikitable yes Hokkaido, Gifu, Aichi3 wikitable yes Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Mie, Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyōgo, Nara2 wikitable yes Wakayama, Tottori, Shimane, Okayama, Tokushima, Kochi, Saga, Kumamoto1 wikitable yes Hiroshima, Kagawa, Ehime, Yamaguchi, Fukuoka, Nagasaki, Oita, Kagoshima IntensityPrefectureLocation(s)7 wikitable yes MiyagiKurihara6+ wikitable yes rowspan="4" MiyagiWakuya, Tome, Misato, Osaki, Natori, Zao, Kawasaki, Yamamoto, Sendai (Miyagino), Ishinomaki, Shiogama, Higashimatsushima, OhiraFukushimaShirakawa, Sukagawa, Kunimi, Kagamiishi, Ten-ei, Naraha, Tomioka, Okuma, Futaba, Namie, ShinchiIbarakiHokota, Hitachi, Takahagi, Omitama, Naka, Kasama, Chikusei, HitachiomiyaTochigiOtawara, Utsunomiya, Mooka, Ichikai, Takanezawa6- wikitable yes rowspan="8" IwateOfunato, Rikuzentakata, Kamaishi, Takizawa, Yahaba, Hanamaki, Ichinoseki, ŌshūMiyagiKesennuma, Minamisanriku, Shiroishi, Kakuda, Iwanuma, Ogawara, Watari, Sendai (Aoba, Wakabayashi, Izumi), Matsushima, Rifu, Taiwa, Ōsato, TomiyaFukushimaFukushima, Koriyama, Nihonmatsu, Koori, Kawamata, Nishigō, Nakajima, Yabuki, Tanagura, Tamakawa, Asakawa, Ono, Tamura, Date, Motomiya, Iwaki, Soma, Hirono, Kawauchi, Iitate, MinamisomaIbarakiMito, Kitaibaraki, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki, Tokai, Hitachiota, Tsuchiura, Ishioka, Toride, Tsukuba, Kashima, Itako, Miho, Bando, Inashiki, Kasumigaura, Namegata, Sakuragawa, Joso, Tsukubamirai, ShirosatoTochigiNasu, Nasushiobara, Haga, Nasukarasuyama, NakagawaGunmaKiryuSaitamaMiyashiroChibaNarita, Inzai Geophysical effects thumb|Hypocentral region boundaries (source: the Japanese Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion)|leftPortions of northeastern Japan shifted by as much as 2.4 m us closer to North America, making some sections of Japan's landmass wider than before. Those areas of Japan closest to the epicenter experienced the largest shifts. A 400 km mi us mid stretch of coastline dropped vertically by 0.6 m us, allowing the tsunami to travel farther and faster onto land. One early estimate suggested that the Pacific plate may have moved westward by up to 20 m us,https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12732335 How the quake has moved Japan Rincon Paul 14 March 2011 15 March 2011 BBC News https://web.archive.org/web/20110314175420/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12732335 14 March 2011 live and another early estimate put the amount of slippage at as much as 40 m us.Japan quake fault may have moved 40 metres https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/03/giant-quake-was-small-for-its.html Reilly Michael New Scientist 12 March 2011 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110313062712/http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/03/giant-quake-was-small-for-its.html 13 March 2011 live On 6 April, the Japanese coast guard said that the quake shifted the seabed near the epicenter 24 m us and elevated the seabed off the coast of Miyagi Prefecture by 3 m us.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-seabed-idUSTRE73607620110407 Japan seabed shifted 24 metres after March quake Reuters 7 April 2011 A report by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, published in Science on 2 December 2011, concluded that the seabed in the area between the epicenter and the Japan Trench moved 50 m us east-southeast and rose about 7 m us as a result of the quake. The report also stated that the quake had caused several major landslides on the seabed in the affected area.Jiji Press, "March temblor shifted seabed by 50 m us", Japan Times, 3 December 2011, p. 1. The Earth's axis shifted by estimates of between 10 and 25 cm 0. This deviation led to a number of small planetary changes, including the length of a day, the tilt of the Earth, and the Chandler wobble.https://montrealgazette.com/news/Japan+quake+shifts+earth+axis+centimetres/4426356/story.html Japan's quake shifts earth's axis by 25 centimetres Chai Carmen 11 March 2011 Montreal Gazette Montreal Postmedia News 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314015814/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Japan+quake+shifts+earth+axis+centimetres/4426356/story.html 14 March 2011 live The speed of the Earth's rotation increased, shortening the day by 1.8 microseconds due to the redistribution of Earth's mass.https://www.cbsnews.com/news/earths-day-length-shortened-by-japan-earthquake/ Earth's day length shortened by Japan earthquake 13 March 2011 CBS News 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110313182919/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/03/13/scitech/main20042590.shtml 13 March 2011 live The axial shift was caused by the redistribution of mass on the Earth's surface, which changed the planet's moment of inertia. Because of conservation of angular momentum, such changes of inertia result in small changes to the Earth's rate of rotation.https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/23degrees/2011/03/can_an_earthquake_shift_the_ea.html Can an earthquake shift the Earth's axis? Harris Bethan 14 March 2011 BBC News 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002524/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/23degrees/2011/03/can_an_earthquake_shift_the_ea.html 16 March 2011 live These are expected changes for an earthquake of this magnitude. The earthquake also generated infrasound waves detected by perturbations in the orbit of the GOCE satellite, which thus serendipitously became the first seismograph in orbit. Following the earthquake, cracks were observed to have formed in the roof of Mount Fuji's magma chamber.Will Tokyo become a modern-day Pompeii? https://japantoday.com/category/features/kuchikomi/will-tokyo-become-a-modern-day-pompeii 27 March 2023 Japan Today 7 June 2022 Seiches observed in Sognefjorden, Norway, were attributed to distant S waves and Love waves generated by the earthquake. These seiches began to occur roughly half an hour after the main shock hit Japan, and continued to occur for 3 hours, during which waves of up to 1.5 meters high were observed. Soil liquefaction was evident in areas of reclaimed land around Tokyo, particularly in Urayasu,Fukue Natsuko https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/03/30/national/liquefaction-driving-away-chiba-residents/ Liquefaction driving away Chiba residents The Japan Times 30 March 2012 3Fukue Natsuko https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/04/08/national/urayasu-still-dealing-with-liquefaction/ Urayasu still dealing with liquefaction The Japan Times 8 April 2011 4 7 April 2011 10 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110410212330/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110408f3.html live Chiba City, Funabashi, Narashino (all in Chiba Prefecture) and in the Koto, Edogawa, Minato, Chūō, and Ōta wards of Tokyo. Approximately 30 homes or buildings were destroyed and 1,046 other buildings were damaged to varying degrees.Yomiuri Shimbun, "Liquefaction Damage Widespread", 10 April 2011. Nearby Haneda Airport, built mostly on reclaimed land, was not damaged. Odaiba also experienced liquefaction, but damage was minimal.Bloomberg L.P., "Tokyo Disneyland's parking lot shows the risk of reclaimed land", The Japan Times, 24 March 2011, p. 3. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005054/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110324n2.html 7 April 2011 thumb|Soil liquefaction in Kōtō, Tokyo Shinmoedake, a volcano in Kyushu, erupted three days after the earthquake. The volcano had previously erupted in January 2011; it is not known if the later eruption was linked to the earthquake.https://latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-volcano-20110314,0,2486939.story Volcano in southern Japan erupts Hennessy-Fiske Molly 13 March 2011 Los Angeles Times 13 March 2011 https://archive.today/20240522080335/https://www.webcitation.org/5xAFMNiQh?url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-volcano-20110314,0,5490141,print.story 22 May 2024 live In Antarctica, the seismic waves from the earthquake were reported to have caused the Whillans Ice Stream to slip by about 0.5 m us.https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20245-japan-quake-shifts-antarctic-glacier.html Japan quake shifts Antarctic glacier Ananthaswamy Anil 15 March 2011 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002523/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20245-japan-quake-shifts-antarctic-glacier.html 16 March 2011 live The first sign international researchers had that the earthquake caused such a dramatic change in the Earth's rotation came from the United States Geological Survey which monitors Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) stations across the world. The Survey team had several GPS monitors located near the scene of the earthquake. The GPS station located nearest the epicenter moved almost 4 m. This motivated government researchers to look into other ways the earthquake may have had large scale effects on the planet. Calculations at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory determined that the Earth's rotation was changed by the earthquake to the point where the days are now 1.8 microseconds shorter.Gross Richard 19 March 2011 Japan Earthquake May Have Shifted Earth's Axis NPR https://www.npr.org/2011/03/18/134658880/Japan-Earthquake-May-Have-Changed-Earths-Axis Aftershocks List of foreshocks and aftershocks of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake thumb|left|Tōhoku earthquake and aftershocks from 11 to 14 March thumb|upright|Satellite image shows snowfall on agricultural fields in Sendai area. See Weather conditions paragraph for details. Japan experienced over 1,000 aftershocks since the earthquake, with 80 registering over magnitude 6.0 Mw and several of which have been over magnitude 7.0 Mw. A magnitude 7.4 Mw at 15:08 (JST), 7.9 Mw at 15:15 and a 7.7 Mw quake at 15:26 all occurred on 11 March.https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0002ksa/ https://web.archive.org/web/20110409154816/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0002ksa.php Magnitude 7.1 – Near the East Coast of Honshu, Japan 9 April 2011 A month later, a major aftershock struck offshore on 7 April with a magnitude of 7.1 Mw. Its epicenter was underwater, 66 km off the coast of Sendai. The Japan Meteorological Agency assigned a magnitude of 7.4 MJMA, while the United States Geological Survey lowered it to 7.1 Mw.Fresh quake triggers tsunami warning in Japan http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/07/japan.quake/index.html CNN 7 April 2011 8 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120725071234/http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/07/japan.quake/index.html?hpt=T1&iref=BN1 25 July 2012 live At least four people were killed, and electricity was cut off across much of northern Japan including the loss of external power to Higashidōri Nuclear Power Plant and Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant.http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/world/230989/four-dead-as-new-tremor-hits-japan-disaster-zone Four dead as new tremor hits Japan disaster zone Bangkok Post 8 April 2011 8 April 2011Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log, IAEA, 7 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110409165356/http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2011/fukushima070411.html 9 April 2011 NHK, "Strong aftershock kills four", 12 April 2011. Four days later on 11 April, another magnitude 7.1 Mw aftershock struck Fukushima, causing additional damage and killing a total of three people.https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0002n9v.php Magnitude 6.6 – Eastern Honshu, Japan United States Geological Survey 7 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110728014632/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0002n9v.php 28 July 2011http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/11/japan.quake/index.html At least 6 killed in new Japan earthquake CNN World News 11 April 2011 23 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110602012159/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-11/world/japan.quake_1_fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-plant-tsunami-quake 2 June 2011 live On 7 December 2012 a large aftershock of magnitude 7.3 Mw caused a minor tsunami, and again on 26 October 2013 a small tsunami was recorded after a 7.1 Mw aftershock.朝日新聞デジタル http://www.asahi.com/articles/TKY201310250777.html ja:3県で津波観測、注意報を解除 福島沖でM7. 1: 朝日新聞デジタル Asahi Broadcasting Corporation 26 October 2013 15 July 2014 ja As of 16 March 2012 aftershocks continued, totaling 1887 events over magnitude 4.0; a regularly updated map showing all shocks of magnitude 4.5 and above near or off the east coast of Honshu in the last seven dayshttps://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Maps/10/140_35.php USGS 10-degree Map Centered at 35°N,140°E of earthquakes of magnitude 4.5 or over United States Geological Survey 2 December 2009 7 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110728014636/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Maps/10/140_35.php 28 July 2011 showed over 20 events.http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/honshu_11mar2011.shtml Tōhoku, Japan 2011 Tsunami National Geophysical Data Center 22 August 2013 2016 3 11 there had been 869 aftershocks of 5.0 Mw or greater, 118 of 6.0 Mw or greater, and 9 over 7.0 Mw as reported by the Japan Meteorological Agency.http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/eqev/data/2011_03_11_tohoku/aftershock/ ja:気象庁M5.0以上の余震回数 Japan Meteorological Agency 4 November 2016 ja Japan Meteorological AgencyNumber of aftershocks of M5.0 or higher The number of aftershocks was associated with decreased health across Japan.Sugimoto T. Shinozaki T. Miyamoto Y. Aftershocks Associated with Impaired Health Caused by the Great East Japan Disaster Among Youth Across Japan: A National Cross-Sectional Survey Interactive Journal of Medical Research 2 2 e31 10.2196/ijmr.2585 24362519 3875891 2013 free On 13 February 2021, a magnitude 7.1–7.3 earthquake struck off the coast of Sendai. It caused some damage in Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures. One person was killed, and 185 were injured.M 7.1 – 70 km ENE of Namie, Japan https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000dher/executive 13 February 2021 United States Geological Survey1st death confirmed in Feb. 13 northeastern Japan earthquake https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/02/27bcd1c39fd5-1st-death-confirmed-in-feb-13-northeastern-japan-earthquake.html Fukushima Kyodo News 25 February 2021 11 March 2021 Land subsidence thumb|Land subsidence and soil liquefaction at Shin-Urayasu Station in Urayasu, Chiba, near Tokyo The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan reported land subsidence based on the height of triangulation stations in the area measured by GPS as compared to their previous values from 14 April 2011.http://www.gsi.go.jp/sokuchikijun/sokuchikijun40003.html ja:平成23年(2011年)東北地方太平洋沖地震に伴う地盤沈下調査 14 April 2011 Geospatial Information Authority of Japan ja Land subsidence caused by 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 13 March 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20110420141212/http://www.gsi.go.jp/sokuchikijun/sokuchikijun40003.html 20 April 2011 live Miyako, Iwate – 0.50 m us Yamada, Iwate – 0.53 m us Ōtsuchi, Iwate – 0.35 m us Kamaishi, Iwate – 0.66 m us Ōfunato, Iwate – 0.73 m us Rikuzentakata, Iwate – 0.84 m us Kesennuma, Miyagi – 0.74 m us Minamisanriku, Miyagi – 0.69 m us Oshika Peninsula, Miyagi – 1.2 m usValues announced by Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, news report by Yomiuri Shimbun 15 April 2011 ver. 13S page 33 Ishinomaki, Miyagi – 0.78 m us Higashimatsushima, Miyagi – 0.43 m us Iwanuma, Miyagi – 0.47 m us Sōma, Fukushima – 0.29 m us Scientists say that the subsidence is permanent. As a result, the communities in question are now more susceptible to flooding during high tides.Alabaster, Jay (9 May 2011). "Quake Shifted Japan; Towns Now Flood at High Tide", Associated Press, ABC News. Retrieved 13 March 2012. Earthquake early warning system One minute before the earthquake was felt in Tokyo, the Earthquake Early Warning system, which includes more than 1,000 seismometers in Japan, sent out warnings of impending strong shaking to millions. It is believed that the early warning by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) saved many lives.https://montrealgazette.com/news/Alert+sounded+minute+before+tremor+struck/4425621/story.html Alert sounded a minute before the tremor struck Foster Peter The Daily Telegraph UK 11 March 2011 https://archive.today/20110311211218/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Alert%20sounded%20minute%20before%20tremor%20struck/4425621/story.html 11 March 2011http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/35090/?p1=A3 80 Seconds of Warning for Tokyo Talbot David MIT Technology Review 11 March 2011 https://archive.today/20120530060625/http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/35090/?p1=A3 30 May 2012 live The warning for the general public was delivered about eight seconds after the first P wave was detected, or about 31 seconds after the earthquake occurred. However, the estimated intensities were smaller than the actual ones in some places, especially in Kanto, Koshinetsu, and Northern Tōhoku regions where the populace warning did not trigger. According to the Japan Meteorological Agency, reasons for the underestimation include a saturated magnitude scale when using maximum amplitude as input, failure to fully take into account the area of the hypocenter, and the initial amplitude of the earthquake being less than that which would be predicted by an empirical relationship.干場充之 (2011) 経験則からのずれ —はじめの数秒と強震動: τc, Pd, スペクトル, 簡易震源域推定方法— 日本地球惑星科学連合 2011年 MIS036-P67緊急地震速報と観測された震度の特徴 JMA Meteorological Research Institute ja 気象研究所 日本地球惑星連合 2011年予稿集10.4294/zisin.64.155 Earthquake Early Warning and Tsunami Warning of JMA for the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan) 2nd Series 64 3 155–168 2012 Hoshiba Mitsuyuki Ozaki Tomoaki free20 May 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCVl-DGE3_M Japan Earthquake Early Warning 3/11/2011 (w/ English subtitles) stardust9 YouTube 22 January 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20211201091321/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCVl-DGE3_M 1 December 2021 live There were also cases where large differences between estimated intensities by the Earthquake Early Warning system and the actual intensities occurred in the aftershocks and triggered earthquakes. Such discrepancies in the warning were attributed by the JMA to the system's inability to distinguish between two different earthquakes that happened at around same time, as well as to the reduced number of reporting seismometers due to power outages and connection failures.http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/1103/29a/eew_hyouka.pdf ja:報道発表資料平成23年3月29日 Japan Meteorological Agency 2011 15 July 2014 ja The system's software was subsequently modified to handle this kind of situation.緊急地震速報の改善について Japan Meteorological Agency 10 August 2011 http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/1108/10a/eew_kaizen.html 10 August 2011 Tsunami thumb|NOAA tsunami energy map An upthrust of 6 to 8 m us along a 180 km mi us mid -wide seabed at 60 km us offshore from the east coast of TōhokuNHK BS News reported 2011-04-03-02:55 JST resulted in a major tsunami that brought destruction along the Pacific coastline of Japan's northern islands. Thousands of people died and entire towns were devastated. The tsunami propagated throughout the Pacific Ocean region reaching the entire Pacific coast of North and South America from Alaska to Chile. Warnings were issued and evacuations were carried out in many countries bordering the Pacific. Although the tsunami affected many of these places, the heights of the waves were minor.http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=pacific.2011.03.11.073000 Tsunami bulletin number 3 Pacific Tsunami Warning Center/NOAA/NWS 11 March 2011 11 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314183704/http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=pacific.2011.03.11.073000 14 March 2011http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/11/tsunami.warning/index.html Tsunami warnings issued for at least 20 countries after quake CNN 11 March 2011 11 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110312101731/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/11/tsunami.warning/index.html 12 March 2011http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=pacific.2011.03.11.103059 PTWC warnings complete list 11 March 2011 https://archive.today/20120530060546/http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=pacific.2011.03.11.103059 30 May 2012 Chile's Pacific coast, one of the farthest from Japan at about 17000 km us away, was struck by waves 2 m ft us high,http://www.mapcrow.info/cgi-bin/cities_distance_airpt2.cgi?city3=-1303908%2CD&city4=-367975%2CS Distance between Dichato, Chile and Sendai, Japan is 17228 km Mapcrow.info 23 October 2007 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002507/http://www.mapcrow.info/cgi-bin/cities_distance_airpt2.cgi?city3=-1303908%2CD&city4=-367975%2CS 16 March 2011 liveAttwood James https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-12/chile-maintains-tsunami-warning-no-major-damage-reported-1-.html Chile Lifts Tsunami Alerts After Japan Quake Spawns Waves Bloomberg News 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110312162618/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-12/chile-maintains-tsunami-warning-no-major-damage-reported-1-.html 12 March 2011 live 12 March 2011http://www.publimetro.cl/nota/mundo/marejadas-ingresaron-entre-70-y-100-metros-en-varias-zonas-del-pais/xIQkcl!9ReTs79Sw66U/ Chilean site: (Tsunami) waves penetrated 70–100 m in different parts of the country Publimetro.cl 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110317002503/http://www.publimetro.cl/nota/mundo/marejadas-ingresaron-entre-70-y-100-metros-en-varias-zonas-del-pais/xIQkcl!9ReTs79Sw66U/ 17 March 2011 compared with an estimated wave height of 38.9 m us at Omoe peninsula, Miyako city, Japan. Japan The tsunami warning issued by the Japan Meteorological Agency was the most serious on its warning scale; it was rated as a "major tsunami", being at least 3 m us high.http://www.seisvol.kishou.go.jp/eq/eng/fig/tsunamiinfo.html Tsunami Warning / Advisory and Tsunami Information 18 April 2011 16 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002507/http://www.seisvol.kishou.go.jp/eq/eng/fig/tsunamiinfo.html The actual height prediction varied, the greatest being for Miyagi at 6 m us high.http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/info_04_20110311145026.html Tsunami Information (Estimated Tsunami arrival time and Height) 11 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110414005043/http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/info_04_20110311145026.html 14 April 2011 live The tsunami inundated a total area of approximately 561 km2 us in Japan.http://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000059939.pdf ja:津波による浸水範囲の面積(概略値)について(第5報) Geospatial Information Authority in Japan(国土地理院) ja 18 April 2011 20 June 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110623011856/http://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000059939.pdf 23 June 2011 live thumb|left|Water column height on 11 March 2011 at DART Station, 690 NM southeast of Tokyo The earthquake took place at 14:46 JST (UTC 05:46) around 67 km us from the nearest point on Japan's coastline, and initial estimates indicated the tsunami would have taken 10 to 30 minutes to reach the areas first affected, and then areas farther north and south based on the geography of the coastline.One estimate of 10–15 minutes came from German seismologist Rainer Kind of the GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences in Potsdam, as interviewed in Japan's tsunami victims only had 15 minutes warning, Deutsche_Welle, 12 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005054/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14904863,00.html 7 April 2011Another estimate of 15–30 minutes came from Vasily V. Titov, director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Center for Tsunami Research, as reported in Japan tsunami: Toll could rise to more than 1,300, NDTV-hosted copy of an article by Martin Fackler, The New York Times, 12 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005057/http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/tsunami-hit-japan-struggles-to-reach-survivors-hundreds-dead-91156 7 April 2011 At 15:55 JST, a tsunami was observed flooding Sendai Airport, which is located near the coast of Miyagi Prefecture,http://avherald.com/h?article=43928907&opt=0 News: Tsunami rolls through Pacific, Sendai Airport under water, Tokyo Narita closed, Pacific region airports endangered Avherald.com 6 July 2001 11 March 2011Kyodo News http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20110311x4.html https://web.archive.org/web/20111026194858/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20110311x4.html 26 October 2011 10-meter tsunami observed in area near Sendai in Miyagi Pref. 11 March 2011 The Japan Times Online 12 March 2012 with waves sweeping away cars and planes and flooding various buildings as they traveled inland.http://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/r0/high.asx World English 12 March 2011 12 March 2011 NHK https://web.archive.org/web/20110330155724/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/r0/high.asx 30 March 2011http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/japan-on-tsunami-alert-after-another-quake/story-e6frf7jo-1226019884379 Japan 8.9-magnitude earthquake sparks massive tsunami Herald Sun Australia Associated Press 11 March 2011 https://archive.today/20120628221333/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/japan-on-tsunami-alert-after-another-quake/story-e6frf7jo-1226019884379 28 June 2012 live The impact of the tsunami in and around Sendai Airport was filmed by an NHK News helicopter, showing a number of vehicles on local roads trying to escape the approaching wave and being engulfed by it.NHK News, ~16:00 JST. A 4 m ft mid -high us tsunami hit Iwate Prefecture.February 2023 Wakabayashi Ward in Sendai was also particularly hard hit."Earthquake", The Japan Times, 19 March 2011, p. 16. At least 101 designated tsunami evacuation sites were hit by the wave.Kyodo News, "Tsunami hit more than 100 designated evacuation sites", The Japan Times, 14 April 2011, p. 1. https://web.archive.org/web/20110414005103/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110414a4.html 14 April 2011 thumb|right|The city of Rikuzentakata, Iwate Prefecture, suffered extensive damage from the tsunami, with almost the entirety of the lower area of the city being destroyed. Like the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the damage by surging water, though much more localized, was far more deadly and destructive than the actual quake. Entire towns were destroyed in tsunami-hit areas in Japan, including 9,500 missing in Minamisanriku;http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/03/77165.html 9,500 unaccounted for in Miyagi's Minamisanriku: local gov't Kyodo News 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110313081758/http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/03/77165.html 13 March 2011 live one thousand bodies had been recovered in the town by 14 March 2011.Kyodo News, "2,000 more added to death toll in Miyagi", The Japan Times, 15 March 2011, p. 1. https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002507/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110315a2.html 16 March 2011 thumb|While the tsunami was able to surmount sea walls and floodgates in many areas along the coastline of the Tōhoku region, Fudai, Iwate, was spared destruction due to its 15.5 m on us floodgate, which successfully withstood the waves.13 May 2011 Giant wall protected Japanese village from tsunami https://www.ctvnews.ca/giant-wall-protected-japanese-village-from-tsunami-1.643703 https://web.archive.org/web/20220211175051/https://www.ctvnews.ca/giant-wall-protected-japanese-village-from-tsunami-1.643703 11 February 2022 1 January 2024 CTVNews Among the factors in the high death toll was the unexpectedly large water surge. The sea walls in several cities had been built to protect against tsunamis of much lower heights. Also, many people caught in the tsunami thought they were on high enough ground to be safe.Watts, Jonathan, "Quake survivors search for hope and shelter", The Japan Times, 26 March 2011, p. 13. According to a special committee on disaster prevention designated by the Japanese government, the tsunami protection policy had been intended to deal with only tsunamis that had been scientifically proved to occur repeatedly. The committee advised that future policy should be to protect against the highest possible tsunami. Because tsunami walls had been overtopped, the committee also suggested, besides building taller tsunami walls, also teaching citizens how to evacuate if a large-scale tsunami should strike.http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/science/news/20110619-OYT1T00584.htm 津波、最大想定に対処...防災会議・中間報告骨子 Yomiuri Shimbun 20 June 2011 11 August 2011 https://archive.today/20130501062216/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/science/news/20110619-OYT1T00584.htm 1 May 2013http://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/chousakai/tohokukyokun/pdf/tyuukan.pdf 東北地方太平洋沖地震を教訓とした地震・津波対策に関する専門調査会中間とりまとめ 中央防災会議 「東北地方太平洋沖地震を教訓とした地震・津波対策に関する専門調査会」 26 June 2011 11 August 2011 thumb|left|Tsunami flooding on the Sendai Airport runway Large parts of Kuji and the southern section of Ōfunato including the port area were almost entirely destroyed.Tritten, Travis, J., and T. D. Flack, "U.S. rescue teams find devastation in northern city of Ofunato", Stars and Stripes (newspaper), 15 March 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110317002459/http://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/earthquake-disaster-in-japan/u-s-rescue-teams-find-devastation-in-northern-city-of-ofunato-1.137784 17 March 2011 http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T110312004789.htm Whole towns gone-no cars or people seen Yomiuri Shimbun 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005059/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T110312004789.htm 7 April 2011 live Also largely destroyed was Rikuzentakata, where the tsunami was three stories high."Honderden doden in Japanse kuststad (Hundreds dead in Japanese coastal town)" (in Dutch). www.rtlnieuws.nl. Retrieved 12 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407010003/http://www.rtl.nl/(/actueel/rtlnieuws/buitenland/)/components/actueel/rtlnieuws/2011/03_maart/12/buitenland/honderden-doden-in-japanse-kuststad.xml 7 April 2011 http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/Japanarmysays300-400bodiesfoundinRikuzentakata_Report/Article/ Japan army says 300–400 bodies found in Rikuzentakata: Report New Straits Times 3 February 2011 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005107/http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/Japanarmysays300-400bodiesfoundinRikuzentakata_Report/Article/ 7 April 2011 Other cities destroyed or heavily damaged by the tsunami include Kamaishi, Miyako, Ōtsuchi, and Yamada (in Iwate Prefecture), Namie, Sōma, and Minamisōma (in Fukushima Prefecture) and Shichigahama, Higashimatsushima, Onagawa, Natori, Ishinomaki, and Kesennuma (in Miyagi Prefecture).Martin, Alex, "JET post best, not 'pityfest'", The Japan Times, 7 April 2011, p. 3. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005059/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110407f1.html 7 April 2011 Kyodo News, "Miyagi coastal whaling port pulverized, little more than memory", The Japan Times, 18 March 2011, p. 3. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005102/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110318a7.html 7 April 2011 Kyodo News, "Deaths, people missing set to top 1,600: Edano", The Japan Times, 13 March 2011.Kyodo News, "Survivors in trauma after life-changing nightmare day", The Japan Times, 13 March 2011, p. 2.Kyodo News, "Death toll may surpass 10,000 in Miyagi", The Japan Times, 14 March 2011, p. 1. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005105/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110314a3.html 7 April 2011 Alabaster, Jay, and Todd Pitman, (Associated Press), "Hardships, suffering in earthquake zone", The Japan Times, 15 March 2011, p. 3. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005110/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110315a8.html 7 April 2011 Gihooly, Rob, "'Nothing can prepare you to witness this', The Japan Times, 20 March 2011, p. 7. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005118/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20110320x1.html 7 April 2011 The most severe effects of the tsunami were felt along a 670 km mi mid -long us stretch of coastline from Erimo, Hokkaido, in the north to Ōarai, Ibaraki, in the south, with most of the destruction in that area occurring in the hour following the earthquake.Stuart Biggs and Aaron Sheldrick (11 March 2011). Tsunami Slams Japan After Record Earthquake, Killing Hundreds, Bloomberg L.P.. Retrieved 12 March 2012. Near Ōarai, people captured images of a huge whirlpool that had been generated by the tsunami.https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/8385237/Japan-disaster-30-powerful-images-of-the-earthquake-and-tsunami.html The Daily Telegraph London Japan disaster: 30 powerful images of the earthquake and tsunami https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005059/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/8385237/Japan-disaster-30-powerful-images-of-the-earthquake-and-tsunami.html?image=4 7 April 2011 live 16 March 2011 The tsunami washed away the sole bridge to Miyatojima, Miyagi, isolating the island's 900 residents.Kyodo News, "Survivors on cut-off isle were ready for disaster", The Japan Times, 19 March 2011, p. 2. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005123/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110319a5.html 7 April 2011 A 2 m ft us mid -high tsunami hit Chiba Prefecture about 2 1 2 hours after the quake, causing heavy damage to cities such as Asahi.Fukue, Natsuko, "Tsunami came late to unprepared Chiba", The Japan Times, 30 March 2011, p. 2. https://web.archive.org/web/20110402040734/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110330f1.html 2 April 2011 On 13 March 2011, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) published details of tsunami observations recorded around the coastline of Japan following the earthquake. These observations included tsunami maximum readings of over 3 m us at the following locations and times on 11 March 2011, following the earthquake at 14:46 JST:http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/observation_04_20110313180559.html Tsunami Information Number 64 (Tsunami Observation) Japan Meteorological Agency 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120314053635/http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/observation_04_20110313180559.html 14 March 2012 19 November 2021 thumb|Peak tsunami wave height summits, color-coded with purple representing most severe 15:12 JST – off Kamaishi – 6.8 m us 15:15 JST – Ōfunato – 3.2 m us or higher 15:20 JST – Ishinomaki-shi Ayukawa – 3.3 m us or higher 15:21 JST – Miyako – 4 m us or higher 15:21 JST – Kamaishi – 4.1 m us or higher 15:44 JST – Erimo-cho Shoya – 3.5 m us 15:50 JST – Sōma – 7.3 m us or higher 16:52 JST – Ōarai – 4.2 m us Many areas were also affected by waves of 1 to 3 m us in height, and the JMA bulletin also included the caveat that "At some parts of the coasts, tsunamis may be higher than those observed at the observation sites." The timing of the earliest recorded tsunami maximum readings ranged from 15:12 to 15:21, between 26 and 35 minutes after the earthquake had struck. The bulletin also included initial tsunami observation details, as well as more detailed maps for the coastlines affected by the tsunami waves.Tsunami Information Number 64 (Tsunami Observation), Japan Meteorological Agency, issued 18:05 JST 13 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011. (Tohoku district.) https://web.archive.org/web/20110401101454/http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/observation_2_04_20110313180559.html 1 April 2011 Tsunami Information Number 64 (Tsunami Observation), Japan Meteorological Agency, issued 18:05 JST 13 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011. (Kanto/Chubu district.) https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003206/http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/observation_3_04_20110313180559.html 24 March 2011 JMA also reported offshore tsunami height recorded by telemetry from moored GPS wave-height meter buoys as follows:"Tsunami Information Number 64(Tsunami Observations)" https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003200/http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/observation_04_20110313180559.html 24 March 2011 Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 12 March 2012. offshore of central Iwate (Miyako) – 6.3 m us offshore of northern Iwate (Kuji) – 6 m us offshore of northern Miyagi (Kesennuma) – 6 m us On 25 March 2011, Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI) reported tsunami height by visiting the port sites as follows:http://www.pari.go.jp/en/files/items/3496/File/20110325.pdf Executive Summary of Urgent Field Survey of Earthquake and Tsunami Disasters by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake 25 March 2011 Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI) Yokosuka, Japan 12 March 2012 行政情報システム室 https://web.archive.org/web/20130613141024/http://www.pari.go.jp/en/files/items/3496/File/20110325.pdf 13 June 2013 Port of Hachinohe – 5–6 m us Port of Hachinohe area – 8–9 m us Port of Kuji – 8–9 m us Port of Kamaishi – 7–9 m us Port of Ōfunato – 9.5 m us Run up height, port of Ōfunato area – 24 m us Fishery port of Onagawa – 15 m us Port of Ishinomaki – 5 m us Shiogama section of Shiogama-Sendai port – 4 m us Sendai section of Shiogama-Sendai port – 8 m us Sendai Airport area – 12 m us The tsunami at Ryōri Bay (ja 綾里湾), Ōfunato reached a height of 40.1 m us (run-up elevation). Fishing equipment was scattered on the high cliff above the bay.Researchers: 30-meter tsunami in Ofunato http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/30_03.html NHK 29 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110405194040/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/30_03.html 5 April 2011日本で一番大きな津波は何ですか?, JMA At Tarō, Iwate, the tsunami reached a height of 37.9 m us up the slope of a mountain some 200 m us away from the coastline.http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2157227&language=en Kyodo News Kuwait News Agency (KUNA) 4 April 2011 38-meter-high tsunami triggered by 11 March quake: survey 13 March 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20130613141028/http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2157227&language=en 13 June 2013 live Also, at the slope of a nearby mountain from 400 m us away at Aneyoshi fishery port (ja 姉吉漁港) of Omoe peninsula (ja 重茂半島) in Miyako, Iwate, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology found estimated tsunami run up height of 38.9 m us. This height is deemed the record in Japan historically, as of reporting date, that exceeds 38.2 m us from the 1896 Sanriku earthquake.http://outreach.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/eqvolc/201103_tohoku/#koboriuchi ja:宮古市田老小堀内漁港での津波遡上高 3 April 2011 Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo ja Tsunami run up height at Miyako city, Taro Koborinai fishing port 4 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005102/http://outreach.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/eqvolc/201103_tohoku/#koboriuchi 7 April 2011 It was also estimated that the tsunami reached heights of up to 40.5 m us in Miyako in Tōhoku's Iwate Prefecture. The inundated areas closely matched those of the 869 Sanriku tsunami.Yoshida, Reiji, "869 Tohoku tsunami parallels stun", The Japan Times, 11 March 2012, p. 1. thumb|left|NOAA animation of the tsunami's propagation Inundation heights were observed along 2000 km us of the coast from Hokkaido to Kyushu in a 2012 study. Maximum run-up heights greater than 10 m us were distributed along 530 km us of coast, and maximum run-up heights greater than 20 m us were distributed along 200 km us of the coast, measured directly.Mori N. Takahashi T. 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Joint Survey Group 2012 Nationwide Post Event Survey and Analysis of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Coastal Engineering Journal 54 1 1250001–1–1250001–27 10.1142/S0578563412500015 2012CEngJ..5450001M 129178685 2166-4250 free The tsunami resulted in significant erosion of the Rikuzen-Takata coastline, mainly caused by backwash. A 2016 study indicated that the coast has not naturally recovered at a desirable rate since the tsunami.Udo K. Takeda Y. Tanaka H. 2016 Coastal Morphology Change Before and After 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami at Rikuzen-Takata Coast Coastal Engineering Journal 58 4 1640016–1–1640016-16 10.1142/S0578563416400167 2016CEngJ..5840016U 2166-4250 free A Japanese government study found that 58% of people in coastal areas in Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures heeded tsunami warnings immediately after the quake and headed for higher ground. Of those who attempted to evacuate after hearing the warning, only five percent were caught in the tsunami. Of those who did not heed the warning, 49% were hit by the water.Jiji Press, "42% didn't immediately flee tsunami", The Japan Times, 18 August 2011, p. 2. Delayed evacuations in response to the warnings had a number of causes. The tsunami height that had been initially predicted by the tsunami warning system was lower than the actual tsunami height; this error contributed to the delayed escape of some residents. The discrepancy arose as follows: in order to produce a quick prediction of a tsunami's height and thus to provide a timely warning, the initial earthquake and tsunami warning that was issued for the event was based on a calculation that requires only about three minutes. This calculation is, in turn, based on the maximum amplitude of the seismic wave. The amplitude of the seismic wave is measured using the JMA magnitude scale, which is similar to Richter scale. However, these scales "saturate" for earthquakes that are above a certain magnitude (magnitude 8 on the JMA scale); that is, in the case of very large earthquakes, the scales' values change little despite large differences in the earthquakes' energy. This resulted in an underestimation of the tsunami's height in initial reports. Problems in issuing updates also contributed to delays in evacuations. The warning system was supposed to be updated about 15 minutes after the earthquake occurred, by which time the calculation for the moment magnitude scale would normally be completed. However, the strong quake had exceeded the measurement limit of all of the teleseismometers within Japan, and thus it was impossible to calculate the moment magnitude based on data from those seismometers. Another cause of delayed evacuations was the release of the second update on the tsunami warning long after the earthquake (28 minutes, according to observations); by that time, power failures and similar circumstances reportedly prevented the update from reaching some residents. Also, observed data from tidal meters that were located off the coast were not fully reflected in the second warning. Furthermore, shortly after the earthquake, some wave meters reported a fluctuation of "20 cm us", and this value was broadcast throughout the mass media and the warning system, which caused some residents to underestimate the danger of their situation and even delayed or suspended their evacuation.http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/1109/12a/torimatome.pdf 東北地方太平洋沖地震による津波被害を踏まえた津波警報の改善の方向性について(最終とりまとめ) Japan Meteorological Agency 12 September 2011 14 September 2011津波警報の改善について Japan Meteorological Agency http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/eqev/data/tsunami/kaizen/ 1 April 2016 In response to the aforementioned shortcomings in the tsunami warning system, JMA began an investigation in 2011 and updated their system in 2013. In the updated system, for a powerful earthquake that is capable of causing the JMA magnitude scale to saturate, no quantitative prediction will be released in the initial warning; instead, there will be words that describe the situation's emergency. There are plans to install new teleseismometers with the ability to measure larger earthquakes, which would allow the calculation of a quake's moment magnitude scale in a timely manner. JMA also implemented a simpler empirical method to integrate, into a tsunami warning, data from GPS tidal meters as well as from undersea water pressure meters, and there are plans to install more of these meters and to develop further technology to utilize data observed by them. To prevent under-reporting of tsunami heights, early quantitative observation data that are smaller than the expected amplitude will be overridden and the public will instead be told that the situation is under observation. About 90 seconds after an earthquake, an additional report on the possibility of a tsunami will also be included in observation reports, in order to warn people before the JMA magnitude can be calculated. Elsewhere across the Pacific thumb|A Bonin petrel trapped in tsunami debris on Midway Atoll before being rescued The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) in Hawaii issued tsunami watches and announcements for locations in the Pacific. At 07:30 UTC, PTWC issued a widespread tsunami warning covering the entire Pacific Ocean.http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/117783848.html Evacuate all coastal areas immediately, Hawaii Civil Defense says 11 March 2011 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005102/http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/117783848.html 7 April 2011 livehttp://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/tsunami_msgs/HEBTSUPAC.201103110932 Text of PTWC Pacific-wide tsunami warning 13 March 2011 11 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002511/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/tsunami_msgs/HEBTSUPAC.201103110932 16 March 2011 live Russia evacuated 11,000 residents from coastal areas of the Kuril Islands.Tsunami from Japanese quake prompts evacuation of 11,000 residents on Russia's Pacific islands http://www.1310news.com/news/world/article/195950--tsunami-from-japanese-quake-prompts-evacuation-of-11-000-residents-on-russia-s-pacific-islands 13 March 2012 Associated Press 1310News.com 11 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120314063455/http://www.1310news.com/news/world/article/195950--tsunami-from-japanese-quake-prompts-evacuation-of-11-000-residents-on-russia-s-pacific-islands 14 March 2012 The United States National Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning for the coastal areas in most of California, all of Oregon, and the western part of Alaska, and a tsunami advisory covering the Pacific coastlines of most of Alaska, and all of Washington and British Columbia, Canada.Tsunami Warning and Advisory No. 7 issued 03/11/2011 at 3:39 am PST http://ntwc.arh.noaa.gov/2011/03/11/lhvpd9/07/messagelhvpd9-07.htm 11 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002507/http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/2011/03/11/lhvpd9/07/messagelhvpd9-07.htm 16 March 2011https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-tsunami-threat-passes-1.1027348 B.C. tsunami threat passes Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Canada 11 March 2011 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005102/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2011/03/11/tsunami-warnings-bc.html?ref=rss 7 April 2011 live In California and Oregon, up to 2.4 m ft mid -high tsunami waves hit some areas, damaging docks and harbors and causing over US$10 million in damage.Helen Jung and Jeff Manning, "Waves bring destruction to Oregon's south coast", The Oregonian, 12 March 2011, p. 1+ In Curry County, Oregon, US$7 million in damage occurred including the destruction of 1100 m of docks at the Brookings harbor; the county received over US$1 million in FEMA emergency grants from the US Federal Government.http://www.ktvz.com/oregon-northwest/28204273/detail.html $1.2M FEMA Tsunami Grant To Ore.'s Curry County – Oregon – Northwest News Story – KTVZ Bend Ktvz.com 9 July 2011 7 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110728014649/http://www.ktvz.com/oregon-northwest/28204273/detail.html 28 July 2011 Surges of up to 1 m hit Vancouver Island in CanadaFebruary 2019 prompting some evacuations, and causing boats to be banned from the waters surrounding the island for 12 hours following the wave strike, leaving many island residents in the area without means of getting to work.Twilight tsunami evacuation. Courier Mail (14 March 2011). Retrieved 3 April 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005104/http://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/twilight-tsunami-evacuattion/story-fn6cc53j-1226021294350 7 April 2011 Girl, Bowen. (16 March 2011) Diary of a Bowen girl: Japan. Bowendiaries.blogspot.com. Retrieved 3 April 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110331005019/http://bowendiaries.blogspot.com/2011/03/japan.html 31 March 2011 thumb|left|Fishing boats that were moved to higher ground in anticipation of tsunami arrival, in Pichilemu, Chile In the Philippines, waves up to 0.5 m high hit the eastern seaboard of the country. Some houses along the coast in Jayapura, Indonesia were destroyed.http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/12/tsunami-destroys-houses-jayapura.html Tsunami destroys houses in Jayapura The Jakarta Post 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110315013946/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/12/tsunami-destroys-houses-jayapura.html 15 March 2011 Authorities in Wewak, East Sepik, Papua New Guinea evacuated 100 patients from the city's Boram Hospital before it was hit by waves, causing an estimated US$4 million in damage.PNG's Wewak hospital damaged by tsunami waves http://www.radioaustralianews.net.au/story.htm?id=38078 Australian Broadcasting Corporation 16 March 2011 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005103/http://www.radioaustralianews.net.au/story.htm?id=38078 7 April 2011 usurped Hawaii estimated damage to public infrastructure alone at US$3 million, with damage to private properties, including resort hotels such as Four Seasons Resort Hualalai, estimated at tens of millions of dollars.Nakaso, Dan (14 March 2011)Tsunami damage estimate for Hawaii now tens of millions Star Advertiser. Retrieved 15 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110315014511/http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/117965429.html 15 March 2011 It was reported that a 1.5 m ft mid -high wave completely submerged Midway Atoll's reef inlets and Spit Island, killing more than 110,000 nesting seabirds at the Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge.Tsunami washes away feathered victims west of Hawaii http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/03/18/tsunami.birds.deaths/?hpt=C2 CNN 19 March 2011 19 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120725071238/http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/03/18/tsunami.birds.deaths/?hpt=C2 25 July 2012 live Some other South Pacific countries, including Tonga and New Zealand, and US territories American Samoa and Guam, experienced larger-than-normal waves, but did not report any major damage.http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/117828543.html# South Pacific islands hit by tsunami swells 11 March 2011 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005108/http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/117828543.html 7 April 2011 However, in Guam some roads were closed off and people were evacuated from low-lying areas.Tsunami Warning For Guam Extended Until 11 p.m. Pacificnewscenter.com (11 March 2011). Retrieved 3 April 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005102/http://www.pacificnewscenter.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12303:tsunami-warning-for-guam-pushed-back-to-11-pm&catid=45:guam-news&Itemid=156 7 April 2011 thumb|A Japanese boat that washed ashore on the west coast of the United States, now preserved at the Columbia River Maritime Museum Along the Pacific Coast of Mexico and South America, tsunami surges were reported, but in most places caused little or no damage.Minor damage in Latin America by Japan's tsunami https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002508/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1116127/1/.html 16 March 2011 , Channel NewsAsia, 13 March 2011 Peru reported a wave of 1.5 m and more than 300 homes damaged. The surge in Chile was large enough to damage more than 200 houses,(Spanish) Más de 200 casas dañadas dejó seguidilla de olas. ANSA Latina. 13 March 2011. with waves of up to 3 m ft.(Spanish) Caldera: 80 viviendas resultaron destruidas en Puerto Viejo por efecto de las olas. Radio Bio-Bio. 3 December 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005102/http://www.biobiochile.cl/2011/03/12/caldera-80-viviendas-resultaron-destruidas-en-puerto-viejo-tras-subida-de-mar.shtml 7 April 2011 (Spanish) Más de 200 casas dañadas dejó seguidilla de olas que azotaron las costas chilenas La Tercera. 3 December 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110317002508/http://diario.latercera.com/2011/03/13/01/contenido/otros/12-62305-9-mas-de-200-casas-danadas-dejo-seguidilla-de-olas-que-azotaron-las-costas.shtml 17 March 2011 In the Galápagos Islands, 260 families received assistance following a 3 m surge which arrived 20 hours after the earthquake, after the tsunami warning had been lifted.http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/gareth-morgans-galapagos-hotel-destroyed-tsunami-ck-88155 Gareth Morgan's Galapagos hotel destroyed by tsunami Keall, Chris 13 March 2011 National Business Review 15 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314173029/http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/gareth-morgans-galapagos-hotel-destroyed-tsunami-ck-88155 14 March 2011 liveEcuador Sends Aid To Galapagos After Islands Hit By Tsunami From Japan http://latindispatch.com/2011/03/15/ecuador-sends-aid-to-galapagos-after-islands-hit-by-tsunami-from-japan/ 17 March 2011 Latin American News Dispatch 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005102/http://latindispatch.com/2011/03/15/ecuador-sends-aid-to-galapagos-after-islands-hit-by-tsunami-from-japan/ 7 April 2011 live There was a great deal of damage to buildings on the islands and one man was injured but there were no reported fatalities.Tsunami Aftermath in Galapagos: Update from CDRS' Director Dr. J. Gabriel Lopez. Galapagos.org. Retrieved 3 April 2011. After a 2 m ft mid -high surge hit Chile, it was reported that the reflection from those surges traveled back across the Pacific, causing a 30–60 cm surge in Japan, 47–48 hours after the earthquake, according to observation from multiple tide gauges, including in Onahama, Owase, and Kushimoto.「津波 太平洋を往復」Nikkei 2 May 2014 Morning News2014-05-01 Japan Geoscience Union ja 日本地球惑星科学連合, Meteorological Research Institute ja 気象研究所 visiting scholar Masami Okada. The tsunami broke icebergs off the Sulzberger Ice Shelf in Antarctica, 13000 km away. The main iceberg measured 9.5 x 6.5 km (approximately the area of Manhattan Island) and about 80 m thick. A total of 125 km2 sqmi acre of ice broke away.http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMV87JTPQG_index_0.html Japan tsunami caused icebergs to break off in Antarctica European Space Agency 9 August 2011Brunt Kelly M. Emile A. Okal Douglas R. MacAyeal Antarctic ice-shelf calving triggered by the Honshu (Japan) earthquake and tsunami, March 2011 Journal of Glaciology 1 October 2011 57 205 785–788 2011JGlac..57..785B 10.3189/002214311798043681 free (fee required for full article) As of April 2012, wreckage from the tsunami spread around the world, including a soccer ball which was found in Alaska's Middleton Island and a Japanese motorcycle found in British Columbia, Canada.Japan tsunami victim's soccer ball found in Alaska 24 April 2012. Associated Presshttps://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/tsunami-motorcycle-owner-located-in-japan-1.1279536 Tsunami motorcycle owner located in Japan Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1 May 2012 22 August 2013 Norway On the day of the earthquake, the waters of several fjords across Norway appeared to seethe as if boiling, and formed waves that rolled onto shores, most prominently in Sognefjorden, where the phenomenon was caught on film. After two years of research into the incidents in Norway, scientists concluded that the seismic energy of the earthquake generated seiche waves thousands of kilometers away.https://phys.org/news/2013-08-earthquake-japan-large-norwegian-fjords.html An earthquake in Japan caused large waves in Norwegian fjords Phys.org 13 August 2013 25 May 2022Oskin Becky https://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/norways-weird-waves-traced-japan-quake-6c10946754 Norway's weird waves traced to Japan quake NBC News 18 August 2013 25 May 2022 Casualties Japan thumb|VA-TF1 Rescue team from Fairfax County, Virginia searching for survivors in Kamaishi, Iwate Prefecture. Snow arrived minutes before or after the tsunami, depending on locations. Key statistics AgeAmong all deaths<9 3.0%10–19 2.7%20–29 3.4%30–39 5.5%40–49 7.3%50–59 12.3%60–69 19.2%70–79 24.5%>80 22.1% + Places with most deathshttps://www.fdma.go.jp/disaster/higashinihon/items/161.pdf 平成23年(2011年)東北地方太平洋沖地震(東日本大震災)について(第161報)(令和3年3月9日) Press release no. 161 of the 2011 Tohuku earthquake 総務省消防庁災害対策本部 Fire and Disaster Management Agency https://web.archive.org/web/20210309040708/https://www.fdma.go.jp/disaster/higashinihon/items/161.pdf 9 March 2021 10 March 2021 Prefecture Municipality Deaths Missing Miyagi Ishinomaki City 3,553418Iwate Rikuzentakata City1,606202 Miyagi Kesennuma City1,218214 Miyagi Higashimatsushima City1,13223 Fukushima Minamisoma City1,050111Iwate Kamaishi City 994152 Miyagi Natori City95438 Miyagi Sendai City92327Iwate Ōtsuchi Town856416 Miyagi Yamamoto Town70117 The official figures released in 2021 reported and . There were 10,567 deaths in Miyagi, 5,145 in Iwate, 3,920 in Fukushima, 66 in Ibaraki, 22 in Chiba, eight in Tokyo, six in Kanagawa, four in Tochigi, three each in Aomori and Yamagata, and one each in Gunma, Saitama and Hokkaido. The leading causes of death were drowning (90.64% or 14,308 bodies), burning (0.9% or 145 bodies) and others (4.2% or 667 bodies, mostly crushed by heavy objects).特-4 東日本大震災による死者の死因等について(平成24年3月11日現在)[Table 4: Causes of deaths in East Japan Earthquake (as of 11 March 2012)] 平成24年警察白書 White Paper of the Police, 2012 https://www.npa.go.jp/hakusyo/h24/toukei/00/0-04.xls National Police Agency https://web.archive.org/web/20130129201409/https://www.npa.go.jp/hakusyo/h24/toukei/00/0-04.xls 29 January 2013 Injuries related to nuclear exposure or the discharge of radioactive water in Fukushima are difficult to trace as 60% of the 20,000 workers on-site declined to participate in state-sponsored free health checks.原発事故・7年後の「英雄たち」 1万2000人の作業員が健康調査に応じない理由 7 years after the nuclear accident. Reason why 12,000 "Hero" workers do not respond to health surveys NHK 12 March 2018 https://www.nhk.or.jp/gendai/kiji/084/ https://web.archive.org/web/20180509013233/https://www.nhk.or.jp/gendai/kiji/084/ 9 May 2018 Elderly aged over 60 account for 65.8% of all deaths, as shown on the table to the right. For the purpose of relief fund, an "earthquake-related death" was defined to include "Physical and mental fatigue caused by life in temporary shelter", "Physical and mental fatigue caused by evacuation", "Delayed treatment due to an inoperative hospital", "Physical and mental fatigue caused by stress from the earthquake and tsunami". A few cases of suicide are also included. Most of these deaths occurred during the first six months after the earthquake and the number dropped thereafter, but as time has passed, the number has continued to increase. Most of these deaths occurred in Fukushima Prefecture, where the prefectural government has suggested that they could be due to evacuations caused by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.3. 11「震災関連死」という問い 福島県の分析を通して https://web.archive.org/web/20171029120949/https://nc.chukyo-u.ac.jp/gendaisyakai/kiyou/2014/2014_08_02_08noguchi.pdf 29 October 2017 野口典子 Within Fukushima Prefecture, these indirect casualties have already resulted in more deaths than the number of people killed directly by earthquake and tsunami.福島の震災関連死2000人超す 原発避難の長期化影響 28 December 2015 NikkeiSmith Alexander Fukushima evacuation has killed more than earthquake and tsunami, survey says http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/10/20420833-fukushima-evacuation-has-killed-more-than-earthquake-and-tsunami-survey-says?lite 11 September 2013 10 September 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20131027031039/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/10/20420833-fukushima-evacuation-has-killed-more-than-earthquake-and-tsunami-survey-says?lite 27 October 2013 livehttp://mainichi.jp/english/english/newsselect/news/20130909p2a00m0na009000c.html Stress-induced deaths in Fukushima top those from 2011 natural disasters https://web.archive.org/web/20130927033901/http://mainichi.jp/english/english/newsselect/news/20130909p2a00m0na009000c.html 27 September 2013 Others Save the Children reports that as many as 100,000 children were uprooted from their homes, some of whom were separated from their families because the earthquake occurred during the school day.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/15/japan-earthquake-children-displaced-charity Japan earthquake: 100,000 children displaced, says charity McCurry Justin 15 March 2011 The Guardian London 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20220605193343/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/15/japan-earthquake-children-displaced-charity/print 5 June 2022 live 236 children were orphaned in the prefectures of Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima by the disaster;Kyodo News, "More quake orphan benefits sought", The Japan Times, 18 September 2011, p. 1.Agence France-Presse/Jiji Press, "At least 82 children were orphaned by disaster, government says", The Japan Times, 10 April 2011, p. 2. 1,580 children lost either one or both parents,Kyodo News, "Grandparents stifle grief to raise orphaned boy", The Japan Times, 23 February 2012, p. 3. 846 in Miyagi, 572 in Iwate, and 162 in Fukushima.Kyodo News, "Tōhoku teen feels guilt of being lone survivor", The Japan Times, 24 February 2012, p. 3. The quake and tsunami killed 378 elementary, middle-school, and high school students and left 158 others missing.Kyodo News, "378 students killed, 158 missing in disaster", The Japan Times, 29 April 2011, p. 2. The victims included 234 elementary, 111 junior high and 191 high school students. Direct quote: "Out of the 378 students confirmed dead, 273 were in Miyagi, 59 in Fukushima and 46 in Iwate. The list of missing students is made up of 74 in Miyagi, 52 in Iwate and 32 in Fukushima." As of 25 December 2011, 342 elementary and junior high school students were declared dead or missing (Kyodo News, "3/11 tsunami killed 35% of students 'saved' by parents", Japan Times, 25 December 2011, p. 2.) One elementary school in Ishinomaki, Miyagi, Okawa Elementary School, lost 74 of 108 students and 10 of 13 teachers in the tsunami due to poor decision making in evacuation.Associated Press, "Loss-staggered school reopens https://web.archive.org/web/20110514084752/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110419f1.html 14 May 2011 ", Japan Times, 19 April 2011, p. 3.Kyodo News, "Loss-hit Ishinomaki school opens", The Japan Times, 22 April 2011, p. 2.Kyodo News, "School that lost 70% of its pupils mourns https://web.archive.org/web/20110502025707/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110429a1.html 2 May 2011 ", Japan Times, 29 April 2011, p. 1. The Japanese Foreign Ministry confirmed the deaths of nineteen foreigners.http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/japan-confirms-death-of-19-foreigners-in-march-11-quake-tsunami Japan confirms death of 19 foreigners in March 11 quake, tsunami 5 April 2011 Kyodo News 7 April 2011 https://archive.today/20110407225755/http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/japan-confirms-death-of-19-foreigners-in-march-11-quake-tsunami 7 April 2011 Among them were two English teachers from the United States affiliated with the Japan Exchange and Teaching Program;http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/06/japan.american.death/index.html Body of second American found in Japan 7 April 2011 CNN 7 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110408074651/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/06/japan.american.death/index.html 8 April 2011 a Canadian missionary in Shiogama;https://montrealgazette.com/news/Quebec+priest+killed+Japanese+tsunami/4432920/story.html Quebec priest killed in Japanese tsunami 13 March 2011 Montreal Gazette Montreal 7 April 2011 https://archive.today/20191210210804/https://www.webcitation.org/5xmGRgwnS?url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Quebec%20priest%20killed%20Japanese%20tsunami/4432920/story.html 10 December 2019 and citizens of China, North and South Korea, Taiwan, Pakistan and the Philippines. By 9:30 UTC on 11 March 2011, Google Person Finder, which was previously used in the Haitian, Chilean, and Christchurch, New Zealand earthquakes, was collecting information about survivors and their locations.http://www.pcworld.in/news/google-person-finder-japan-earthquaketsunami-launched-46662011 Google Person Finder for Japan Earthquake/Tsunami launched Shinde Jayesh 11 March 2011 PC World 11 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005114/http://www.pcworld.in/news/google-person-finder-japan-earthquaketsunami-launched-46662011 7 April 2011Person finder Japan http://japan.person-finder.appspot.com/?lang=en Appspot https://web.archive.org/web/20110311101754/http://japan.person-finder.appspot.com/?lang=en 11 March 2011 Japanese funerals are normally elaborate Buddhist ceremonies that entail cremation. The thousands of bodies, however, exceeded the capacity of available crematoriums and morgues, many of them damaged,https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/world/asia/24burial.html As Tsunami Robbed Life, It Also Robs Rite of Death Wines Michael 23 March 2011 The New York Times 11 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110326164851/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/world/asia/24burial.html 26 March 2011 livehttps://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE72M1JF20110323?sp=true Quake-ravaged Japan digs mass graves 27 March 2011 Nishikawa, Yoko 23 March 2011 Reuters https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005114/http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE72M1JF20110323?sp=true 7 April 2011 and there were shortages of both kerosene—each cremation requires 50 litres—and dry ice for preservation.https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/8398419/Japan-earthquake-country-begins-burying-dead-in-mass-graves.html Japan earthquake: country begins burying dead in mass graves 27 March 2011 Allen, Nick 24 March 2011 The Daily Telegraph London https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005101/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/8398419/Japan-earthquake-country-begins-burying-dead-in-mass-graves.html 7 April 2011 live The single crematorium in Higashimatsushima, for example, could only handle four bodies a day, although hundreds were found there.https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/world/asia/24burial.html As Tsunami Robbed Life, It Also Robs Rite of Death 27 March 2011 Wines, Michael 24 March 2011 The New York Times A12 https://web.archive.org/web/20120425060434/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/world/asia/24burial.html?src=me&pagewanted=all 25 April 2012 live Governments and the military were forced to bury many bodies in hastily dug mass graves with rudimentary or no rites, although relatives of the deceased were promised that they would be cremated later.https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/03/27/world/asia/AP-AS-Japan-Earthquake-Burials.html Burials in Quake-Hit Towns Deepen Japan's Tragedy 27 March 2011 Associated Press The New York Times 27 March 2011 As of 27 May 2011, three Japan Ground Self-Defense Force members had died while conducting relief operations in Tōhoku.Kyodo News, "GSDF member dies during relief", The Japan Times, 28 May 2011, p. 2. As of March 2012, the Japanese government had recognized 1,331 deaths as indirectly related to the earthquake, such as caused by harsh living conditions after the disaster.Kyodo News, "Illness, suicides drive up disaster-linked toll", The Japan Times, 4 March 2012, p. 2. As of 30 April 2012, 18 people had died and 420 had been injured while participating in disaster recovery or clean-up efforts.Jiji Press, "Disaster reconstruction work has claimed 18 lives so far", The Japan Times, 6 June 2012, p. 1 Overseas The tsunami was reported to have caused several deaths outside Japan. One man was killed in Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia after being swept out to sea. A man who is said to have been attempting to photograph the oncoming tsunami at the mouth of the Klamath River, south of Crescent City, California, was swept out to sea.http://www.fox5sandiego.com/news/rss/kswb-california-tsunami-death-norcal-man-drowns-trying-to-photograph-tsunami-20110311,0,7429447.story California tsunami death: NorCal man drowns trying to photograph tsunami – KSWB Fox5sandiego.com 14 March 2011 https://www.webcitation.org/5y2abuKBA?url=http://www.fox5sandiego.com/news/rss/kswb-california-tsunami-death-norcal-man-drowns-trying-to-photograph-tsunami-20110311,0,7429447.story?track=rss 18 April 2011Man swept out to sea by tsunami was Bend native The Oregonian 27 March 2011 13 March 2011 http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2011/03/oregon_coast_tsunami_dustin_weber.html https://www.webcitation.org/5xD7NuM1U?url=http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2011/03/oregon_coast_tsunami_dustin_weber.html 15 March 2011 liveKlamath tsunami victim identified; search comes up empty The Times-Standard Eureka, CA 27 March 2011 13 March 2011 http://www.times-standard.com/ci_17605586 https://www.webcitation.org/5y2acvxkv?url=http://www.times-standard.com/ci_17605586?source=most_viewed 18 April 2011 His body was found on 2 April 2011 along Ocean Beach in Fort Stevens State Park, Oregon, 330 mi km flip to the north. Damage and effects thumb|300px|Panorama of Rikuzentakata The degree and extent of damage caused by the earthquake and resulting tsunami were enormous, with most of the damage being caused by the tsunami. Video footage of the towns that were worst affected shows little more than piles of rubble, with almost no parts of any structures left standing.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-asia-pacific-12727879 film shown by BBC showing only rubble where there were buildings BBC News 13 March 2011 14 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314163437/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12727879 14 March 2011 live Estimates of the cost of the damage range well into the tens of billions of US dollars; before-and-after satellite photographs of devastated regions show immense damage.https://picasaweb.google.com/118079222830783600944/Japan# Before-and-after satellite photographs of devastated regions 14 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110313104733/https://picasaweb.google.com/118079222830783600944/Japan 13 March 2011 livehttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12731781 animated images showing undamaged places become damaged BBC 14 March 2011 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12731781 16 March 2011 live Although Japan has invested the equivalent of billions of dollars on anti-tsunami seawalls which line at least 40% of its 34751 km coastline and stand up to 12 m high, the tsunami simply washed over the top of some seawalls, collapsing some in the process.https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/world/asia/14seawalls.html Seawalls Offered Little Protection Against Tsunami's Crushing Waves Onishi Norimitsu The New York Times 13 March 2011 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314181214/http://www.nytimes.com//2011//03//14//world//asia//14seawalls.html 14 March 2011 live thumb|left|A fire that broke out in Tokyo Japan's National Police Agency said on 3 April 2011, that 45,700 buildings were destroyed and 144,300 were damaged by the quake and tsunami. The damaged buildings included 29,500 structures in Miyagi Prefecture, 12,500 in Iwate Prefecture and 2,400 in Fukushima Prefecture.NHK, "190,000 buildings damaged by 11 March quake", 3 April 2011. Three hundred hospitals with 20 beds or more in Tōhoku were damaged by the disaster, with 11 being completely destroyed.Kyodo News, "Fishermen to Tepco: Don't release water", The Japan Times, 9 June 2011, p. 1. The earthquake and tsunami created an estimated 24–25 million December 2024 Are these short tons (ST) or long tons (LT)?  tons of rubble and debris in Japan.Agence France-Presse/Jiji Press, "Radiation, legalities complicate cleanup efforts", The Japan Times, 9 April 2011, p. 2.Kamiya, Setsuko, "Debris removal, recycling daunting, piecemeal labor", The Japan Times, 30 June 2011, p. 3. A report by the National Police Agency of Japan on 10 September 2018 listed 121,778 buildings as "total collapsed", with a further 280,926 buildings "half collapsed", and another 699,180 buildings "partially damaged".https://www.npa.go.jp/news/other/earthquake2011/pdf/higaijokyo_e.pdf Police Countermeasures and Damage Situation associated with 2011 Tohoku district – off the Pacific Ocean Earthquake March 10, 2021 National Police Agency of Japan 10 September 2018 live https://web.archive.org/web/20170922194205/https://www.npa.go.jp/news/other/earthquake2011/pdf/higaijokyo_e.pdf 22 September 2017 The earthquake and tsunami also caused extensive and severe structural damage in north-eastern Japan, including heavy damage to roads and railways as well as fires in many areas, and a dam collapse.Saira Syed – "Japan quake: Infrastructure damage will delay recovery" – 16 March 2011 – News$4 – Retrieved 18 March 2011. Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan said, "In the 65 years after the end of World War II, this is the toughest and the most difficult crisis for Japan."http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/13/japan.quake/index.html Japanese PM: 'Toughest' crisis since World War II CNN 13 March 2011 12 March 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20110331005014/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/13/japan.quake/index.html?iref=NS1 31 March 2011 Around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity and 1.5 million without water.Millions of Stricken Japanese Lack Water, Food, Heat https://www.npr.org/2011/03/14/134527591/millions-of-stricken-japanese-lack-water-food-heat NPR 16 March 2011 NPR Staff and Wires 14 March 2011 Nearly 1.5 million households had gone without water since the quake struck. https://web.archive.org/web/20110317024854/http://www.npr.org/2011/03/14/134527591/millions-of-stricken-japanese-lack-water-food-heat 17 March 2011 live An estimated 230,000 automobiles and trucks were damaged or destroyed in the disaster. As of the end of May 2011, residents of Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures had requested the deregistration of 15,000 vehicles, meaning that the owners of those vehicles were writing them off as unrepairable or unsalvageable.Kyodo News, "Applications to deregister cars lost in tsunami soar, The Japan Times, 16 June 2011, p. 1. Weather conditions thumb|Snowfall in Ishinomaki, 16 March. Snow fell across several areas where the tsunami struck, further worsening the conditions and hampering rescue efforts. Low temperature and snowfall were major concerns after the earthquake.Snow piles more misery on Japan's devastated northeast Reuters 16 March 2011 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-quake-snow-idUSTRE72F7AD20110316 https://web.archive.org/web/20170202011145/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-quake-snow-idUSTRE72F7AD20110316 2 February 2017 Snow arrived minutes before or after the tsunami, depending on locations.Graduation Day GQ 12 March 2012 Heath Chris https://www.gq.com/story/japan-tohoku-tsunami-earthquake-disaster https://web.archive.org/web/20210310125134/https://www.gq.com/story/japan-tohoku-tsunami-earthquake-disaster 10 March 2021 In Ishinomaki, the city which suffered the most deaths, a temperature of 0 C was measured, and it began to snow within a couple of hours of the earthquake.過去の気象データ検索 > 石巻 2011年3月11日(10分ごとの値) Past meteorological data search: Ishinomaki, 11 March 2011, per 10-minute interval Japan Meteorological Agency 12 April 2021 https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/10min_s1.php?prec_no=34&block_no=47592&year=2011&month=3&day=11&view= https://archive.today/20210412051413/https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/10min_s1.php?prec_no=34&block_no=47592&year=2011&month=3&day=11&view= 12 April 2021 Major snow fell again on 16 March,無情の雪 増す疲労 沿岸真冬並み寒さ 「とにかく燃料必要」 Merciless snow, increasing weariness, coastal towns are freezing like winter Iwate Nippo 17 March 2011 http://iwate-archive.pref.iwate.jp/wp/?kiseki-year-cat=2011年 https://web.archive.org/web/20170912091457/http://iwate-archive.pref.iwate.jp/wp/?kiseki-year-cat=2011%E5%B9%B4 12 September 2017 8 August 2021 live and intermittently in the coming weeks. 18 March was the coldest of that month, recording -4 to 6 C in Sendai.過去の気象データ検索 > 仙台 2011年3月(日ごとの値) 主な要素 Past meteorological data search: Sendai, March 2011, Daily values Japan Meteorological Agency 12 April 2021 https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/daily_s1.php?prec_no=34&block_no=47590&year=2011&month=03&day=17&view= https://archive.today/20210412082227/https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/daily_s1.php?prec_no=34&block_no=47590&year=2011&month=03&day=17&view= 12 April 2021凍てつく被災地 雪降り積む夜、囲む焚き火 Disaster area freezes, put up a bonfire as snow piles in at night. The Asahi Shimbun Japanese 16 March 2011 http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103160195.html https://web.archive.org/web/20210321090649/http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103160195.html 21 March 2021 Photos of city ruins covered with snow were featured in various photo albums in international media, including NASA.Earthquake and Tsunami near Sendai, Japan NASA Earth Observatory Allen Jesse and Simmon Robert https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/49756/earthquake-and-tsunami-near-sendai-japan https://web.archive.org/web/20190117031930/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/49756/earthquake-and-tsunami-near-sendai-japan 17 January 2019Pictures: Snowfall in Japan Reuters 16 March 2011 Kim Kyung-Hoon Sagolj Damir https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/snowfall-in-japan-idUSRTR2JYEV60 powerful photos of the earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan five years ago International Business Times 29 December 2016 Sim David https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/2011-earthquake-tsunami-60-powerful-photos-disaster-that-hit-japan-five-years-ago-1548255 Waste The tsunami produced huge amounts of debris: estimates of 5 million tonnes of waste were reported by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment. Some of this waste, mostly plastic and styrofoam, washed up on the coasts of Canada and the United States in late 2011. Along the west coast of the United States, this increased the amount of litter by a factor of ten and may have transported alien species.21 October 2021 Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics http://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics 23 March 2022 UNEP – UN Environment Programme Ports thumb|A damaged crane stands next to a ship lifted onto the docks at Sendai's port. All of Japan's ports were briefly shut down after the earthquake, though the ones in Tokyo and southwards soon re-opened. Fifteen ports were located in the disaster zone. The northeastern ports of Hachinohe, Sendai, Ishinomaki and Onahama were destroyed, while the Port of Chiba (which serves the hydrocarbon industry) and Japan's ninth-largest container port at Kashima were also affected, though less severely. The ports at Hitachinaka, Hitachi, Soma, Shiogama, Kesennuma, Ofunato, Kamashi and Miyako were also damaged and closed to ships.Status of Japanese ports 5 days after devastating quake and tsunami http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/309623/status-japanese-ports-5-days-after-devastating-quake-and-tsunami Reuters 15 March 2011 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005150/http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/309623/status-japanese-ports-5-days-after-devastating-quake-and-tsunami 7 April 2011 live All 15 ports reopened to limited ship traffic by 29 March 2011.Nihon Keizai Shimbun, "90 percent of major transport networks back in operation", 29 March 2011. A total of 319 fishing ports, about 10% of Japan's fishing ports, were damaged in the disaster.Fukada, Takahiro, "Iwate fisheries continue struggle to recover", The Japan Times, 21 September 2011, p. 3. Most were restored to operating condition by 18 April 2012.Jiji Press, "Most disaster-hit fish ports back up", The Japan Times, 26 May 2012, p. 2 The Port of Tokyo suffered slight damage; the effects of the quake included visible smoke rising from a building in the port with parts of the port areas being flooded, including soil liquefaction in Tokyo Disneyland's parking lot.http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1115810/1/.html Tokyo Disneyland hit by liquefaction after quake 11 March 2011 MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia 11 March 2011June 2016http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1115777/1/.html Japan issues top tsunami warning after major quake 11 March 2011 MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia 11 March 2011June 2016 Dams and water problems thumb|Dam failure at FujinumaThe Fujinuma irrigation dam in Sukagawa ruptured,http://gulftoday.ae/portal/067b285e-6644-4460-b882-f3e809f3b3e7.aspx Japan's Afternoon of Horror 12 March 2011 The Gulf Today 13 March 2011 https://www.webcitation.org/5xA4lpQXu?url=http://gulftoday.ae.nyud.net/portal/067b285e-6644-4460-b882-f3e809f3b3e7.aspx 13 March 2011 live causing flooding and the washing away of five homes.Dam Breaks in Northeast Japan, Washes Away Homes http://www.arabtimesonline.com/NewsDetails/tabid/96/smid/414/ArticleID/166581/reftab/149/t/Dam-breaks-in-northeast-Japan-washes-away-homes/Default.aspx Arab Times Online 13 March 2012 12 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005129/http://www.arabtimesonline.com/NewsDetails/tabid/96/smid/414/ArticleID/166581/reftab/149/t/Dam-breaks-in-northeast-Japan-washes-away-homes/Default.aspx 7 April 2011 live Eight people were missing and four bodies were discovered by the morning.Azuma Kita Pacific Ocean coast Earthquake http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/news/110312/dst11031205010058-n1.htm MSN 14 March 2011 ja 12 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110413124311/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/news/110312/dst11031205010058-n1.htm 13 April 2011ja:ダム決壊 5棟流出 福島・須賀川 http://jyoho.kahoku.co.jp/member/backnum/news/2011/03/20110313t63033.htm Fukushima News 14 March 2011 ja 13 March 2011 https://archive.today/20240522080617/https://www.webcitation.org/5xVc4ZWPh?url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com.nyud.net/search%3Fq=cache:UHJQVlLqrmAJ:jyoho.kahoku.co.jp/member/backnum/news/2011/03/20110313t63033.htm 22 May 2024http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/03/76945.html Death toll from powerful Japan quake likely to top 1,000 https://web.archive.org/web/20110602012213/http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/03/76945.html 2 June 2011 6 May 2018 Reportedly, some locals had attempted to repair leaks in the dam before it completely failed.ja:ダム決壊 8人が行方不明 須賀川・藤沼ルポ http://www.kahoku.co.jp/news/2011/03/20110312t63012.htm Fukushima News ja 14 March 2011 12 March 2011 https://archive.today/20240522080656/https://www.webcitation.org/5xVcpnmX5?url=http://yamba-net.org/modules/news/index.php%3Fpage=article&storyid=1191 22 May 2024 On 12 March 252 dams were inspected and it was discovered that six embankment dams had shallow cracks on their crests. The reservoir at one concrete gravity dam suffered a small non-serious slope failure. All damaged dams are functioning with no problems. Four dams within the quake area were unreachable.A quick report on Japanese Dams after the Earthquake http://www.chincold.org.cn/dams/NewsEvents/webinfo/2011/03/1299639147955756.htm Chinese National Committee on Large Dams 15 March 2011 12 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110326061929/http://www.chincold.org.cn/dams/NewsEvents/webinfo/2011/03/1299639147955756.htm 26 March 2011 live In the immediate aftermath of the calamity, at least 1.5 million households were reported to have lost access to water supplies.http://nz.news.yahoo.com/a/-/newshome/9010969/quake-hit-japan-battles-to-avert-radiation-leak/ Quake-hit Japan battles to avert radiation leak Uranaka Taiga Kwon, Ki Joon 14 March 2011 Reuters 14 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002509/http://nz.news.yahoo.com/a/-/newshome/9010969/quake-hit-japan-battles-to-avert-radiation-leak/ 16 March 2011 By 21 March 2011, this number fell to 1.04 million. Electricity thumb|Geographic divide between 50 hertz systems and 60 hertz systems in Japan's electricity distribution network According to the Japanese trade ministry, around 4.4 million households served by Tōhoku Electric Power (TEP) in northeastern Japan were left without electricity.Inajima, Tsuyoshi; Okada, Yuji (11 March 2011) "Japanese Quake Forces Evacuation Near Nuclear Reactor; Oil Refinery Burns", Bloomberg L.P.. Retrieved 13 March 2012. Several nuclear and conventional power plants went offline, reducing the Tokyo Electric Power Company's (TEPCO) total capacity by 21 GW.Kyodo News, "Utilities' monopoly on power backfires", The Japan Times, 30 March 2011, p. 2. https://web.archive.org/web/20110331005057/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110330a4.html 31 March 2011 Rolling blackouts began on 14 March due to power shortages caused by the earthquake.http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110313D13JFF08.htm 14 March 2011 Power Outage To Deal Further Blows To Industrial Output Nikkei.com 14 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110316123233/http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110313D13JFF08.htm 16 March 2011 live TEPCO, which normally provides approximately 40 GW of electricity, announced that it could only provide about 30 GW, because 40% of the electricity used in the greater Tokyo area was supplied by reactors in the Niigata and Fukushima prefectures.http://www.tepco.co.jp/index-j.html 東京電力ホームページ – エネルギーの最適サービスを通じてゆたかで快適な環境の実現に貢献します – Tokyo Electric Power Company 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110227080052/http://www.tepco.co.jp/index-j.html 27 February 2011 live The reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi and Fukushima Dai-ni plants were automatically taken offline when the first earthquake occurred and sustained major damage from the earthquake and subsequent tsunami. Rolling blackouts of approximately three hours were experienced throughout April and May while TEPCO scrambled to find a temporary power solution. The blackouts affected Tokyo, Kanagawa, Eastern Shizuoka, Yamanashi, Chiba, Ibaraki, Saitama, Tochigi, and Gunma prefectures.http://www.nikkansports.com/general/news/f-gn-tp0-20110313-748042.html News Nikkan Sports 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110315214413/http://www.nikkansports.com/general/news/f-gn-tp0-20110313-748042.html 15 March 2011 Voluntary reductions in electricity use by consumers in the Kanto area helped reduce the predicted frequency and duration of the blackouts.Joe, Melinda, "Kanto area works on energy conservation", The Japan Times, 17 March 2011, p. 11. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005138/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fs20110317a3.html 7 April 2011 By 21 March 2011, the number of households in the north without electricity fell to 242,927.Nomiyama Chiz https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-quake-numbers-idUSTRE72K0YJ20110321 Factbox: Japan disaster in figures 21 March 2011 Reuters 21 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003705/http://www.reuters.com/assets/print?aid=USTRE72K0YJ20110321 24 March 2011 live thumb|left|A damaged transmission tower and severed power lines in Minamisōma, Fukushima Tōhoku Electric Power was not able to provide the Kanto region with additional power because TEP's power plants were also damaged in the earthquake. Kansai Electric Power Company (Kepco) could not share electricity, because its system operated at 60 hertz, whereas TEPCO and TEP operate their systems at 50 hertz; the disparity is due to early industrial and infrastructure development in the 1880s that left Japan without a unified national power grid.A legacy from the 1800s leaves Tokyo facing blackouts, ITworld, 18 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005141/http://www.itworld.com/business/140626/legacy-1800s-leaves-tokyo-facing-blackouts 7 April 2011 Two substations, one in Shizuoka Prefecture and one in Nagano Prefecture, were able to convert between frequencies and transfer electricity from Kansai to Kanto and Tōhoku, but their capacity was limited to 1 GW. With damage to so many power plants, it was feared it might be years before a long-term solution could be found.Hongo, Jun, "One certainty in the crisis: Power will be at a premium", The Japan Times, 16 March 2011, p. 2. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005142/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110316a6.html 7 April 2011 To help alleviate the shortage, three steel manufacturers in the Kanto region contributed electricity produced by their in-house conventional power stations to TEPCO for distribution to the general public. Sumitomo Metal Industries could produce up to 500 MW, JFE Steel 400 MW, and Nippon Steel 500 MW of electric power.NHK, "Steel makers provide TEPCO with electricity", 27 March 2011. Auto and auto parts makers in Kanto and Tōhoku agreed in May 2011 to operate their factories on Saturdays and Sundays and close on Thursdays and Fridays to help alleviate electricity shortages during the summer of 2011.Nakata, Hiroko, "Auto industry agrees to adopt weekend work shifts", The Japan Times, 20 May 2011, p. 1. The public and other companies were also encouraged to conserve electricity in the 2011 summer months (Setsuden).Rubin, Jeffrey "Setsuden Poised to Replace Nuclear Power in Japan ""The Huffington Post", 4 August 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2011 The expected electricity crisis in 2011 summer was successfully prevented thanks to all the setsuden measures. Peak electricity consumption recorded by TEPCO during the period was 49.22GW, which is 10.77GW (18%) lower than the peak consumption in the previous year. Overall electricity consumption during July and August was also 14% less than in the previous year.節電について https://web.archive.org/web/20181006235520/http://www.tepco.co.jp/setsuden/index-j.html 6 October 2018 , 今夏の電力需給状況について https://web.archive.org/web/20111027042708/http://www.tepco.co.jp/setsuden/pdf/index01-j.pdf 27 October 2011 , 最大電力の動向 https://web.archive.org/web/20111027050021/http://www.tepco.co.jp/setsuden/pdf/index02-j.pdf 27 October 2011 TEPCO, Access Date: 9 October 2011 The peak electricity consumption within TEP's area was 12.46GW during the 2011 summer, 3.11GW (20%) less than the peak consumption in the previous year, and the overall consumption have been reduced by 11% in July with 17% in August compared to previous year.7月分の電力需給実績について https://web.archive.org/web/20170801234411/http://www.tohoku-epco.co.jp/news/supply/1183476_1068.html 1 August 2017 TEP, 26 August 20118月分の電力需給実績について https://web.archive.org/web/20170801234345/http://www.tohoku-epco.co.jp/news/supply/1183523_1068.html 1 August 2017 TEP, 28 September 20119月定例社長記者会見概要 https://web.archive.org/web/20170801234342/http://www.tohoku-epco.co.jp/news/press/1183530_1067.html 1 August 2017 TEP, 10 September 2011 The Japanese government continued to ask the public to conserve electricity until 2016, when it is predicted that the supply will be sufficient to meet demand, February 2026 thanks to the deepening of the mindset to conserve electricity among corporate and general public, addition of new electricity providers due to the electricity liberalization policy, increased output from renewable energy as well as fossil fuel power stations, as well as sharing of electricity between different electricity companies.政府、今夏は節電要請せず 東日本大震災後初 Nikkei, 13 May 2016「節電なし」初の夏が来る 窮地を救う省・再・新 Nikkei, 28 June 2016今夏の節電要請見送り 安定的な供給可能 Mainichi Shimbun, 21 May 2017 Oil, gas and coal thumb|upright|Fire at the Cosmo Oil refinery in Ichihara thumb|An aerial view of the smoke from the Sendai Nippon Oil refinery A 220000 oilbbl m3 mid -per-day oil refinery of Cosmo Oil Company was set on fire by the quake at Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture, to the east of Tokyo.http://www.pennenergy.com/index/petroleum/display.0223973745.articles.oil-gas-journal.general-interest-2.20100.march-2011.after-8_9_quake__explosion.html Watkins, Eric 11 March 2011 After 8.9 quake, explosion hits pchem complex in Japan Oil & Gas Journal PennEnergy.comJapan earthquake causes oil refinery inferno The Daily Telegraph, London, 11 March 2011 It was extinguished after ten days, injuring six people, and destroying storage tanks.http://www.cosmo-oil.co.jp/eng/information/110321/index.html LPG Tanks Fire Extinguished at Chiba Refinery (5th Update) Cosmo-oil.co.jp 11 March 2011 7 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110728014808/http://www.cosmo-oil.co.jp/eng/information/110321/index.html 28 July 2011 live Other refineries halted production due to safety checks and power loss.Fires, safety checks take out Japanese refineriesArgus Media, 14 March 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005131/http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?menu=yes&id=743808&print=yes 7 April 2011 Japanese refiners try to offset shortagesArgus Media, 15 March 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005133/http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?menu=yes&id=743987&print=yes 7 April 2011 In Sendai, a 145000 oilbbl m3 mid -per-day refinery owned by the largest refiner in Japan, JX Nippon Oil & Energy, was also set ablaze by the quake.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-commodities-idUSTRE72D1X320110314 Japan's shipping, energy sectors begin march back from quake Fernandez Clarence 14 March 2011 Reuters 14 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002818/http://www.reuters.com/assets/print?aid=USTRE72D1X320110314 16 March 2011 live Workers were evacuated,https://www.reuters.com/article/refinery-operations-jx-fire-idUSTKG00706520110312 JX refinery fire seen originated from shipping facility Osamu Tsukimori Mayumi Negishi 11 March 2011 Reuters 14 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110315222529/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/12/refinery-operations-jx-fire-idUSTKG00706520110312 15 March 2011 live but tsunami warnings hindered efforts to extinguish the fire until 14 March, when officials planned to do so. An analyst estimated that consumption of various types of oil could have increased by as much as 300000 oilbbl m3 per day (as well as LNG), as back-up power plants burning fossil fuels attempted to compensate for the loss of 11 GW of Japan's nuclear power capacity.Analysis – Oil markets adjust to Japan's disasterArgus Media, 16 March 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005135/http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?menu=yes&id=744156&print=yes 7 April 2011 Japan quake begins to impact LNG tradeArgus Media, 15 March 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005139/http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?menu=yes&id=744031&print=yes 7 April 2011 The city-owned plant for importing liquefied natural gas in Sendai was severely damaged, and supplies were halted for at least a month.Tsunami Disaster: "Japan's Sendai says LNG Infrastructure Badly Damaged"Argus Media, 16 March 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005142/http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?id=744173&menu=yes 7 April 2011 In addition to refining and storage, several power plants were damaged. These include Sendai #4, New-Sendai #1 and #2, Haranomachi #1 and #2, Hirono #2 and #4 and Hitachinaka #1.http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/jeb/1103.pdf Japan Energy Brief Eastern Japan paralyzed by unprecedented earthquake 12 March 2011 Kensuke Kanekiyo Akira Ishimura Nuclear power plants Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster The Fukushima Daiichi, Fukushima Daini, Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant and Tōkai nuclear power stations, consisting of a total eleven reactors, were automatically shut down following the earthquake.https://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/japan-earthquake-evacuations-ordered-as-fears-grow-of-radiation-leak-at-nuclear-plant/news-story/0874f4f7a8dc1812de1a2e21d563a0c0 Japan earthquake: Evacuations ordered as fears grow of radiation leak at nuclear plant; News.com.au 13 March 2011 12 March 2011 Agence France-Presse https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005115/http://www.news.com.au/world/japan-earthquake-evacuations-ordered-as-fears-grow-of-radiation-leak-at-nuclear-plant/story-e6frfkyi-1226020473244 7 April 2011 live Higashidōri, also on the northeast coast, was already shut down for a periodic inspection. Cooling is needed to remove decay heat after a Generation II reactor has been shut down, and to maintain spent fuel pools. The backup cooling process is powered by emergency diesel generators at the plants and at Rokkasho nuclear reprocessing plant.http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=132&storyCode=2059127 Japan initiates emergency protocol after earthquake Nuclear Engineering International 11 March 2011 11 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003237/http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=132&storyCode=2059127 24 March 2011 At Fukushima Daiichi and Daini, tsunami waves overtopped seawalls and destroyed diesel backup power systems, leading to severe problems at Fukushima Daiichi, including three large explosions and radioactive leakage. Subsequent analysis found that many Japanese nuclear plants, including Fukushima Daiichi, were not adequately protected against tsunamis.The Fukushima Disaster and Japan's Nuclear Plant Vulnerability in Comparative Perspective Environmental Science & Technology 47 12 6082–6088 10.1021/es4004813 23679069 2013 Lipscy Phillip Y Kushida Kenji E Incerti Trevor 12474791 2013EnST...47.6082L Over 200,000 people were evacuated.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/13/japan-nuclear-plants-fukushima-earthquake Japan's nuclear fears intensify at two Fukushima power stations The Guardian London 13 March 2011 Ian Sample https://web.archive.org/web/20110315004453/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/13/japan-nuclear-plants-fukushima-earthquake 15 March 2011 live 13 March 2011 The discharge of radioactive water in Fukushima was confirmed in later analysis at the three reactors at Fukushima I (Units 1, 2, and 3), which suffered meltdowns and continued to leak coolant water. The aftershock on 7 April caused the loss of external power to Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant and Higashidori Nuclear Power Plant but backup generators were functional. Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant lost three of its four external power lines and temporarily lost cooling function in its spent fuel pools for "20 to 80 minutes". A spill of "up to 3.8 L USgal sqbr" of radioactive water also occurred at Onagawa following the aftershock.Japan Earthquake: More Nuclear Plants Lose Power, International Business Times, Jesse Emspak, 8 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110410030716/http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/132203/20110408/nuclear-plants-in-onagawa-higashidori-lose-power.htm 10 April 2011 A report by the IAEA in 2012 found that the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant had remained largely undamaged.Yamaguchi Mari Associated Press Nuke plant near quake epicenter undamaged 11 August 2012 8 http://bigstory.ap.org/article/iaea-nuke-plant-near-fukushima-largely-undamaged 26 February 2013 13 April 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130413092319/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/iaea-nuke-plant-near-fukushima-largely-undamaged In 2013, only two nuclear reactors in Japan had been restarted since the 2011 shutdowns.May 2021 In February 2019, there were 42 operable reactors in Japan. Of these, only nine reactors in five power plants were operating after having been restarted post-2011.http://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/japan-nuclear-power.aspx Nuclear Power in Japan: Japanese Nuclear Energy World Nuclear Association 5 March 2019 Fukushima meltdowns Fukushima nuclear accident thumb|A loose cow roaming through Namie, Fukushima after the area was evacuated Japan declared a state of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, resulting in the evacuation of nearby residents.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/11/japan-declares-nuclear-emergency-quake Japan Declares 'Nuclear Emergency' after Quake The Guardian London 11 March 2011 11 March 2011 Justin McCurry https://web.archive.org/web/20110314183941/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/11/japan-declares-nuclear-emergency-quake 14 March 2011 livehttp://www.anhourago.com.au/show.aspx?l=8083104 Sato, Shigemi 12 March 2011 High radiation in Japanese nuclear plant Agence France-Presse The Sydney Morning Herald (AFP) anhourago.com.au 13 March 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120314063620/http://www.anhourago.com.au/show.aspx?l=8083104 14 March 2012https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12307698 Japan Tsunami BBC News 11 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110129054756/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12307698 29 January 2011 live Officials from the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency reported that radiation levels inside the plant were up to 1,000 times normal levels,Radioactive Material May Have Leaked from Japanese Reactor http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/11/japan.nuclear/index.html 11 March 2011 CNN International 11 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005058/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/11/japan.nuclear/index.html 7 April 2011 and that radiation levels outside the plant were up to eight times normal levels.Hiroko Tabuchi, Matthew L. Wald. Partial Meltdowns Presumed at Crippled Reactors. The New York Times, 13 March 2011 Later, a state of emergency was also declared at the Fukushima Daini nuclear power plant about 11 km south.Chico Harlan https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/12/AR2011031201452.html Japan quake: With two natural disasters and a nuclear emergency, recovery begins] The Washington Post 12 March 2011 Experts described the Fukushima disaster was not as bad as the Chernobyl disaster, but worse than the Three Mile Island accident."Analysis: A month on, Japan nuclear crisis still scarring," https://web.archive.org/web/20110414005117/http://in.ibtimes.com/articles/132391/20110409/japan-nuclear-crisis-radiation.htm 14 April 2011 International Business Times (Australia). 9 April 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011; excerpt, According to James Acton, Associate of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Fukushima is not the worst nuclear accident ever but it is the most complicated and the most dramatic ... This was a crisis that played out in real time on TV. Chernobyl did not." The discharge of radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant was later detected in tap water. Radioactive iodine was detected in the tap water in Fukushima, Tochigi, Gunma, Tokyo, Chiba, Saitama, and Niigata, and radioactive caesium in the tap water in Fukushima, Tochigi and Gunma.http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103160286.html asahi.com(朝日新聞社): 福島市内の水道水から放射性物質検出 国の基準は下回る – 東日本大震災 The Asahi Shimbun Japan 3 January 2011 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005053/http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103160286.html 7 April 2011 livehttp://www.yomiuri.co.jp/science/news/20110319-OYT1T00743.htm 1都5県の水道水から放射性物質、国基準下回る: 科学 Yomiuri Shimbun Japan 19 March 2011 19 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005105/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/science/news/20110319-OYT1T00743.htm 7 April 2011 livehttp://k.nhk.jp/knews/20110319/k10014787301000.html 水道水 制限値を全国で下回る NHK News 19 March 2011 https://archive.today/20240522080537/https://www.webcitation.org/5xVbO9cRA?url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com.nyud.net/search%3Fq=cache:I6wPxN4qqsEJ:k.nhk.jp/knews/20110319/k10014787301000.html 22 May 2024 live Radioactive caesium, iodine, and strontiumhttp://www.asahi.com/national/update/0412/TKY201104120522.html https://web.archive.org/web/20110413211919/http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0412/TKY201104120522.html asahi.com(朝日新聞社): 福島の土壌から微量ストロンチウム 水溶性の放射性物質 – 社会 13 April 2011 were also detected in the soil in some places in Fukushima. There may be a need to replace the contaminated soil.http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103230215.html asahi.com(朝日新聞社): 原発から40キロの土壌、高濃度セシウム 半減期30年 – 東日本大震災 The Asahi Shimbun Japan 1 March 2011 26 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005055/http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103230215.html 7 April 2011 live Many radioactive hotspots were found outside the evacuation zone, including Tokyo.http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201110060625.html asahi.com(朝日新聞社): 東京・神奈川含む汚染マップ公表 一部で1万ベクレル超 – 東日本大震災 The Asahi Shimbun 6 October 2011 13 April 2012 Radioactive contamination of food products were detected in several places in Japan.https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-27/food-contamination-set-to-rise-as-japan-fights-radiation-crisis-at-reactor.html Food Contamination Set to Rise as Japan Fights Radiation Crisis at Reactor Jae Hur Bloomberg News https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005059/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-27/food-contamination-set-to-rise-as-japan-fights-radiation-crisis-at-reactor.html 7 April 2011 live 27 March 2011 In 2021, the Japanese cabinet finally approved the dumping of radioactive water in Fukushima into the Pacific Ocean over a course of 30 years, with full support of IAEA.Fukushima: Japan approves releasing wastewater into ocean BBC 13 April 2021 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56728068 To this day, the water is still actively being de-contaminated and is scheduled to be completed by the year 2051.Hunt Alex 2024-10-04 Fukushima Daiichi: How is the decommissioning process going to work? https://world-nuclear-news.org/articles/fukushima 2026-04-14 World Nuclear News en Incidents elsewhere A fire occurred in the turbine section of the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant following the earthquake.https://www.reuters.com/article/quake-japan-nuclear-idUSLHE7E801E20110311 Fire at Tōhoku Elec Onagawa nuclear plant -Kyodo Chikako Mogi Reuters 13 March 2011 11 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005116/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/11/quake-japan-nuclear-idUSLHE7E801E20110311 7 April 2011 live The blaze was in a building housing the turbine, which is sited separately from the plant's reactor, and was soon extinguished.https://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/in-depth/fire-at-nuclear-power-plant-others-shut-down/news-story/2e8092c81627580d0e89e85736417a87 Fire at nuclear power plant extinguished The Australian 12 March 2011 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005122/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/fire-at-nuclear-power-plant-others-shut-down/story-fn84naht-1226020092352 7 April 2011 subscription live The plant was shut down as a precaution.Hafez Ahmed http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/more.php?news_id=130958&date=31 March 2011 Japan's atomic plant neighbours mull leaving homes Thefinancialexpress-bd.com 7 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110728014832/http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/more.php?news_id=130958&date=31 28 July 2011 live On 13 March the lowest-level state of emergency was declared regarding the Onagawa plant as radioactivity readings temporarilyhttp://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/tsunamiupdate01.html IAEA update on Japan Earthquake iaea.org 2011 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314165946/http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/tsunamiupdate01.html 14 March 2011 live exceeded allowed levels in the area of the plant.http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2011/fukushima130311.html IAEA update on Japan Earthquake iaea.org 13 March 2011 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110331005052/http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2011/fukushima130311.html 31 March 2011 liveChico Harlan, Steven Mufson: Japanese nuclear plants' operator scrambles to avert meltdowns. The Washington Post, 11 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110428005811/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/12/AR2011031205493.html?hpid=topnews 28 April 2011 Tōhoku Electric Power Co. stated this may have been due to radiation from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accidents but was not from the Onagawa plant itself.http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/309172/sea-water-injected-troubled-fukushima-power-plant Sea water injected into troubled Fukushima power plant Manila Bulletin 2011 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005138/http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/309172/sea-water-injected-troubled-fukushima-power-plant 7 April 2011 live As a result of the 7 April aftershock, Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant lost three of four external power lines and lost cooling function for as much as 80 minutes. A spill of a couple of litres of radioactive water occurred at Onagawa. The number 2 reactor at Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant was shut down automatically. On 14 March it was reported that a cooling system pump for this reactor had stopped working;https://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFTKG00708120110313 Cooling system pump stops at Tokai No. 2 plant-Kyodo; Energy & Oil; Reuters Reuters 13 March 2011 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005117/http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFTKG00708120110313 7 April 2011 however, the Japan Atomic Power Company stated that there was a second operational pump sustaining the cooling systems, but that two of three diesel generators used to power the cooling system were out of order.http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-japan-quake-tokai-idUKTRE72C2RL20110313 Tokai No. 2 nuke plant cooling process working – operator Kiyoshi Takenaka Reuters 13 March 2011 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005118/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/03/13/uk-japan-quake-tokai-idUKTRE72C2RL20110313 7 April 2011 Transport thumb|A highway bridge damaged and severed Japan's transport network suffered severe disruptions. Many sections of Tōhoku Expressway serving northern Japan were damaged. The expressway did not reopen to general public use until 24 March 2011.NHK World, "Tōhoku Expressway Reopened To All Traffic", 24 March 2011.http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-03-24/highway-to-japan-quake-area-opens-as-casualties-pass-25-000.html Highway to Japan Quake Area Opens as Casualties Pass 25,000 Chu Kathleen Sakamaki, Sachiko 24 March 2011 Bloomberg Businessweek 24 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110324215533/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-03-24/highway-to-japan-quake-area-opens-as-casualties-pass-25-000.html 24 March 2011 All railway services were suspended in Tokyo, with an estimated 20,000 people stranded at major stations across the city.NHK News, 23:30 JST In the hours after the earthquake, some train services were resumed.http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110311D11JF318.htm Many Rail Services in Tokyo Suspended After Quake NIKKEI 12 March 2011 12 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002516/http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110311D11JF318.htm 16 March 2011 live Most Tokyo area train lines resumed full service by the next day—12 March.Associated Press, "When Tokyo's clockwork trains stopped ticking", The Japan Times, 13 March 2011, p. 3. Twenty thousand stranded visitors spent the night of 11–12 March inside Tokyo Disneyland.Kyodo News, "Disney reality check for the stuck", The Japan Times, 13 March 2011, p. 3. A tsunami flooded Sendai Airport at 15:55 JST, about one hour after the initial quake, causing severe damage. Narita and Haneda Airport both briefly suspended operations after the quake, but suffered little damage and reopened within 24 hours. Eleven airliners bound for Narita were diverted to nearby Yokota Air Base.http://www.yokota.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123246410 Yokota provides support following massive earthquake 11 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005141/http://www.yokota.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123246410 7 April 2011Kyodo News, "USS Reagan on way", The Japan Times, 13 March 2011, p. 2. thumb|left|Remains of Shinchi Station Various train services around Japan were also canceled, with JR East suspending all services for the rest of the day.http://traininfo.jreast.co.jp/train_info/service.aspx JR東日本: 列車運行情報 Traininfo.jreast.co.jp 11 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110324104035/http://traininfo.jreast.co.jp/train_info/service.aspx 24 March 2011 live Four trains on coastal lines were reported as being out of contact with operators; one, a four-car train on the Senseki Line, was found to have derailed, and its occupants were rescued shortly after 8 am the next morning.http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/news/20110312-OYT1T00215.htm?from=main2 脱線のJR仙石線車内から、県警ヘリで9人救出 : 社会: YOMIURI ONLINE(読売新聞) Yomiuri Shimbun Japan 12 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005109/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/news/20110312-OYT1T00215.htm?from=main2 7 April 2011 live Minami-Kesennuma Station on the Kesennuma Line was obliterated save for its platform;http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T110312004840.htm Kesennuma described as 'hellish sight' Hironari Akiyama Takeharu Ishibashi 13 March 2011 Yomiuri Shimbun Japan 16 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110316043821/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T110312004840.htm 16 March 2011 live 62 of 70 (31 of 35) JR East train lines suffered damage to some degree; in the worst-hit areas, 23 stations on 7 lines were washed away, with damage or loss of track in 680 locations and the 30-km radius around the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant unable to be assessed.http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/news/20110331-OYT1T00855.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20110403044158/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/news/20110331-OYT1T00855.htm 23駅流失、線路被害680か所...JR東日本 : 社会: YOMIURI ONLINE(読売新聞) 3 April 2011 There were no derailments of Shinkansen bullet train services in and out of Tokyo, but their services were also suspended. The Tokaido Shinkansen resumed limited service late in the day and was back to its normal schedule by the next day, while the Jōetsu and Nagano Shinkansen resumed services late on 12 March. Services on Yamagata Shinkansen resumed with limited numbers of trains on 31 March.http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201103290189.html Full Tōhoku Shinkansen Line services to be restored by late April The Asahi Shimbun Company 30 March 2001 2 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110405075057/http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201103290189.html 5 April 2011 live Derailments were minimized because of an early warning system that detected the earthquake before it struck. The system automatically stopped all high-speed trains, which minimized the damage.http://www.railway-technology.com/features/feature122751 How Japan's Rail Network Survived the Earthquake 27 June 2011 Railway Technology 22 August 2013 The Tōhoku Shinkansen line was worst hit, with JR East estimating that 1,100 sections of the line, varying from collapsed station roofs to bent power pylons, would need repairs. Services on the Tōhoku Shinkansen partially resumed only in Kantō area on 15 March, with one round-trip service per hour between Tokyo and Nasu-Shiobara,http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0315/TKY201103150121.html asahi.com(朝日新聞社): 東北新幹線、東京—那須塩原で再開 各停、1時間に1本 The Asahi Shimbun Japan 15 March 2011 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005101/http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0315/TKY201103150121.html 7 April 2011 live and Tōhoku area service partially resumed on 22 March between Morioka and Shin-Aomori.http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/no-of-dead-or-missing-tops-21000-bodies-buried-in-rare-measure No. of dead or missing tops 22,000; bodies buried in rare measure Japan Today 22 March 2001 2 April 2011 https://archive.today/20110418164244/http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/no-of-dead-or-missing-tops-21000-bodies-buried-in-rare-measure 18 April 2011 Services on Akita Shinkansen resumed with limited numbers of trains on 18 March.http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110318D18JF316.htm Gradual Restoration of Infrastructure Continues at Disaster Areas Nikkei 18 March 2001 2 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005131/http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110318D18JF316.htm 7 April 2011 live Service between Tokyo and Shin-Aomori was restored by May, but at lower speeds due to ongoing restoration work; the pre-earthquake timetable was not reinstated until late September.http://www.asahi.com/travel/rail/news/TKY201109230547.html 仙台—東京「はやぶさ」8分短縮 半年ぶりダイヤ復旧 The Asahi Shimbun Japan https://web.archive.org/web/20111007101622/https://www.asahi.com/travel/rail/news/TKY201109230547.html October 7, 2011 23 September 2011 24 September 2011 The rolling blackouts brought on by the crises at the nuclear power plants in Fukushima had a profound effect on the rail networks around Tokyo starting on 14 March. Major railways began running trains at 10–20 minute intervals, rather than the usual 3–5 minute intervals, operating some lines only at rush hour and completely shutting down others; notably, the Tōkaidō Main Line, Yokosuka Line, Sōbu Main Line and Chūō-Sōbu Line were all stopped for the day.http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0314/TKY201103130323.html asahi.com(朝日新聞社): 計画停電で影響が出る主な鉄道(午前7時現在) – 社会 The Asahi Shimbun Japan 14 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005107/http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0314/TKY201103130323.html 7 April 2011 live This led to near-paralysis within the capital, with long lines at train stations and many people unable to come to work or get home. Railway operators gradually increased capacity over the next few days, until running at approximately 80% capacity by 17 March and relieving the worst of the passenger congestion. right Carried train in Ishinomaki Line.JPG Fallen power poles in Ishinomaki.jpg A KiHa 40 series train washed away uphill from Onagawa Station (left) and a damaged utility pole in Ishinomaki (right) Telecommunications Cellular and landline phone service suffered major disruptions in the affected area.Tokyo phone lines jammed, trains stop https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Tokyo-phone-lines-jammed-trains-stop/articleshow/7683625.cms The Times of India India 12 March 2011 The temblor shook buildings in the capital, left millions of homes across Japan without electricity, shut down the mobile phone network and severely disrupted landline phone service. https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005131/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-12/rest-of-world/28683249_1_trains-phone-lines-tokyo 7 April 2011 live Immediately after the earthquake cellular communication was jammed across much of Japan due to a surge of network activity. On the day of the quake itself American broadcaster NPR was unable to reach anyone in Sendai with a working phone or access to the Internet.https://www.npr.org/2011/03/11/134467277/A-Look-At-The-Japanese-City-Closest-To-The-Quake 26 March 2011 A Look at the Japanese City Closest to the Quake NPR https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005052/http://www.npr.org/2011/03/11/134467277/A-Look-At-The-Japanese-City-Closest-To-The-Quake 7 April 2011 live Internet services were largely unaffected in areas where basic infrastructure remained, despite the earthquake having damaged portions of several undersea cable systems landing in the affected regions; these systems were able to reroute around affected segments onto redundant links.http://gigaom.com/broadband/in-japan-many-under-sea-cables-are-damaged/ In Japan, Many Undersea Cables Are Damaged: Broadband News and Analysis 14 March 2011 Gigaom.com 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110315060910/http://gigaom.com/broadband/in-japan-many-under-sea-cables-are-damaged/ 15 March 2011Cowie James http://www.renesys.com/blog/2011/03/japan-quake.shtml Japan Quake – Renesys Blog Renesys.com 11 March 2011 15 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314134526/http://www.renesys.com/blog/2011/03/japan-quake.shtml 14 March 2011 live Within Japan, only a few websites were initially unreachable.Japan's phone networks remain severely disrupted http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9214261/Japan_s_phone_networks_remain_severely_disrupted Computerworld 12 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005145/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9214261/Japan_s_phone_networks_remain_severely_disrupted 7 April 2011 live Several Wi-Fi hotspot providers reacted to the quake by providing free access to their networks, and some American telecommunications and VoIP companies such as AT&T, Sprint, Verizon,http://mashable.com/2011/03/14/att-free-calls-japan/ 30 March 2011 AT&T, Sprint & Verizon Offer Free Calls & Texts to Japan from U.S. [Updated] Mashable 14 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005135/http://mashable.com/2011/03/14/att-free-calls-japan/ 7 April 2011 live T-Mobilehttp://newsroom.t-mobile.com/articles/t-mobile-assists-customers-Japan 29 May 2011 T-Mobile USA Waives Call Charges to Japan and Wi-Fi Calling and Text Messaging Charges to and From Japan https://web.archive.org/web/20110602012256/http://newsroom.t-mobile.com/articles/t-mobile-assists-customers-Japan 2 June 2011 and VoIP companies such as netTALKhttps://vancouversun.com/business/netTALK+Extends+Free+Calling+Japan+Through+April/4478989/story.html 30 March 2011 netTALK Extends Free Calling to Japan Through April https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005135/http://www.vancouversun.com/business/netTALK+Extends+Free+Calling+Japan+Through+April/4478989/story.html 7 April 2011 24 November 2001 and Vonagehttp://www.fiercevoip.com/story/vonage-offers-free-calls-japan/2011-03-14/ 30 March 2011 Vonage offers free calls to Japan https://web.archive.org/web/20110407005146/http://www.fiercevoip.com/story/vonage-offers-free-calls-japan/2011-03-14 7 April 2011 have offered free calls to (and in some cases, from) Japan for a limited time, as did Germany's Deutsche Telekom.http://www.telekom.com/medien/konzern/29364 Deutsche Telekom 17 March 2011 13 March 2012 Deutsche Telekom: Konzern erleichtert Kommunikation nach Japan https://web.archive.org/web/20120314063706/http://www.telekom.com/medien/konzern/29364 14 March 2012 Defense Matsushima Air Field of the Japan Self-Defense Force in Miyagi Prefecture received a tsunami warning, and the airbase public address 'Tanoy' was used to give the warning: "A tsunami is coming, evacuate to the third floor." Shortly after the warning the airbase was struck by the tsunami, flooding the base. There was no loss of life, although the tsunami resulted in damage to all 18 Mitsubishi F-2 fighter jets of the 21st Fighter Training Squadron.http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/business/news/20110928p2a00m0na017000c.html Mitsubishi Heavy Industries bids goodbye to F2 aircraft 28 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110930235506/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/business/news/20110928p2a00m0na017000c.html 30 September 2011http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2011/03/earthquake-devastates-japan-f-.html Earthquake devastates Japan F-2 sqd 28 September 2011https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/8380342/Tsunami-and-earthquake-in-Japan-latest-pictures-of-the-damage.html https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/8380342/Tsunami-and-earthquake-in-Japan-latest-pictures-of-the-damage.html 11 January 2022 subscription live Tsunami and earthquake in Japan: latest pictures of the damage 28 September 2011 London The Daily Telegraph 14 March 2011 Twelve of the aircraft were scrapped, while the remaining six were slated for repair at a cost of 80 billion yen ($1 billion), exceeding the original cost of the aircraft.http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ2011091510588 Air SDF to scrap 12 fighters, citing tsunami damage 28 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111026192518/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ2011091510588 26 October 2011 After the tsunami, elements of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force put to sea without orders and started rescuing those who had been washed out to sea. Tsunami plans were for the Japan Self-Defense Forces assets to be led, directed, and coordinated by local civic governments. However, the earthquake destroyed town halls (the seat of local municipal government), police, and fire services in many places, so the military not only had to respond to but also command rescues. Cultural properties thumb|Damage to a traditional lantern at Tokiwa shrine in Mito City 754 cultural properties were damaged across nineteen prefectures, including five National Treasures (at Zuigan-ji, Ōsaki Hachiman-gū, Shiramizu Amidadō, and Seihaku-ji); 160 Important Cultural Properties (including at Sendai Tōshō-gū, the Kōdōkan, and Entsū-in, with its Western decorative motifs); 144 Monuments of Japan (including Matsushima, Takata-matsubara, Yūbikan, and the Site of Tagajō); six Groups of Traditional Buildings; and four Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties. Stone monuments at the UNESCO World Heritage Site: Shrines and Temples of Nikkō were toppled.http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/2011_Tohoku_ver14.pdf Damages to Cultural Properties in 'the Great East Japan Earthquake' Agency for Cultural Affairs 16 February 2012 22 April 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120328065531/http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/2011_Tohoku_ver14.pdf 28 March 2012http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/tohokujishin_kanren/hisaijyokyo.html ja:東日本大震災による文化芸術分野の被災状況 Effects of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in the field of Culture and the Arts ja Agency for Cultural Affairs 22 April 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120425065349/http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/tohokujishin_kanren/hisaijyokyo.html 25 April 2012http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/culture/news/20110312-OYT1T00635.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20110315002104/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/culture/news/20110312-OYT1T00635.htm 15 March 2011 岡倉天心ゆかりの文化財「六角堂」、津波で消失 Yomiuri Shimbun 12 March 2011 6 May 2011 In Tokyo, there was damage to Koishikawa Kōrakuen, Rikugien, Hamarikyū Onshi Teien, and the walls of Edo Castle.http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkashingikai/seisaku/09_01/pdf/shiryo_6.pdf Damage to Cultural Properties Agency for Cultural Affairs 27 April 2011 9 May 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110512010025/http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkashingikai/seisaku/09_01/pdf/shiryo_6.pdf 12 May 2011 Information on the condition of collections held by museums, libraries and archives is still incomplete.http://www.iccrom.org/eng/news_en/2011_en/various_en/13_24earthquakeJapan_en.pdf An Interim Report on the Situation of Cultural Heritage in Japan after the Tōhoku district -off the Pacific Ocean Earthquake (or Tōhoku Earthquake) ICCROM 8 May 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110512010023/http://www.iccrom.org/eng/news_en/2011_en/various_en/13_24earthquakeJapan_en.pdf 12 May 2011 There was no damage to the Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi in Iwate Prefecture, and the recommendation for their inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List in June was seized upon as a symbol of international recognition and recovery.http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T110507002957.htm https://archive.today/20110511123227/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T110507002957.htm 11 May 2011 UNESCO move brings joy Yomiuri Shimbun 9 May 2011 Aftermath Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami included a humanitarian crisis and a major economic impact. The tsunami resulted in over 340,000 displaced people in the Tōhoku region, and shortages of food, water, shelter, medicine, and fuel for survivors. In response, the Japanese government mobilized the Self-Defense Forces (under Joint Task Force – Tōhoku, led by Lieutenant General Eiji Kimizuka), while many countries sent search and rescue teams to help search for survivors. Aid organizations in Japan and worldwide responded, with the Japanese Red Cross reporting $1 billion in donations. The economic impact included immediate problems, with industrial production suspended in many factories, and the longer term issue of the cost of rebuilding, which has been estimated at ¥10 trillion ($122 billion). In comparison to the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake, the East Japan earthquake brought serious damage to an extremely wide range.East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: Evacuation, Communication, Education and Volunteerism Research Publishing Services Rajib Shaw Yukiko Takeuchi 2012 Singapore 288 978-981-07-0186-4 The aftermath of the twin disasters left Japan's coastal cities and towns with nearly 25 million December 2024 Are these short tons (ST) or long tons (LT)?  tons of debris. In Ishinomaki alone, there were 17 trash collection sites 180 m us long and at least 4.5 m us high. An official in the city's government trash disposal department estimated that it would take three years to empty these sites.Japan tackles mountains of trash The Christian Science Monitor Peter Ford 18 July 2011 12 https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2011/0715/Japan-tackles-mountains-of-trash-left-in-tsunami-s-wake In April 2015, authorities off the coast of Oregon discovered debris that was thought to be from a boat destroyed during the tsunami. The cargo contained yellowtail amberjack, a species of fish that lives off the coast of Japan, still alive. KGW estimates that more than 1 million December 2024 Are these short tons (ST) or long tons (LT)?  tons of debris still remain in the Pacific Ocean.Mejia Paula Piece of Ship from Japan's 2011 Tsunami Surfaces in Oregon http://www.newsweek.com/piece-ship-japans-2011-tsunami-surfaces-oregon-321793 Newsweek 13 April 2015 12 April 2015 In February 2016, a memorial was inaugurated by two architects for the victims of the disaster, consisting of a 6.5 m2 on structure on a hillside between a temple and a cherry tree in Ishinomaki.Mairs Jessica Stone memorial by Koishikawa Architects marks the 2011 Japan earthquake https://www.dezeen.com/2016/02/08/stone-memorial-koishikawa-architects-2011-japan-earthquake/ 12 October 2021 Dezeen 8 February 2016 The reconstruction of the Tōhoku coast was funded and piloted by the Japanese government. Structural adaptation to tsunamis was largely based on building higher seawalls, although seawalls proved largely ineffective in 2011, and the new seawalls would also not have been high enough. Scientific and research response thumb|upright=1.5|Fukushima radiation comparison to other incidents and standards, with graph of recorded radiation levels and specific accident events (Note: Does not include all radiation readings from Fukushima Daini site.) Seismologists anticipated a very large quake would strike in the same place as the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake—in the Sagami Trough, southwest of Tokyo.https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/11/AR2011031102415_pf.html Japan: The 'Big One' hit, but not where they thought it would Achenbach Joel 11 March 2011 The Washington Post 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110428005820/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/11/AR2011031102415_pf.html 28 April 2011 live The Japanese government had tracked plate movements since 1976 in preparation for the so-called Tokai earthquake, predicted to take place in that region.https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/03/japan-earthquake-surpise/ Japan Quake Epicenter Was in Unexpected Location Powell Devin 17 March 2011 Wired News 17 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110319200346/http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/03/japan-earthquake-surpise/ 19 March 2011 live However, occurring as it did 373 km northeast of Tokyo, the Tōhoku earthquake came as a surprise to seismologists. While the Japan Trench was known for creating large quakes, it had not been expected to generate quakes above an 8.0 magnitude. The Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion set up by the Japanese government then reassessed the long-term risk of trench-type earthquakes around Japan, and it was announced in November 2011 that research on the 869 Sanriku earthquake indicated that a similar earthquake with a magnitude of w y 8.4–9.0 would take place off the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan, on average, every 600 years. Also, a tsunami-earthquake with a tsunami magnitude scales (Mt) between 8.6 and 9.0 (Similar to the 1896 Sanriku earthquake, the Mt for the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake was 9.1–9.4) had a 30% chance to occur within 30 years.http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/news/111126/dst11112608520000-n1.htm 三陸沖〜房総沖で「M9」30年以内に30% 地震調査委 Sankei Shimbun 26 November 2011 26 November 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111126231054/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/news/111126/dst11112608520000-n1.htm 26 November 2011http://www.jishin.go.jp/main/chousa/11nov_sanriku/index.htm 三陸沖から房総沖にかけての地震活動の長期評価(第二版)について The Headquarters For Earthquake Research Promotion 25 November 2011 26 November 2011 The quake gave scientists the opportunity to collect a large amount of data to model the seismic events that took place in great detail. This data is expected to be used in a variety of ways, providing unprecedented information about how buildings respond to shaking, and other effects.https://latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-sci-japan-quake-science-20110313,0,5782113.story Japan earthquake shifted Earth on its axis Brown Eryn 12 March 2011 Los Angeles Times 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002534/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-sci-japan-quake-science-20110313,0,5782113.story 16 March 2011 live Gravimetric data from the quake have been used to create a model for increased warning time compared to seismic models, as gravity fields travel faster than seismic waves.Prompt gravity signal induced by the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake 10.1038/ncomms13349 free 27874858 5121411 7 Nature Communications 13349 2016 Montagner Jean-Paul Juhel Kévin Barsuglia Matteo Ampuero Jean Paul Chassande-Mottin Eric Harms Jan Whiting Bernard Bernard Pascal Clévédé Eric Lognonné Philippe 1 2016NatCo...713349M Researchers have also analysed the economic effects of this earthquake and have developed models of the nationwide propagation via interfirm supply networks of the shock that originated in the Tōhoku region.Todo Yasuyuki Nakajima Kentaro Matous Petr 2015 How do supply chain networks affect the resilience of firms to natural disasters? Evidence from the Great East Japan Earthquake Regional Science 55 2 209–229 10.1111/jors.12119 2015JRegS..55..209T 18261590 https://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/publications/dp/13e028.pdfMatous Petr Todo Yasuyuki 2016 Energy and resilience: The effects of endogenous interdependencies on trade network formation across space among major Japanese firms Network Science 4 2 141–163 10.1017/nws.2015.37 free After the full extent of the disaster was known, researchers soon launched a project to gather all digital material relating to the disaster into an online searchable archive to form the basis of future research into the events during and after the disaster. The Japan Disasters Digital Archive is presented in English and Japanese and is hosted at the Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.Japan Disaster Archive Japan Disasters Archive https://jdarchive.org/en/resources/about/about-jda 2025-03-11 jdarchive.org Some of the first research to come from the archive was a 2014 paper from the Digital Methods Initiative in Amsterdam about patterns of Twitter usage around the time of the disaster. After the 2011 disaster, the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction held its World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Tōhoku in March 2015, which produced the Sendai Framework document to guide efforts by international development agencies to act before disasters instead of reacting to them after the fact. At this time Japan's Disaster Management Office (Naikakufu Bosai Keikaku) published a bi-lingual guide in Japanese and English, Disaster Management in Japan, to outline the several varieties of natural disaster and the preparations being made for the eventuality of each. In the fall of 2016, Japan's National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED; Japanese abbreviation, Bosai Kaken; full name Bousai Kagaku Gijutsu Kenkyusho) launched the online interactive "Disaster Chronology Map for Japan, 416–2013" (map labels in Japanese) to display in visual form the location, disaster time, and date across the islands. The Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project, a scientific expedition conducted in 2012–2013, drilled ocean-floor boreholes through the fault zone of the earthquake and gathered important data about the rupture mechanism and physical properties of the fault that caused the 2011 earthquake and tsunami.Smithsonian.com Fault that Caused Japan's 2011 Earthquake is Thin and Slippery, 5 December 2013Christian Science Monitor Japan's monster quake: Do scientists have key to decode future tremblors?, 6 December 2013 Ecological research The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami had a great environmental impact on Japan's eastern coast. The rarity and magnitude of the earthquake-tsunami prompted researchers Jotaro Urabe, Takao Suzuki, Tatsuki Nishita, and Wataru Makino to study their immediate ecological impacts on intertidal flat communities at Sendai Bay and the Sanriku Ria coast. Pre- and post-event surveys show a reduction in animal taxon richness and change in taxon composition mainly attributed to the tsunami and its physical impacts. In particular, sessile epibenthic animals and endobenthic animals both decreased in taxon richness. Mobile epibenthic animals, such as hermit crabs, were not as affected. Post-surveys also recorded taxa that were not previously recorded before, suggesting that tsunamis have the potential to introduce species and change taxon composition and local community structure. The long term ecological impacts at Sendai Bay and the greater east coast of Japan require further study.Urabe J Suzuki T Nishita T Makino W 2013 Immediate Ecological Impacts of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami on Intertidal Flat Communities PLOS ONE 8 5 e62779 10.1371/journal.pone.0062779 1932-6203 3641098 23650529 2013PLoSO...862779U free See also 3.11 and aftermath Nuclear power in Japan § Seismicity Health crisis Humanitarian response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Ryou-Un Maru Takashi Shimokawara Documentaries and commemoration events 3.11: Surviving Japan Pray for Japan Yuzuru Hanyu Notte Stellata Seismicity of the area Seismicity of the Sanriku coast Sanriku earthquake 1896 Sanriku earthquake 1933 Sanriku earthquake Lists of earthquakes and tsunamis Lists of earthquakes List of megathrust earthquakes List of earthquakes in 2011 List of earthquakes in Japan List of tsunamis Explanatory notes "en" References Source rupture process of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake derived from strong-motion records http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/WCEE2012_1650.pdf W. Suzuki S. Aoi H. Sekiguchi T. Kunugi Proceedings of the fifteenth world conference on earthquake engineering 2012 Lisbon, Portugal 1 http://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/20110311150154391-111446.html Earthquake Information Japan Meteorological Agency 11 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003154/http://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/20110311150154391-111446.html 24 March 2011 Further reading Architectural Institute of Japan Preliminary Reconnaissance Report of the 2011 Tōhoku-Chiho Taiheiyo-Oki Earthquake Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering 2012 23 Springer 10.1007/978-4-431-54097-7 978-4-431-54096-0 none Birmingham Lucy David McNeill Strong in the Rain: Surviving Japan's Earthquake, Tsunami and Fukushima Nuclear Disaster 2012 Palgrave Macmillan 256 978-1-137-05060-1 none [Council for Central] Disaster Management, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan (March 2015). Disaster Management in Japan ja en. Parry Richard Lloyd Richard Lloyd Parry Ghosts of the Tsunami: Death and Life in Japan's Disaster Zone Ghosts of the Tsunami 2017 MCD/Farrar, Straus and Giroux 978-0-374-25397-4 New York none https://www.academia.edu/4190393 What Have Religious Groups Done After 3.11? Part 1: A Brief Survey of Religious Mobilization after the Great East Japan Earthquake Disasters McLaughlin Levi Religion Compass 2013 7 8 294–308 10.1111/rec3.12057 none https://www.academia.edu/4190405 What Have Religious Groups Done After 3.11? Part 2: From Religious Mobilization to 'Spiritual Care' McLaughlin Levi Religion Compass 2013 7 8 309–325 10.1111/rec3.12056 none Sources Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics United Nations Environment Programme https://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Environment_Programme_Drowning_in_Plastics_%E2%80%93_Marine_Litter_and_Plastic_Waste_Vital_Graphics.pdf Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO External links Category:2011 Tōhoku earthquake no no no no no no Category:2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami Japan's Killer Quake – NOVA The M9.0 Great Tohoku Earthquake (northeast Honshu, Japan) of March 11, 2011 from United States Geological Survey (USGS) Pacific Tsunami Warning Center at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Map of Tsunami Inundation Areas in Japan from ReliefWeb Massive earthquake hits Japan Photos from The Boston Globe Japan Earthquake: before and after aerial and satellite images from ABC News, credited to Post-earthquake images of Japan Satellite Photos of Japan, Before and After the Quake and Tsunami The New York Times https://archive.today/20121211094915/http://ias.umn.edu/phenomena/bat-faculty-interviews/japan-in-crisis-2011/ Japan in Crisis: A Series of Interviews with Scholars by Peter Shea at the University of Minnesota el Special: The Tōhoku-Oki Earthquake, Japan – free-access scientific papers from Science magazine The East Japan Earthquake Archive (Testimonies of survivors, Photographs and Videos on Google Earth) PreventionWeb Great East Japan Earthquake 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20161223123320/http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/tags/index.php/pw:jpnearthquake2011/Great%20East%20Japan%20Earthquake%202011/ 23 December 2016 FNN311 Video archives 'Remembering 3/11' from Fuji News Network Interactive Comparisons of Tōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami at Beslider.com 16461282 Map to chronicle all known disasters in Japan from 416 to 2013 ja 0E2Q7kr4L2c 3/11 – The Tsunami Panic as the sea wall fails; tsunami catches on fire Tsunamis Earth sciences Environment Japan Ancient Japan Energy 2010s Category:2011 earthquakes Category:2011 in Japan Category:2011 tsunamis Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Civilian nuclear power accidents 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Category:Earthquakes in Iwate Prefecture Category:Earthquakes in Miyagi Prefecture Category:Megathrust earthquakes in Japan Category:Midway Atoll Category:Nuclear power in Japan Category:History of Sendai 2011 earthquake and tsunami Category:March 2011 in Japan Category:Shindo 7 earthquakes Category:2011 disasters in Japan