1938 Tour de France

April 2019 May 2019 1938 Tour de France Route of the 1938 Tour de France.png Route of the 1938 Tour de France followed counterclockwise, starting in Paris 360px 5–31 July 1938 21, including five split stages 4694 km 148h 29' 12" Gino Bartali ITA 1861 yellow Italy Félicien Vervaecke BEL Belgium Victor Cosson FRA France Belgium Gino Bartali ITA 1861 Italy 1937 1939 The 1938 Tour de France was the 32nd edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 5 to 31 July. It was composed of 21 stages over 4694 km 0 on.The race was won by Italian cyclist Gino Bartali, who also won the mountains classification. Innovations and changes The bonification system was reduced compared to 1937: the winner of a stage now only received one minute bonification time, added by the margin to the second arriving cyclist, with a maximum of 75 seconds. The cyclists who reached a mountain top that counted towards the mountains classification first, now received only one minute bonification time. The team trial stages, where the teams departed 15 minutes separately, were removed from the race. They would later return in the 1954 Tour de France, in a different form. Instead, the 1938 Tour de France featured two individual time trials.McGann McGann 2006 139–144 In previous years, some cyclists were in teams and other rode individually. In 1937, there had been problems with individual cyclists being accused of helping other cyclists, culminating in the Belgian cyclists leaving the Tour. To avoid these problems, the categories for individual cyclists were removed for the 1938 Tour de France,http://www.historischekranten.be/issue/DHA/1938-01-02/edition/null/page/9?query=%22ronde%20van%20frankrijk%22&period=1903-1939&sort=issuedate%20ascending De Ronde van Frankrijk nl 2 January 1938 21 May 2014 De Halle and the race was contested by national teams. But because there were many French cyclists that did not fit into the national team, there were two extra French teams, the Bleuets and Cadets. The Bleuets was a kind of French "B"-team, while the Cadets consisted of young French promises.http://www.veloarchive.com/races/tour/1938.php 1938: A final fling for les Bleus Tom James VeloArchive 15 August 2003 20 January 2010 Teams List of teams and cyclists in the 1938 Tour de France The big cycling nations in 1938, Belgium, Italy, Germany and France, each sent a team of 12 cyclists. Other countries, Spain, Luxembourg, Switzerland and the Netherlands, sent smaller teams of six cyclists each. The French had two extra teams of 12 cyclists, the Cadets and Bleuets.The history of the Tour de France – Year 1938 – The starters http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1938/partants.html Tour de France Amaury Sport Organisation 2 April 2020 3 March 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200303085721/https://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1938/partants.html dead The three most powerful teams were the Belgian, the French and the Italian national team.McGann McGann 2006 139–144 The Italian team was led by Bartali, who had been close to winning the Tour de France in 1937 until he crashed. The Italian cycling federation had requested him to skip the 1938 Giro d'Italia so he could focus on the Tour de France.http://www.cyclingrevealed.com/timeline/Race%20Snippets/TdF/TdF1938.htm Gino "the Pious" Climbs to Victory 2004 22 January 2010 Cycling revealed The teams entering the race were: 20em Belgium Italy Germany France Spain Switzerland Netherlands Luxembourg France Cadets France Bleuets Route and stages The highest point of elevation in the race was 2770 m ft on at the summit of the Col de l'Iseran mountain pass on stage 15.Augendre 2016 178Vandaag begint de "Tour de France" Today the "Tour de France" starts https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010474164:mpeg21:p004 Het Volksdagblad 5 July 1938 4 nl Delpher + Stage characteristics and winnershttp://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1903_1939/tdf1938.php https://web.archive.org/web/20120306131829/http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1903_1939/tdf1938.php 6 March 2012 28 October 2016 dead Mémoire du cyclisme 32ème Tour de France 1938 frAugendre 2016 36http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html#1938 Tour de France GC top ten Arian Zwegers CVCC https://web.archive.org/web/20080516071832/http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html 16 May 2008 live 20 April 2009 The history of the Tour de France – Year 1938 – The stage winners http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1938/vainqueurs.html Tour de France Amaury Sport Organisation 2 April 2020 2 April 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200402234621/http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1938/vainqueurs.html dead Stage Date Course Distance TypeThe icons shown here indicate whether the stage was run as a time trial, the stage was flat or the stage included mountains for the mountains classification. Winner 15 JulyParis to Caen215 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Willi Oberbeck GER Nazi 26 JulyCaen to Saint-Brieuc237 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Jean Majerus LUX 37 July Saint-Brieuc to Nantes 238 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Gerrit Schulte NED 4a8 July Nantes to La Roche-sur-Yon 62 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Éloi Meulenberg BEL 4b La Roche-sur-Yon to La Rochelle 83 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Éloi Meulenberg BEL 4c La Rochelle to Royan 83 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Félicien Vervaecke BEL9 July Royan Rest day 510 July Royan to Bordeaux 198 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Éloi Meulenberg BEL 6a11 July Bordeaux to Arcachon 53 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Jules Rossi ITA 1861 6b Arcachon to Bayonne 171 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Glauco Servadei ITA 1861 712 July Bayonne to Pau 115 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Theo Middelkamp NED 13 July Pau Rest day 814 July Pau to Luchon 193 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Stage with mountain(s) Félicien Vervaecke BEL 15 July Luchon Rest day 916 July Luchon to Perpignan 260 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Stage with mountain(s) Jean Fréchaut FRA 10a17 July Perpignan to Narbonne 63 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Antoon van Schendel NED 10b Narbonne to Béziers 27 km mi on link=Individual time trial|20px|alt= Individual time trial Félicien Vervaecke BEL 10c Béziers to Montpellier 73 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Antonin Magne FRA 1118 July Montpellier to Marseille 223 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Gino Bartali ITA 1861 1219 July Marseille to Cannes 199 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Jean Fréchaut FRA 20 July Cannes Rest day 1321 July Cannes to Digne 284 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Stage with mountain(s) Dante Gianello FRA 1422 July Digne to Briançon 219 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Stage with mountain(s) Gino Bartali ITA 1861 1523 July Briançon to Aix-les-Bains 311 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Stage with mountain(s) Marcel Kint BEL 24 July Aix-les-Bains Rest day 1625 July Aix-les-Bains to Besançon 284 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Stage with mountain(s) Marcel Kint BEL 17a26 July Besançon to Belfort 89 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Émile Masson Jr. BEL 17b Belfort to Strasbourg 143 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Jean Fréchaut FRA 1827 July Strasbourg to Metz 186 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Marcel Kint BEL 1928 July Metz to Reims 196 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Fabien Galateau FRA 28 July Reims Rest day 20a30 July Reims to Laon 48 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Glauco Servadei ITA 1861 20b Laon to Saint-Quentin 42 km mi on link=Individual time trial|20px|alt= Individual time trial Félicien Vervaecke BEL 20c Saint-Quentin to Lille 107 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage François Neuville BEL 2131 July Lille to Paris 279 km mi on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Antonin Magne FRAAndré Leducq FRAMagne and Leducq were both declared winners of stage 21. Total 4694 km 0 onAugendre 2016 108 Race overview 1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c 1938 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21 Cyclists passing a herd of sheep|thumb|right|alt=A flock of sheep, with behind them around 30 cyclists riding from left to right. Before the Pyrenees, all the favourites remained calm. André Leducq did not lose much time in the first stages, and when he got in a breakaway in the second part of the sixth stage, he took over the lead from Jean Majerus.McGann McGann 2006 139–144 In the eighth stage, Gino Bartali attacked, and dropped everybody. On the descent of the Col d'Aspin, his wheel collapsed, and Félicien Vervaecke and Ward Vissers overtook him. Bartali came back to finish in third place, but Vervaecke took the lead in the general classification. In that stage, former winner Georges Speicher was caught holding on to a car, and was removed from the race.McGann McGann 2006 139–144 After that stage, Bartali was in second place in the general classification. He won some time on Vervaecke because of bonifications for reaching the tops of the Portet d'Aspet and the Braus first and winning the 11th stage, but lost some time in the individual time trial in stage 10b.McGann McGann 2006 139–144 In the fourteenth stage, Bartali attacked again, and gained 17 minutes on Vervaecke and 20 on Vissers. Bartali was now leader of the race. Before the next stage, Bartali felt poorly. His team director, Costante Girardengo, told him not to force himself. Bartali let the others get away on the first mountains, but during the descent of the Iseran, Bartali went as fast as he could, and caught up with and overtook the group. During that stage, Mathias Clemens, who started the stage in second place, lost a lot of time, so Vervaecke was back in second place, 20 minutes behind Bartali.McGann McGann 2006 139–144 For the rest of the race, Bartali defended his lead with ease. Vervaecke won back some time in the last individual time trial, but that was not enough to endanger Bartali's lead. In the last stage, Antonin Magne (winner of the Tour de France in 1931 and 1934) and André Leducq (winner of the Tour de France in 1930 and 1932) escaped together, and crossed the finish line together. The Tour jury declared them both winner. This was Leducq's 25th and final stage victory. For both cyclists it was also the last stage they ever rode in the Tour de France.http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/2359.html The Tour - André Leducq Amaury Sport Organisation 20 January 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20100709033354/http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/2359.html 9 July 2010 dead dmy-allhttp://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/2363.html The Tour - Antonin Magne Amaury Sport Organisation 20 January 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20100726170806/http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/2363.html 26 July 2010 dead dmy-all Classification leadership and minor prizes The time that each cyclist required to finish each stage was recorded, and these times were added together for the general classification. If a cyclist had received a time bonus, it was subtracted from this total; all time penalties were added to this total. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey. For the mountains classification, 12 mountains were selected by the Tour organisation. The Iseran was included for the first time in 1938. On the top of these mountains, ten points were given for the first cyclist to pass, nine points to the second cyclist, and so on, until the tenth cyclist who got one point. The mountains classification in 1938 was won by Gino Bartali. Bartali was the first cyclist to win the general classification and the mountains classification of the Tour de France in the same year.Moliterno 2000 73 The team classification was calculated in 1938 by adding up the times of the best three cyclists of a team; the team with the least time was the winner. In 1938, there were eight teams of twelve cyclists. Belgium, Italy, Germany and France had a team, Luxembourg and Switzerland both supplied six cyclists for a combined team, as did Spain and the Netherlands, and there were two extra French teams, the bleuets and the cadets. The bleuets were also described as "France B", and the cadets as "France C". +Classification leadership by stagevan den Akker Pieter Informatie over de Tour de France van 1938 Information about the Tour de France from 1938 http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1938 https://web.archive.org/web/20190302050019/http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1938 2 March 2019 nl TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl 2 March 2019 live Stage Winner General classification25px|link= Mountains classificationmountains-jersey No jersey was awarded to the leader of the mountains classification until a white jersey with red polka dots was introduced in 1975.Nauright Parrish 2012 454 Team classification 1 Willi Oberbeck Willi Oberbeck no award Germany 2 Jean Majerus Jean Majerus France 3 Gerrit Schulte 4a Éloi Meulenberg 4b Éloi Meulenberg 4c Félicien Vervaecke 5 Éloi Meulenberg 6a Jules Rossi 6b Glauco Servadei André Leducq 7 Theo Middelkamp 8 Félicien Vervaecke Félicien Vervaecke Gino Bartali Belgium 9 Jean Fréchaut 10a Antoon van Schendel 10b Félicien Vervaecke 10c Antonin Magne 11 Gino Bartali 12 Jean Fréchaut 13 Dante Gianello 14 Gino Bartali Gino Bartali 15 Marcel Kint 16 Marcel Kint 17a Émile Masson Jr. 17b Jean Fréchaut 18 Marcel Kint 19 Fabien Galateau 20a Glauco Servadei 20b Félicien Vervaecke 20c François Neuville 21 Antonin MagneAndré Leducq FinalGino Bartali Gino Bartali Belgium Final standings General classification + Final general classification (1–10)http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD02/HEM/1938/08/01/MD19380801-002.pdf La clasificacion international es 1 August 1938 Mundo Deportivo 2 https://web.archive.org/web/20191006223406/http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD02/HEM/1938/08/01/MD19380801-002.pdf 6 October 2019 live Rank Rider Team Time1 Gino Bartali ITA 1861 Italy 148h 29' 12"2 Félicien Vervaecke BEL Belgium + 18' 27"3 Victor Cosson FRA France + 29' 26"4 Ward Vissers BEL Belgium + 35' 08"5 Matt Clemens LUX Luxembourg + 42' 08"6 Mario Vicini ITA 1861 Italy + 44' 59"7 Jules Lowie BEL Belgium + 48' 56"8 Antonin Magne FRA France + 49' 00"9 Marcel Kint BEL Belgium + 59' 49"10 Dante Gianello FRA Bleuets + 1h 06' 47" Final general classification (11–55) Rank Rider Team Time 11 Jean-Marie Goasmat FRA France + 1h 07' 34" 12 Albertin Disseaux BELBelgium + 1h 12' 16" 13 Robert Tanneveau FRACadets + 1h 13' 54" 14 Sylvère Maes BELBelgium + 1h 21' 11" 15 Pierre Gallien FRAFrance + 1h 24' 34" 16 Mariano Cañardo ESP 1938Spain + 1h 26' 48" 17 François Neuville BELBelgium + 1h 35' 43" 18 Jean Fréchaut FRAFrance + 1h 37' 24" 19 Rafael Ramos ESP 1938Spain + 1h 37' 40" 20 Glauco Servadei ITA 1861Italy + 1h 41' 38" 21 Otto Weckerling GER naziGermany + 1h 42' 27" 22 Raymond Passat FRACadets + 1h 47' 19" 23 Yvan Marie FRACadets + 1h 49' 49" 24 Jean Fontenay FRACadets + 1h 50' 04" 25 Giordano Cottur ITA 1861Italy + 1h 50' 08" 26 Raymond Louviot FRACadets + 1h 50' 21" 27 Giuseppe Martano ITA 1861Italy + 1h 52' 31" 28 Fabien Galateau FRACadets + 1h 52' 43" 29 Julián Berrendero ESP 1938Spain + 1h 53' 31" 30 André Leducq FRACadets + 1h 53' 42" 31 Paul Egli SUISwitzerland + 2h 00' 06" 32 Arsène Mersch LUXLuxembourg + 2h 03' 16" 33 Vasco Bergamaschi ITA 1861Italy + 2h 07' 07" 34 Émile Masson jr BELBelgium + 2h 13' 39" 35 Albert Bourlon FRABleuets + 2h 18' 00" 36 Lucien Le Guével FRABleuets + 2h 22' 33" 37 François Neuens LUXLuxembourg + 2h 23' 10" 38 Enrico Mollo ITA 1861Italy + 2h 24' 35" 39 Constant Lauwers BELBelgium + 2h 26' 28" 40 Oreste Bernardoni FRABleuets + 2h 29' 34" 41 Robert Oubron FRACadets + 2h 43' 41" 42 Camille Leroy FRABleuets + 3h 02' 15" 43 Theo Middelkamp NEDNetherlands + 3h 02' 45" 44 Pierre Jaminet FRAFrance + 3h 05' 40" 45 Josef Arents GER naziGermany + 3h 15' 14" 46 Augusto Introzzi ITA 1861Italy + 3h 18' 59" 47 Bruno Carini FRACadets + 3h 20' 52" 48 Aldo Bini ITA 1861Italy + 3h 20' 55" 49 Jean Majerus LUXLuxembourg + 3h 22' 02" 50 Antoon Van Schendel NEDNetherlands + 3h 32' 24" 51 René Walschot BELBelgium + 3h 40' 43" 52 Herbert Hauswald GER naziGermany + 3h 50' 46" 53 Reinhold Wendel GER naziGermany + 3h 52' 57" 54 Nello Troggi ITA 1861Italy + 4h 18' 17" 55 Janus Hellemons NEDNetherlands + 5h 02' 34" Mountains classification + Mountains in the mountains classificationAugendre 2016 175–192Stage RiderHeightMountain range Winner 8Aubisque1709 m ftPyreneesGino Bartali 8Tourmalet2115 m ftPyreneesGino Bartali 8Aspin1489 m ftPyreneesGino Bartali 8Peyresourde1569 m ftPyreneesFélicien Vervaecke 9Portet d'Aspet1069 m ftPyreneesGino Bartali 13Braus1002 m ftAlps-MaritimesGino Bartali 14Allos2250 m ftAlpsGino Bartali 14Vars2110 m ftAlpsGino Bartali 14Izoard2361 m ftAlpsGino Bartali 15Galibier2556 m ftAlpsMario Vicini 15Iseran2770 m ftAlpsFélicien Vervaecke 16Faucille1320 m ftAlpsGino Bartali + Final mountains classification (1–10)http://www.tour-giro-vuelta.net/ Tour-Giro-Vuelta 13 October 2009https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4635189q/f2.item.zoom 2 Le tableau d'honneur des grimpeurs du Tour 38 fr 26 July 1938 L'Auto No 13732 Rank Rider Team Points1 Gino Bartali ITA 1861Italy 1072 Félicien Vervaecke BELBelgium 793 Edward Vissers BELBelgium 764 Dante Gianello FRABleuets 575 Victor Cosson FRAFrance 556 Mario Vicini ITA 1861Italy 296 Julián Berrendero ESP 1938Spain 298 Sylvère Maes BELBelgium 289 Giuseppe Martano ITA 1861Italy 2510 Jean-Marie Goasmat FRAFrance 23 Team classification + Final team classification (1–8)http://www.archiefleeuwardercourant.nl/site/article.do?code=LC&date=19380801&id=LC-19380801-12004 De Ronde van Frankrijk door Bartali gewonnen 1 August 1938 13 October 2009 Leeuwarder Courant nl Rank Team Time1 Belgium 447h 10' 07"2 France + 43' 29"3 Italy + 44' 06"4 Luxembourg/Switzerland + 3h 02' 29"5 Cadets + 3h 11' 31"6 Spain/Netherlands + 3h 15' 29"7 Bleuets + 4h 04' 49"8 Germany + 7h 05' 57" Aftermath Because of the political tensions in Europe before the Second World War, Italy did not send a team to the 1939 Tour de France, so Bartali was unable to defend his title.http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1903_1939/tdf1939.php https://web.archive.org/web/20120306131903/http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1903_1939/tdf1939.php 6 March 2012 28 October 2016 dead Mémoire du cyclisme 33ème Tour de France 1939 fr After the war, the Tour de France resumed in 1947. In 1948, Bartali won his second Tour, becoming the first and so far only cyclist to win editions of the Tour de France ten years apart.Augendre 2016 108–109 Notes References 30em Bibliography Jacques Augendre Jacques Augendre http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf Guide historique Historical guide 2016 fr 27 October 2016 Tour de France Paris Amaury Sport Organisation https://web.archive.org/web/20160817121602/http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf 17 August 2016 live McGann Bill McGann Carol The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964 1 https://books.google.com/books?id=jxq20JskqMUC Dog Ear Publishing Indianapolis, IN 2006 978-1-59858-180-5 Moliterno Gino https://books.google.com/books?id=6vVS_Y1mcIEC Encyclopedia of Contemporary Italian Culture 2000 Boca Raton, FL CRC Press 978-0-415-14584-8 Nauright John Parrish Charles Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice 2 https://books.google.com/books?id=IkLYDgTnMxEC 2012 ABC-CLIO Santa Barbara, CA 978-1-59884-300-2 Further reading Mapping Le Tour Ellis Bacon HarperCollins Publishers Glasgow 2014 88–89 9780007543991 872700415 External links 1938 Tour de France 1 10c 11 21 Category:1938 in road cycling Category:1938 in French sport 1938 Tour de France