1525

March 2011 1525 1525 thumb|300px|right|February 24: The Battle of Pavia is fought in Italy and King Francis of France becomes a POW. Year 1525 (MDXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. Events January–March January 21 – The Anabaptist Movement is bornGordon Bruce The Swiss Reformation 2002 Manchester University Press 978-0-7190-5118-0 196 https://books.google.com/books?id=M0W8AAAAIAAJ&q=%2221%20january%22 30 July 2023 en when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich,Hershberger Guy Franklin Das Täufertum: Erbe und Verpflichtung 1963 Evangelisches Verlagswerk 59 https://books.google.com/books?id=RDyej9uelbIC&q=%20%E2%80%9E21.%20Januar%201525%E2%80%9C 30 July 2023 de breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. February 24 – Battle of Pavia: German and Spanish forces under Charles de Lannoy and the Marquis of Pescara defeat the French army, and capture Francis I of France, after his horse is wounded by Cesare Hercolani. While Francis is imprisoned in Lombardy and then transferred to Madrid, the first attempts to form a Franco-Ottoman alliance with Suleiman the Magnificent against the Habsburg Empire are made.Jean Giono The Battle of Pavia, 24th February, 1525 https://books.google.com/books?id=g-FnAAAAMAAJ 1965 P. Owen 134 February 28 – The last Aztec Emperor, Cuauhtémoc, is killed by Hernán Cortés.Ludlow Úrsula Camba Rosas Alejandro Cara o cruz: Hernán Cortés 21 October 2018 Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México 978-607-31-7361-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=DAtuDwAAQBAJ&q=%2228+de+febrero%22 31 July 2023 es Cortés again preferred to get up early, rather than being woken up early, and on February 28, 1525, he ordered Cuauhtémoc to be executed. Thus ended the story of the last emperor of the Aztecs. March 20 – In the German town of Memmingen, the pamphlet The Twelve Articles: The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed is published,Franz Günther Die Entstehung der "Zwölf Artikel" der deutschen Bauernschaft Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte - Archive for Reformation History 1 December 1939 36 jg 193–213 10.14315/arg-1939-jg14 163739674 https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.14315/arg-1939-jg14/html 31 July 2023 de 2198-0489 subscription the first human rights related document written in Europe. April–June April 4 – German Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire: Battle of Leipheim – The peasants suffer great losses when they are attacked by Georg, Truchsess von Waldburg and the town of Leipheim is forced to surrender.Engels Friedrich The Peasant War in Germany 1926 International Publishers 978-91-40-09955-6 118 https://books.google.com/books?id=fh_TAAAAMAAJ&q=%22april%204%22 31 July 2023 en Four peasant leaders are beheaded, including Jakob Wehe and Ulrich Schoen. April 10 – Albert, Duke of Prussia commits Prussian Homage. May 14–15 – German Peasants' War: Battle of Frankenhausen – Insurgent peasants led by radical pastor Thomas Müntzer are defeated.Wienecke-Janz Detlef Die Chronik der Deutschen 2007 Wissenmedia Verlag 978-3-577-14374-5 136 https://books.google.com/books?id=Za5BeIUnNwoC&dq=Schlacht+bei+Frankenhausen+Thomas+M%C3%BCntzer+%E2%80%9EAufst%C3%A4ndischen%E2%80%9C+15.+Mai+1525&pg=PA136 31 July 2023 de Following the defeat, Müntzer is executed in front of the gates of Mühlhausen.Sternal Bernd Die Harz - Geschichte 4: Reformation, Bauernkrieg und Schmalkaldischer Krieg 31 July 2014 Books on Demand 978-3-7357-5965-8 32 https://books.google.com/books?id=pRItBAAAQBAJ&dq=Schlacht+bei+Frankenhausen+Thomas+M%C3%BCntzer+%E2%80%9EAufst%C3%A4ndischen%E2%80%9C+15.+Mai+1525&pg=PA32 31 July 2023 de June 4 – 1525 Bayham Abbey riot; Villagers from Kent and Sussex, England riot and occupy Bayham Old Abbey for a week in protest against Cardinal Thomas Wolsey's order to suppress the monastery in order to fund two colleges founded by him.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/crr71e1rdpjo Search for descendants of 1525 Bayham Abbey rioters June 4, 2025 June 13 – Martin Luther marries ex-nun Katharina von Bora.Christopher Ocker Luther, Conflict, and Christendom: Reformation Europe and Christianity in the West https://books.google.com/books?id=oAtmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA437 30 August 2018 Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19768-8 437 The painter Lucas Cranach the Elder is one of the witnesses.Bowers Diane V. To Spite the Devil: Martin Luther and Katharina von Bora's Wedding as Reform and Resistance Religions March 2020 11 3 116 10.3390/rel11030116 en 2077-1444 free June 18 – Henry VIII of England appoints his six-year-old illegitimate son Henry FitzRoy Duke of Richmond and Somerset.Powell Roger S. Beauclerk-Dewar Peter de Vere Royal bastards : illegitimate children of the British Royal family 2008 Tempus Stroud 978-0-7524-4668-4 191 https://archive.org/details/royalbastardsill00roge/page/190/mode/2up?q=%2218+june%22 31 July 2023Henry VIII: June 1525, 11-20 https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol4/pp626-643 www.british-history.ac.uk 31 July 2023 June 23–24 – German Peasants' War: Battle of Pfeddersheim – Peasants are defeated in the last significant action of the war, in which over 75,000 peasants have been killed. July–September July 29 – Santa Marta, the first city in Colombia, is founded by Spanish conquistador Rodrigo de Bastidas.Castro Ricardo Páginas históricas colombianas 1912 Imprenta Editorial 415 https://books.google.com/books?id=YM1NAQAAMAAJ&dq=Santa+Marta+%22primera+ciudad%22+29+julio+1525+Rodrigo+de+Bastidas&pg=PA415 31 July 2023 es August 13 – The coronation of Sophie of Pomerania as Queen consort of Denmark takes place in Copenhagen, a little more than a year after her husband's coronation as King Frederick I. She is granted Lolland and Falster, the castles in Kiel and Plön, and several villages in Holstein for her income.Laurs Laursen, "Sophie", Dansk Biografisk Lexikon (Danish Biographical Dictionary), 1st edition, Volume XVI, p.164 August 30 – The French ambassador to England and King Henry VIII sign the Treaty of the More at a castle, "The More", in Hertfordshire.http://www.henryviiithereign.co.uk/1525-treaty-of-the-more.html The Treaty of the More Henry VIII, the Reign September 14 – In Switzerland, the burning of most of the book collection of the Stiftsbibliothek of the Grossmünster Abbey in Zurich begins, by order of Huldrych Zwingli, as part of the Swiss Reformation. After 20 days of destruction of a collection built since 1259 for over 250 years, only 470 volumes are left.Martin Germann, Die reformierte Stiftsbibliothek am Großmünster Zürich im 16. Jahrhundert und die Anfänge der neuzeitlichen Bibliographie ("The reformed collegiate library at the Grossmünster in Zurich in the 16th century and the beginnings of modern bibliography")(Harrassowitz, 1994) September 24 – Jeremias I is restored to the position of Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church, by order of the Ottoman Empire Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.The Ecumenical Patriarchate Kiminas Demetrius 2009 Wildside Press LLC 978-1-4344-5876-6 38,46 October–December October 10 – the Earl of Angus, Scotland's Lord Warden of the Marches in charge of border security on the boundary with England, is able to work out a three-year peace treaty with the Kingdom of England and signs the initial agreement at the English border town of Berwick-upon-Tweed.George Ridpath Philip Ridpath The border history of England and Scotland https://books.google.com/books?id=UO_oAAAAMAAJ 1979 Mercat Press 978-0-901824-58-5 261–363 November 25 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor acting in his capacity as the King of Spain, issues an edict ordering the expulsion or conversion of the remaining Muslims in the Crown of Aragon, similar to that issued for the Crown of Castile by Queen Isabella in 1502. The order applies to the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia.L. P. Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614 (University of Chicago Press, 2005) p.93 December 8 – A second edict is issued in Spain directing Spanish Muslims to show proof of baptism as Christians or to leave by the deadline of December 31 (for Valencia) or January 26 (for Aragon and Catalonia). December 31 – The deadline for Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity in the Valencia is reached, after which remaining Muslims, or those who harbor them as fugitives, becomes punishable by forced exile, imprisonment or death. December – The first French ambassador to reach the Sublime Porte, Jean Frangipani, sets out for Constantinople. Date unknown Mixco Viejo, capital of the Pocomans Maya State, falls to the Spanish conquistadores of Pedro de Alvarado (in modern-day Guatemala) after a three-month siege.Mahler Richard Guatemala: Adventures in Nature 1999 John Muir Publications 978-1-56261-430-0 113 https://books.google.com/books?id=CifsAAAAMAAJ&q=%20%221525%22%20three%20month 31 July 2023 en European-brought diseases sweep through the Andes, killing thousands, including the Inca. The Bubonic plague spreads in southern France. Printing of the first edition of William Tyndale's New Testament Bible translation into English in Cologne is interrupted by anti-Lutheran forces and Tyndale flees to WormsTyndale's New Testament, 1525 https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/tyndales-new-testament-1525 www.bl.uk 31 July 2023 July 31, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230731234137/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/tyndales-new-testament-1525 dead (finished copies reach England in 1526).Tenney Merrill C. The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible, Volume 5: Revised Full-Color Edition 10 August 2010 Zondervan Academic 978-0-310-87700-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=O6F9VYz74aUC&q=1525%20tyndale 31 July 2023 en In 1525 or 1526 copies of Tyndale's first English NT reached England.Daniell David William Tyndale: A Biography 1 January 2001 Yale University Press 978-0-300-06880-1 134 https://books.google.com/books?id=0065SxiVu5kC&dq=copies+england+tyndale+%221526%22&pg=PA134 31 July 2023 en Printing of Huldrych Zwingli's New Testament 'Zürich Bible' translation into German by Christoph Froschauer begins. The Navarre witch trials (1525-1526) begins.Clark Stuart Monter William Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, Volume 4: The Period of the Witch Trials 1 January 2002 A&C Black 978-0-485-89004-4 45 https://books.google.com/books?id=t1SFPods4DkC&dq=Navarre+witch+trials+%221525%22&pg=PA45 1 August 2023 en The Chinese Ministry of War under the Ming dynasty orders ships having more than one mast sailing along the southeast coast to be seized, investigated, and destroyed; this in an effort to curb piracy and limit private commercial trade abroad. Kasur established as a city by the Kheshgi tribe of Pashtuns from Kabul who migrate to the region in 1525 from Afghanistan. The Age of Samael ends, and the Age of Gabriel begins, according to Johannes Trithemius.Goodrick-Clarke Nicholas The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction 14 October 2008 Oxford University Press 978-0-19-971756-9 52 https://books.google.com/books?id=IPwoK5XYXrAC&dq=Age+of+Gabriel+Johannes+Trithemius+%221525%22&pg=PA52 1 August 2023 en Births 110px|thumbnail|right|Pieter Bruegel the Elder January 29 – Lelio Sozzini, Italian Renaissance humanist and anti-Trinitarian reformer (d. 1562) February 5 – Juraj Drašković, Croatian Catholic cardinal (d. 1587)Sakcinski Ivan Kukuljević Poviest porodice Draškovića Trakošćanskih 1887 Matice Hrvatske 6 https://books.google.com/books?id=TWPMiR3kbWkC&dq=Juraj+Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87+5.+velja%C4%8De+1525.&pg=PA6 1 August 2023 hr March 19 – Caspar Cruciger the Younger, German theologian (d. 1597)Kohnle Armin Dingel Irene Die Crucigers: Caspar der Ältere, Caspar der Jüngere und Elisabeth Cruciger in ihrer Bedeutung für die Wittenberger Reformation 1 April 2021 Evangelische Verlagsanstalt 978-3-374-06808-1 298 https://books.google.com/books?id=93cmEAAAQBAJ&dq=Caspar+Cruciger+der+J%C3%BCngere+%2219+marz+1525%22&pg=PA298 1 August 2023 de March 25 – Richard Edwardes, English choral musician, playwright and poet (d. 1566) March 26 – Katharina of Hanau, Countess of Wied, German noblewoman (d. 1581) June 1 – Caspar Peucer, German reformer (d. 1602)A Description of Works Relating to America https://books.google.com/books?id=wjWMKMRtT6YC&pg=PA173 1872 173 Harrisse Henry June 29 – Peter Agricola, German Renaissance humanist, educator, classical scholar, theologian, diplomat and statesman (d. 1585) September 1 – Christoffer Valkendorff, Danish politician (d. 1601)Helms H. Jørgen Valkendorfs kollegiums historie fra dets oprettelse 1588 og indtil 1865: med en kort oversigt over kollegiets historie fra 1865 til nutiden 1917 trykt hos Nielsen & Lydiche 25 978-87-11-64161-3 https://books.google.com/books?id=LMAwAQAAMAAJ&dq=Christoffer+Valkendorf+%221+september+1525%22&pg=PA25 1 August 2023 da September 11 – John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1598)Grabner C. Die Abstammung der Freien u. Edlen Herren v. Kotzau aus dem Hause Hohenzollern 1904 3 https://books.google.com/books?id=KV93Ny54f1gC&dq=Johann+Georg+%2211+september+1525%22&pg=PA3 1 August 2023 deGrossmann Julius Genealogie des Gesamthauses Hohenzollern 1905 W. Moeser 22 https://books.google.com/books?id=mZlHAAAAYAAJ&dq=Johann+Georg+%2211+september+1525%22&pg=PA22 1 August 2023 de September 25 – Steven Borough, English explorer (d. 1584)Mayers Kit North-east passage to Muscovy : Stephen Borough and the first Tudor explorations 2005 Sutton Stroud 978-0-7509-4069-6 5 https://archive.org/details/northeastpassage0000maye/page/4/mode/2up?q=1525 1 August 2023 November 7 – Georg Cracow, German lawyer and politician (d. 1575)Schnabel-Schüle Helga Reformation: Historisch-kulturwissenschaftliches Handbuch 13 September 2017 Springer-Verlag 978-3-476-05411-1 87 https://books.google.com/books?id=m7A1DwAAQBAJ&dq=Georg+Cracow+%227+november+1525%22&pg=PA87 1 August 2023 de December 1 – Tadeáš Hájek, Czech astronomer (d. 1600) December 23 – John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1576)Rudloff A. Bilder aus der mecklenburgischen Geschichte 1898 Wilhelm Susserott 71 https://books.google.com/books?id=Qyw6AQAAMAAJ&q=%20%2223%20dezember%201525%22 1 August 2023 de date unknown – Maharal of Prague, Talmudic scholar, Jewish mystic and philosopher (d. 1609)Sládek Pavel Admiration and Fear: New Perspectives on the Personality of the Maharal Judaica Bohemiae 2017 LII 2 5–31 https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=596347 1 August 2023 English 0022-5738 probable Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Flemish painter (d. 1569)Gertraude Winkelmann-Rhein The Paintings and Drawings of Jan 'Flower' Bruegel https://books.google.com/books?id=CdoYAAAAYAAJ 1969 H. N. Abrams 25 Baldassare Donato, Italian composer and singer (d. 1603)DONATO, Baldassare https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/baldassare-donato_(Dizionario-Biografico) www.treccani.it 1 August 2023 it-IT Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Italian composer (d. 1594)Marvin Clara Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina: A Research Guide 15 October 2013 Routledge 978-1-135-61754-7 1 https://books.google.com/books?id=DdFYAQAAQBAJ&q=%20%221525%22 1 August 2023 en Hans Staden, German soldier and sailor (d. 1579)Ribas Rosa Testimonios de la conciencia lingüistica en textos de viajeros alemanes a America en el siglo XVI 2005 Edition Reichenberger 978-3-935004-80-0 32 https://books.google.com/books?id=-TCCmgR81wEC&dq=Hans+Staden+%221525%22+homberg&pg=PA32 1 August 2023 es Deaths thumbnail|right|110px|Franciabigio thumb|110px|right|Jakob Fugger January 14 – Franciabigio, Florentine painter (b. 1482)McKillop Susan Regan Franciabigio 1 January 1974 University of California Press 978-0-520-01688-0 252 https://books.google.com/books?id=uNm7EZ6gv90C&q=%20%2224%20january%201525%22 2 August 2023 en February 24 (in action at the Battle of Pavia) Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet, French soldier (b. c. 1488)Sulte Benjamin Mélanges historiques: études éparses et inédites de Benjamin Sulte 1919 G. Ducharme 32 https://books.google.com/books?id=L69ziBU3KjcC&dq=Guillaume+Gouffier+%2224+f%C3%A9vrier+1525%22&pg=PA32 2 August 2023 frHerbst Wilhelm Encyklopädie der Neueren Geschichte: in Verbindung mit namhaften deutschen und außerdeutschen Historikern. Aachen-Duttlingen 1881 Friedrich Andreas Perthes Gotha 396 https://books.google.com/books?id=Ww0jRz6DR3wC&dq=Guillaume+Gouffier+%E2%80%9E24.+Februar+1525%E2%80%9C&pg=PA396 2 August 2023 de Jacques de La Palice, French nobleman and military officer (b. 1470)Bulletin de la Société d'émulation du Bourbonnais 1919 Impr. É. Auclaire Moulins 69 https://books.google.com/books?id=L2bNAAAAMAAJ&dq=Jacques+de+La+Palice+%2224+f%C3%A9vrier+1525%22&pg=PA69 2 August 2023 fr Richard de la Pole, last Yorkist claimant to the English throne (b. 1480)Grummitt David A Short History of the Wars of the Roses 20 January 2014 Bloomsbury Publishing 978-0-85772-329-1 182 https://books.google.com/books?id=QsqJDwAAQBAJ&dq=Richard+de+la+Pole+%2224+february+1525%22&pg=PA182 2 August 2023 en Louis II de la Trémoille, French military leader (b. 1460)John Powell Christina J. Moose Rowena Wildin Magill's Guide to Military History: Jap-Pel https://books.google.com/books?id=dRcZAQAAIAAJ 2001 Salem Press 978-0-89356-017-1 873 Bartolomeo Fanfulla, Italian mercenary (b. 1477) René de Brosse, French nobleVAUGEOIS J. F. Gabriel Histoire des antiquités de la ville de l'Aigle et de ses environse 1841 P.E. Bredif 319 https://books.google.com/books?id=T7-pZcz0EqQC&dq=Ren%C3%A9+de+Brosse+%2224+f%C3%A9vrier+1525%22&pg=PA319 2 August 2023 fr February 28 – Cuauhtémoc, last Tlatoani of the Aztec Empire (b. c. 1495)Morris Rosenblum Heroes of Mexico https://books.google.com/books?id=L8I8AAAAYAAJ 1969 Fleet Press Corporation 978-0-8303-0082-2 41 en April 2 or April 3 – Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai, Italian Renaissance man of letters (b. 1475)Rucellai Giovanni Le opere di Giovanni Rucellai 1887 N. Zanichelli lx https://books.google.com/books?id=DXcTAAAAQAAJ&q=%20%223%20aprile%201525%22 2 August 2023 it May 5 – Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (b. 1463)The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature https://books.google.com/books?id=EutTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA741 1890 R. S. Peale & Company 741 May 12 – Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburgian royal (b. 1485)Schilling Johannes Klöster und Mönche in der hessischen Reformation 1997 Gütersloher Verlagshaus 978-3-579-01735-8 30 https://books.google.com/books?id=0UclAQAAIAAJ&dq=Anna+von+Mecklenburg+%2212+mai+1525%22&pg=PA30 2 August 2023 de May 18 – Pietro Pomponazzi, Italian philosopher (b. 1462)Garin Eugenio History of Italian Philosophy 1 January 2008 Brill 978-94-012-0522-1 356 https://brill.com/display/book/9789401205221/B9789401205221-s016.xml 2 August 2023 en ARISTOTELIANISM FROM POMPONAZZI TO CREMONINI May 27 – Thomas Müntzer, German pastor and rebel leader (b. 1489) (executed)Roper Lyndal Martin Luther 16 June 2016 Random House 978-1-4735-4524-3 265 https://books.google.com/books?id=VOraCgAAQBAJ&dq=Thomas+M%C3%BCntzer+%2227+may+1525%22&pg=PA265 2 August 2023 en July 5 – Johann of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Viceroy of Valencia, German noble (b. 1493) July 22 – Richard Wingfield, English diplomat (b. c. 1456)Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 1859 1 Macmillan 275 https://books.google.com/books?id=1KhJAQAAMAAJ&dq=Richard+Wingfield+%2222+july+1525%22&pg=PA275 2 August 2023 en August 4 – Andrea della Robbia, Italian artist (b. 1435)Robbia, Andrea (di Marco) della https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-90000370854 Grove Art Online 2 August 2023 en October 24 – Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre, Knight of Henry VIII of England (b. 1467)Dacre, Thomas, second Baron Dacre of Gilsland https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-50220 2004 29 July 2023 en 10.1093/ref:odnb/50220 November 17 – Eleanor of Viseu, queen of João II of Portugal (b. 1458) December 30 – Jakob Fugger, German banker (b. 1459)Pölnitz Götz von Jakob Fugger: Band 2: Quellen Und Erlauterungen 2 1949 Mohr Siebeck 978-3-16-814572-1 592 https://books.google.com/books?id=9xLfyZ7qB4EC&dq=Jakob+Fugger+%E2%80%9E30.+Dezember+1525%E2%80%9C&pg=PA592 2 August 2023 de probable Jean Lemaire de Belges, Walloon poet and historian (b. 1473)Munn Kathleen Miriam A Contribution to the Study Of Jean Lemaire De Belges 1936 Slatkine 84 https://books.google.com/books?id=f9lrxFU6UH4C&dq=Jean+Lemaire+de+Belges+%221525%22&pg=PA84 2 August 2023 en Anna Bielke, Swedish noble and commander (b. 1490)Anna Eriksdotter (Bielke) https://www.skbl.se/en/article/AnnaBielke skbl.se 2 August 2023 References