1990 Nicaraguan general election

none Nicaragua 1984 Nicaraguan general election 1984 25 February 1990 1996 Nicaraguan general election 1996 yes presidential 86.23% ( 10.81pp) Presidential election Violeta Chamorro 1991.jpg Violeta Chamorro National Opposition Union (Nicaragua, 1990) Virgilio Godoy 777,552 54.74% Felipe González comparece en rueda de prensa con el presidente de Nicaragua. Pool Moncloa. 26 de abril de 1989 (cropped).jpeg Daniel Ortega Sandinista National Liberation Front Sergio Ramírez 579,886 40.82% Elecciones presidenciales de Nicaragua de 1990 - Resultados por departamento.svg Results by department President Daniel Ortega Sandinista National Liberation Front Violeta Chamorro National Opposition Union (Nicaragua, 1990) yes Parliamentary election 90 seats in the National Assembly 46 Violeta Chamorro National Opposition Union (Nicaragua, 1990) New 51 53.88 Daniel Ortega Sandinista National Liberation Front 61 39 40.84 Erick Ramírez PSC #0262AE 0 1 1.57 Moisés Hassan MUR #D21015 New 1 0.99 Elecciones legislativas de Nicaragua de 1990 - Resultados por circunscripción.svg Results by constituency President of the National Assembly Carlos Núñez Sandinista National Liberation Front Miriam Argüello APC–UNO General elections were held in Nicaragua on 25 February 1990 to elect the President and the members of the National Assembly.Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p. 489 978-0-19-928357-6 The result was a victory for the National Opposition Union (UNO), whose presidential candidate Violeta Chamorro surprisingly defeated incumbent president Daniel Ortega of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN). Turnover in Nicaragua; Nicaraguan Opposition Routs Sandinistas: U.S. Pledges Aid, Tied to Orderly Turnover The New York Times https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEFDF173DF934A15751C0A966958260 27 February 1990 Mark A. Uhlig 30 April 2010 Background Sandinistas had held power since the FSLN toppled the Somoza dictatorship in 1979. Daniel Ortega was elected President in 1984. Chamorro was the editor of the country's largest newspaper, La Prensa, which she took over after the assassination of her husband Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal in 1978.Uhlig Mark A. 1990-02-27 Turnover in Nicaragua; Aristocratic Democrat; Violeta Barrios de Chamorro en-US The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/27/world/turnover-in-nicaragua-aristocratic-democrat-violeta-barrios-de-chamorro.html 2021-07-08 0362-4331 A vocal critic of the dictatorship, his murder galvanized support for the Sandinistas against the dictatorship. Following the revolution that overthrew Somoza, Violeta Chamorro initially supported the FSLN government, accepting an invitation to join the Junta of National Reconstruction. However she soon became disenchanted and resigned, returning to the newspaper and becoming a critic of the FSLN government. In 1989 the United States Congress approved $9 million for the promotion of democracy in Nicaragua, of which $2.5 million was set aside for the UNO, in addition to a $5 million grant for the opposition earlier that year.Williams Philip J. 1990 Elections and Democratization in Nicaragua: The 1990 Elections in Perspective https://www.jstor.org/stable/166114 Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 32 4 13–34 10.2307/166114 166114 0022-1937 subscription Beginning in early 1989 the government held a series of talks with the opposition about reforming electoral and media laws. In April 1989 the Electoral Law was reformed, giving the opposition a larger share of public campaign funds, increased access to state run media and permission to receive foreign financing. Campaign January 2023 With a diverse coalition of 14 opposition groups, the UNO mainly campaigned on a promise to end the decades of civil war and instability that wracked the country. While the FSLN was mainly under controversy for their campaign due to their use of violence. Opinion polls Opinion polls leading up to the elections divided along partisan lines, with 10 of 17 polls analyzed in a contemporary study predicting an UNO victory while 7 predicted the Sandinistas would retain power.Bischoping Katherine Schuman Howard Pens and Polls in Nicaragua: An Analysis of the 1990 Pre-election Surveys American Journal of Political Science May 1992 36 2 331–350 10.2307/2111480 2111480 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270277995 3 July 2020 After the Poll Wars – Explaining the Upset Envio http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/2591 March 1990 2017-12-29 2017-04-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20170413155711/http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/2591 dead Results The election was organized by Mariano Fiallos Oyanguren, a law professor and Sandinista who was appointed by the FSLN in 1984 to head the Supreme Electoral Council. He faced party pressure to throw the race, specifically to announce at 19:00 on election night that the results of the first four precincts were four victories for the FSLN.Cid, Amalia del. "Cinco Grandes Fraudes Electorales En La Historia De Nicaragua." https://web.archive.org/web/20201216071049/https://www.laprensa.com.ni/2020/08/16/suplemento/la-prensa-domingo/2709142-cinco-grandes-fraudes-electorales-en-la-historia-de-nicaragua 2020-12-16 La Prensa. August 16, 2020. Instead he chose to read the real results, which split the precincts, with two going to the FSLN and two to the ONU, which went on to win the election. Chamorro was elected with just under 55% of the vote. Antonio Lacayo, a Sandinista supporter who voted for Ortega but ultimately served as a central figure in the Violeta Chamorro administration, said later: "Without Mariano Fiallos [Oyanguren] there would have been no democratic transition in 1990."López Ismael June 29, 2014 El impulsor de la transparencia electoral https://archivo.confidencial.com.ni/articulo/18186/el-impulsor-de-la-transparencia-electoral live 2021-06-20 Confidencial es https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202930/https://archivo.confidencial.com.ni/articulo/18186/el-impulsor-de-la-transparencia-electoral 2021-06-24 President Violeta Chamorro National Opposition Union 777552 Daniel Ortega Sandinista National Liberation Front 579886 Erick Ramírez Beneventes Social Christian Party 16751 #0262AE Moisés Hassán Revolutionary Unity Movement 11136 #D21015 Bonifacio Miranda Bengoechea Workers' Revolutionary Party 8590 #D20910 Isidro Téllez Toruño Marxist–Leninist Popular Action Movement 8115 Fernando Bernabé Agüero Rocha Social Conservative Party 5798 #008E1D Blanca Rojas Echaverry Central American Unionist Party 5065 #752995 Eduardo Molina Palacios Democratic Conservative Party 4500 Rodolfo Robelo Herrera Independent Liberal Party for National Unity 3151 #EE352F 90294 1752088 Nohlen, Sarti National Assembly File:Asamblea Nacional de Nicaragua 1990.svg National Opposition Union 764748 51 Sandinista National Liberation Front 579723 39 Social Christian Party 22218 1 #0262AE Revolutionary Unity Movement 13995 1 #D21015 Workers' Revolutionary Party 10586 0 #D20910 Marxist–Leninist Popular Action Movement 7643 0 Social Conservative Party 6308 0 #008E1D Central American Unionist Party 5565 0 #752995 Democratic Conservative Party 5083 0 Independent Liberal Party for National Unity 3515 0 #EE352F 92723 1752088 Nohlen By region RegionFSLNUNOOtherBoaco24.04%70.70%5.26%Carazo51.62%44.55%3.84%Chinandega41.71%54.26%4.03%Chontales25.48%70.31%4.22%Esteli51.07%44.45%4.47%Granada37.52%58.63%3.85%Jinotega37.44%54.81%7.74%Leon45.67%50.45%3.87%Madriz40.90%54.50%4.59%Managua42.48%53.35%4.17%Masaya41.84%54.65%3.50%Matagalpa35.50%59.27%5.23%Nueva Segovia49.51%46.60%3.89%RAAN39.21%17.02%43.77%RAAS34.37%58.70%6.93%Rio San Juan57.72%39.47%2.81%Rivas45.09%51.56%3.34%Source: Constituency Level Elections Archivehttp://www.electiondataarchive.org/ Constituency-Level Elections Archive (CLEA) www.electiondataarchive.org 2019-03-09 Analysis thumb|Daniel Ortega delivering a speech on February 26, 1990, at the Omar Torrijos Non-Aligned Movement Plaza in Managua, following the previous day's electoral defeat. Possible explanations for the UNO victory include that the Nicaraguan people were disenchanted with the Ortega government, specifically discontentment with the management of the economy and the hostile posture toward the United States, believing the UNO was more likely to bring peace. Additionally, in November 1989, the White House had met with Chamorro on the subject of peace and democracy in Nicaragua and announced that the economic embargo against Nicaragua would end if Chamorro won."Bush Vows to End Embargo if Chamorro Wins", The Washington Post, 9 November 1989 There are also reports of intimidation from the side of the Contras,"The policy of keeping the contras alive ... also has placed in jeopardy the holding of elections by encouraging contra attacks on the electoral process. Thus, while the Bush administration proclaims its support for human rights and free and fair elections in Nicaragua, it persists in sabotaging both." As seen at: "Nicaragua" Human Rights Watch, 1990 with a Canadian observer mission claiming that 42 people were killed by the Contras in "election violence" in October 1989."U.S. trying to disrupt election in Nicaragua, Canadians report" The Toronto Star, 27 October 1989 References Nicaragua Nicaragua Category:Nicaraguan Revolution Category:Elections in Nicaragua Nicaragua General Category:Presidential elections in Nicaragua Category:Daniel Ortega