1961 Soviet nuclear tests

none List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union April 2014 1961 Soviet Union Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Kapustin Yar, Astrakhan; NZ Area A, Chyornaya Guba, Novaya Zemlya, Russia; NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 1961 57 air drop, atmospheric, barge, cruise missile, dry surface, high alt rocket (30–80 km), parachuted, tunnel, underwater 50 MtTNT in 1958 Soviet nuclear tests Soviet Project K nuclear tests 1961 Soviet nuclear tests The Soviet Union's 1961 nuclear test series was a group of 57 nuclear tests conducted in 1961. These tests followed the 1958 Soviet nuclear tests series and preceded the Soviet Project K nuclear tests series. + Soviet Union's 1961 series tests and detonations Name The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known. Date time (UT) Local time zoneTo convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. Historical time zone data obtained from the IANA time zone database.Time Zone Historical Database iana.com http://www.ietf.org/timezones/ 8 March 2014 LocationRough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area. Elevation + height Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together. Delivery,Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.Purpose Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down. DeviceDesignations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed. YieldEstimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie). FalloutRadioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released. References Notes 84 (Joe 75)84 (Joe 75) dmy 1961 9 1 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.4227 77.7231 84 (Joe 75) inline 000940280 m on + 660 m on air drop,weapons development 000160000 16 kt 85 (Joe 76)85 (Joe 76) dmy 1961 9 4 05:00:27 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.45 77.74 85 (Joe 76) inline 001005280 m on + 725 m on air drop,weapons development 000090000 9 kt 86 (Joe 77)86 (Joe 77) dmy 1961 9 5 06:00:05 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.45 77.74 86 (Joe 77) inline 000990280 m on + 710 m on air drop,weapons development 000160000 16 kt 87 (Joe 78)87 (Joe 78) dmy 1961 9 6 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.4 77.8 87 (Joe 78) inline 000965280 m on + 685 m on air drop,weapons development 000011000 1.1 kt Study of weapon effects on radar. 88 Groza (Storm) (Joe 79)88 Groza (Storm) (Joe 79) dmy 1961 9 6 MSK (3 hrs) Launch from Kapustin Yar, Astrakhan 48.56956 45.90346 Launch_88 Groza (Storm) (Joe 79) inline, elv: 0 + 0 m on;Detonation over Kapustin Yar, Astrakhan 48.4 45.8 88 Groza (Storm) (Joe 79) inline 022700N/A + 22.7 km high alt rocket (30–80 km),weapon effect R-12? 000105000 10.5 kt R-5M rocket launch from Kapustin Yar. Probable ABM test. 8989 dmy 1961 9 9 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.378 77.855 89 inline 000280280 m on + 0 dry surface,safety experiment 000003800 380 t 92 (Joe 81)92 (Joe 81) dmy 1961 9 10 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50 78 92 (Joe 81) inline 000180N/A + 180 m on atmospheric,weapons development 000008800 880 t 90 Vozduj (Air) (Joe 80)90 Vozduj (Air) (Joe 80) dmy 1961 9 10 09:00:09.2 MSK (3 hrs) NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73.75 54.3 90 Vozduj (Air) (Joe 80) inline 0020000 + 2000 m on air drop,weapons development 027000000 2.7 Mt Dropped by TU-95 from Olenya AF in the Kola Peninsula. Dropped over Battlefield D-2, near Mityushika Bay. 91 (Joe 82)91 (Joe 82) dmy 1961 9 10 11:00:?? MSK (3 hrs) Launch from NZ Area A, Chyornaya Guba, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 71.61667 52.47833 Launch_91 (Joe 82) inline, elv: 30 + 0 m on;Detonation over NZ Area A, Chyornaya Guba, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 70.7 54.6 91 (Joe 82) inline 000390N/A + 390 m on high alt rocket (30–80 km),weapons development 000120000 12 kt Launched on R-11M. Named "Volga" in one source, not connected with Volga series later on. 9393 dmy 1961 9 11 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.4 77.8 93 inline 000970280 m on + 690 m on air drop,weapons development 000003000 300 t R-12 missile from Novaya Zemlya. 94 Roza1 (Rose) (Joe 83)94 Roza1 (Rose) (Joe 83) dmy 1961 9 12 10:08:15.3 MSK (3 hrs) Launch from Komi, Russia 67.46441 64.30266 Launch_94 Roza1 (Rose) (Joe 83) inline, elv: 0 + 0 m on;Detonation over NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 74.2 52.1 94 Roza1 (Rose) (Joe 83) inline 001190N/A + 1190 m on high alt rocket (30–80 km),weapons development Product 49 TN 011500000 1.2 Mt R-13 launched from Vorkuta Sovietski Air base. Probable ABM test. Airburst over water in Mitushika Bay. 95 (Joe 85)95 (Joe 85) dmy 1961 9 13 MSK (3 hrs) Launch from Kola Peninsula Launch Area (Barents Sea) 70 40 Launch_95 (Joe 85) inline, elv: 0 - 30 m on;Detonation over NZ Area A, Chyornaya Guba, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 70.87 53.33 95 (Joe 85) inline 000250N/A + 250 m on high alt rocket (30–80 km),weapons development 000060000 6 kt Live nuclear tipped missile test, across the sea to land. 96 (Joe 84)96 (Joe 84) dmy 1961 9 13 05:01:55.8 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.45 77.75 96 (Joe 84) inline 000990280 m on + 710 m on air drop,weapons development 000100000 10 kt 9797 dmy 1961 9 14 05:59:59.4 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan 50.35 77.82 97 inline 000280280 m on + 0 dry surface,weapons development 000004000 400 t 98 (Joe 86)98 (Joe 86) dmy 1961 9 14 09:56:16.7 MSK (3 hrs) Launch from Kola Peninsula Launch Area (Barents Sea) 70.5 39.5 Launch_98 (Joe 86) inline, elv: 0 - 30 m on;Detonation over NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 74.6 51.1 98 (Joe 86) inline 001700N/A + 1700 m on high alt rocket (30–80 km),weapons development 012000000 1.2 Mt Kola Sea to Mitskuya Bay, R-13 ballistic missile live test. 99 Roza2 (Rose) (Joe 87)99 Roza2 (Rose) (Joe 87) dmy 1961 9 16 09:08:13.7 MSK (3 hrs) Launch from Komi, Russia 67.46441 64.30266 Launch_99 Roza2 (Rose) (Joe 87) inline, elv: 0 + 0 m on;Detonation over NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73.75 54.3 99 Roza2 (Rose) (Joe 87) inline 001320N/A + 1320 m on high alt rocket (30–80 km),weapons development Product 49 TN 008300000 830 kt Launched on an R-12 rocket from Vorkuta Sovietski Air base. Probable ABM test. One source says launch from Kola. 100 (Joe 88)100 (Joe 88) dmy 1961 9 17 07:00:46.6 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.45 77.75 100 (Joe 88) inline 000975280 m on + 695 m on air drop,weapons development 000210000 21 kt 102102 dmy 1961 9 18 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.378 77.855 102 inline 000281280 m on + 1 m on dry surface,safety experiment 000000040 4 t 103103 dmy 1961 9 18 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.4 77.8 103 inline 000000N/A + atmospheric,weapons development 000007500 750 t 101 (Joe 89)101 (Joe 89) dmy 1961 9 18 07:59:36.8 MSK (3 hrs) NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73.75 54.3 101 (Joe 89) inline 0015000 + 1500 m on air drop,weapons development 010000000 1 Mt Khalturin believes this is a missile test from Chita. 104 (Joe 90)104 (Joe 90) dmy 1961 9 19 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan 50.3782 77.8373 104 (Joe 90) inline 000280280 m on + 0 dry surface,safety experiment 000000300 30 t 105105 dmy 1961 9 20 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.4 77.8 105 inline 000560280 m on + 280 m on air drop,weapons development 000048000 4.8 kt 106 Volga1 (Joe 91)106 Volga1 (Joe 91) dmy 1961 9 20 08:12:12 MSK (3 hrs) Launch from NZ Area A, Chyornaya Guba, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 71.61667 52.47833 Launch_106 Volga1 (Joe 91) inline, elv: 30 + 0 m on;Detonation over NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73.52 54.3 106 Volga1 (Joe 91) inline 001600N/A + 1600 m on high alt rocket (30–80 km),weapons development 015000000 1.5 Mt Launched on R-11M rocket launched from Rogachevo airbase in the NTR. Probable ABM test. 107 (Joe 92)107 (Joe 92) dmy 1961 9 21 14:01:01.6 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.4277 77.7231 107 (Joe 92) inline 000390280 m on + 110 m on air drop,weapons development 000008000 800 t 108 Volga2 (Joe 93)108 Volga2 (Joe 93) dmy 1961 9 22 08:11:00 MSK (3 hrs) Launch from NZ Area A, Chyornaya Guba, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 71.61667 52.47833 Launch_108 Volga2 (Joe 93) inline, elv: 30 + 0 m on;Detonation over NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73.52 54.3 108 Volga2 (Joe 93) inline 001300N/A + 1300 m on high alt rocket (30–80 km),weapons development 002600000 260 kt Launched on R-11M rocket launched from Rogachevo airbase in the NTR. Probable ABM test. 109109 dmy 1961 9 26 07:01:19.8 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.45 77.75 109 inline 000945280 m on + 665 m on air drop,weapons development 000012000 1.2 kt 110110 dmy 1961 10 1 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.4 77.8 110 inline 000980280 m on + 700 m on air drop,weapons development 000030000 3 kt 111 (Joe 94)111 (Joe 94) dmy 1961 10 2 10:30:50 MSK (3 hrs) NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 73.92 54.55 111 (Joe 94) inline 0015000 + 1500 m on air drop,weapons development 002500000 250 kt 112 (Joe 95)112 (Joe 95) dmy 1961 10 4 07:01:19.9 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.45 77.75 112 (Joe 95) inline 000885280 m on + 605 m on air drop,weapons development 000130000 13 kt 113 (Joe 96)113 (Joe 96) dmy 1961 10 4 07:30:54.8 MSK (3 hrs) NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73.75 54.3 113 (Joe 96) inline 0021000 + 2100 m on air drop,weapons development 030000000 3 Mt Some sources (Khalturin) believe this was an ICBM test launched from Chita. 115 Grom (Thunder) (Joe 98)115 Grom (Thunder) (Joe 98) dmy 1961 10 6 MSK (3 hrs) Launch from Kapustin Yar, Astrakhan 48.56956 45.90346 Launch_115 Grom (Thunder) (Joe 98) inline, elv: 0 + 0 m on;Detonation over Kapustin Yar, Astrakhan 48.45 44.3 115 Grom (Thunder) (Joe 98) inline 041300N/A + 41.3 km high alt rocket (30–80 km),weapon effect 000400000 40 kt Rocket launched from Kapustin Yar, to exlode above West Kazakhstan. Probable ABM test. 114 (Joe 97)114 (Joe 97) dmy 1961 10 6 07:00:12.2 MSK (3 hrs) NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 74.3 51.6 114 (Joe 97) inline 0027000 + 2700 m on air drop,weapons development 040000000 4 Mt 116 (Joe 99)116 (Joe 99) dmy 1961 10 8 MSK (3 hrs) Launch from Kola Peninsula Launch Area (Barents Sea) 70.63 54.02 Launch_116 (Joe 99) inline, elv: 0 + 20 m on;Detonation over NZ Area A, Chyornaya Guba, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 70.7 54.6 116 (Joe 99) inline 00148030 m on + 1450 m on cruise missile,weapons development KSR-2 warhead 000150000 15 kt KSR-2 air-to-ship cruise missile. No information on launcher, all that is a guess. 117 (Joe 100)117 (Joe 100) dmy 1961 10 11 07:39:59.9 ALMT (6 hrs) Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: V-1 49.76986 77.9833 117 (Joe 100) inline 000724724 m on + tunnel,fundamental science 000010000 1 kt First Soviet underground test. 118 (Joe 101)118 (Joe 101) dmy 1961 10 12 05:31:03.6 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.45 77.75 118 (Joe 101) inline 000950280 m on + 670 m on air drop,weapons development 000150000 15 kt 119 (Joe 102)119 (Joe 102) dmy 1961 10 17 07:00:00.8 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.45 77.75 119 (Joe 102) inline 000785280 m on + 505 m on air drop,weapons development 000066000 6.6 kt 120 (Joe 103)120 (Joe 103) dmy 1961 10 19 05:30:42.6 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.45 77.75 120 (Joe 103) inline 000990280 m on + 710 m on air drop,weapons development 000100000 10 kt 121 Raduga (Rainbow) (Joe 104?)121 Raduga (Rainbow) (Joe 104?) dmy 1961 10 20 08:07:02.0 MSK (3 hrs) Launch from Kola Peninsula Launch Area (Barents Sea) 71 39 Launch_121 Raduga (Rainbow) (Joe 104?) inline, elv: 0 - 30 m on;Detonation over NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 73.87 54.35 121 Raduga (Rainbow) (Joe 104?) inline 000530N/A + 530 m on high alt rocket (30–80 km),weapons development R-13 warhead? 014500000 1.5 Mt An R-13 rocket fired from a submarine in the Barents Sea towards Novaya Zemlya. 122 Korall 1 (Coral) (Joe 107)122 Korall 1 (Coral) (Joe 107) dmy 1961 10 23 08:31:22.1 MSK (3 hrs) NZ Area A, Chyornaya Guba, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 70.703 54.6 122 Korall 1 (Coral) (Joe 107) inline 000000-33 m on – 25 m on underwater,weapon effect RDS-9 000048000 4.8 kt Nuclear torpedo, fired by B–130 by Captain Rank 3 NA Shumkov in Chornaya Bay, ran underwater for 12.5 km distance. 123 (Joe 106)123 (Joe 106) dmy 1961 10 23 10:30:47.0 MSK (3 hrs) NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73.75 54.3 123 (Joe 106) inline 0035000 + 3500 m on air drop,weapons development 125000000 12.5 Mt 125125 dmy 1961 10 25 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.4 77.8 125 inline 000780280 m on + 500 m on air drop,fundamental science 000005000 500 t 124 (Joe 108)124 (Joe 108) dmy 1961 10 25 08:31:05 MSK (3 hrs) NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73.75 54.3 124 (Joe 108) inline 0014500 + 1450 m on air drop,weapons development 003000000 300 kt 126 Korall 2 (Coral) (Joe 110)126 Korall 2 (Coral) (Joe 110) dmy 1961 10 27 08:30:27.6 MSK (3 hrs) NZ Area A, Chyornaya Guba, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 70.74179 54.60959 126 Korall 2 (Coral) (Joe 110) inline 000000-1 m on + 1 m on barge,weapon effect RDS-9 000160000 16 kt Test of nuclear torpedo, fired by B–130 by Captain Rank 3 N.A. Shumkov in Chornaya Bay, ran underwater for 11 km on distance, then broached and exploded just above the target. 129129 dmy 1961 10 30 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.4 77.8 129 inline 000750280 m on + 470 m on air drop,weapons development 000000900 90 t 130 Tsar Bomba (Joe 111)130 Tsar Bomba (Joe 111) dmy 1961 10 30 08:33:27.8 MSK (3 hrs) NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73.85 54.5 130 Tsar Bomba (Joe 111) inline 0040000 + 4000 m on parachuted,weapons development RDS-220 500000000 50 Mt Largest man-made detonation ever. Cleanest weapon ever tested; 97% energy from fusion. Full yield degraded by at least half. Dropped from a heavily modified Tu-95 Bear bomber, pilot A. E. Durnovtsev. One injury on ground. 131 (Joe 112)131 (Joe 112) dmy 1961 10 31 08:29:17.2 MSK (3 hrs) NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 73.53 58.92 131 (Joe 112) inline 0022000 + 2200 m on air drop,weapons development 050000000 5 Mt 132 (Joe 113)132 (Joe 113) dmy 1961 10 31 08:38:?? MSK (3 hrs) NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 74.6 59.4 132 (Joe 113) inline 0015300 + 1530 m on air drop,weapons development 004000000 400 kt 133 (Joe 114)133 (Joe 114) dmy 1961 11 1 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.4277 77.7231 133 (Joe 114) inline 000755280 m on + 475 m on air drop,weapons development 000027000 2.7 kt 135 (Joe 116)135 (Joe 116) dmy 1961 11 2 MSK (3 hrs) NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 75.2 57.5 135 (Joe 116) inline 0015000 + 1500 m on air drop,weapons development 002800000 280 kt 136136 dmy 1961 11 2 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.4 77.8 136 inline 000925280 m on + 645 m on air drop,weapons development 000006000 600 t 134 (Joe 115)134 (Joe 115) dmy 1961 11 2 08:41:?? MSK (3 hrs) NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 74.6 55.4 134 (Joe 115) inline 0014000 + 1400 m on air drop,weapons development 001200000 120 kt 137137 dmy 1961 11 3 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.378 77.855 137 inline 000280280 m on + 0 dry surface,safety experiment 000000000 less than 0.001 kt 138 (Joe 117)138 (Joe 117) dmy 1961 11 3 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.4 77.8 138 (Joe 117) inline 000915280 m on + 635 m on air drop,weapons development 000009000 900 t 139 (Joe 118)139 (Joe 118) dmy 1961 11 4 MSK (3 hrs) NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 73.3 56.6 139 (Joe 118) inline 0017700 + 1770 m on air drop,weapons development 000150000 15 kt 141141 dmy 1961 11 4 MSK (3 hrs) NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73 55 141 inline 0022400 + 2240 m on air drop,weapons development 000060000 6 kt 142142 dmy 1961 11 4 ALMT (6 hrs) Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50.378 77.855 142 inline 000280280 m on + 0 dry surface,weapons development 000002000 200 t 140 (Joe 119)140 (Joe 119) dmy 1961 11 4 07:20:19.7 MSK (3 hrs) NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 73.6 56.8 140 (Joe 119) inline 0017500 + 1750 m on air drop,weapons development 015000000 1.5 Mt Notes note References RFNC-VNIIEF 1996 USSR Nuclear Weapons Tests and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions 1949 through 1990 Sarov, Russia The official Russian list of Soviet tests. Podvig Pavel 2001 Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces MIT Press Cambridge, MA 9780262661812 https://books.google.com/books?id=CPRVbYDc-7kC&pg=PA453 9 January 2014 Cochran Thomas B. Arkin William M. Robert S. Norris Jeffrey I. Sands Nuclear Weapons Databook Vol. IV: Soviet Nuclear Weapons Harper and Row New York, NY Nuclear explosions in the USSR: The North Test Site reference material, version 4 1 December 2004 IAEA Dept. of Nuclear Safety and Security http://www-ns.iaea.org/downloads/rw/waste-safety/north-test-site-final.pdf 13 December 2013 Central Intelligence Agency National Intelligence Estimate 11-2A-62 http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000843187.pdf Soviet Atomic Energy Program 12 August 2014 16 May 1962 Yang Xiaoping Robert North Carl Romney August 2000 CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3) SMDC Monitoring Research Andrushkin Vitaly V. William Leith 1 September 2001 The containment of Soviet underground nuclear explosions USGS Open File Report 01-312 https://geology.er.usgs.gov/eespteam/pdf/USGSOFR01312.pdf 13 December 2013 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20130509080818/http://geology.er.usgs.gov/eespteam/pdf/USGSOFR01312.pdf 9 May 2013 RFNC-VNIIEF 1998 USSR Nuclear Tests, Hydronuclear Experiments, Plutonium Inventory Sarov, Russia Emanuelson Jerry Test 184 http://www.futurescience.com/emp/test184.html 13 December 2013 Stevens Jeffry L. David A. Adams G. Eli Baker Heming Xu John R. Murphy Igor Divnor V. N. Bourchik Ivan Kitov Infrasound scaling and attenuation relations from Soviet explosion data and instrument design criteria from experiments and simulations 21st Seismic Research Symposium https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253114871_INFRASOUND_SCALING_AND_ATTENUATION_RELATIONS_FROM_SOVIET_EXPLOSION_DATA_AND_INSTRUMENT_DESIGN_CRITERIA_FROM_EXPERIMENTS_AND_SIMULATIONS Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of Defense Washington, DC Operation Argus, 1958 DNA6039F http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112075683737;view=1up;seq=11 26 November 2013 http://www.sonicbomb.com/modules.php?name=Forums&file=viewtopic&t=1627 Early testing at Novaya Zemlya based on: http://wsyachina.narod.ru/history/testing_ground_25.html Боевые стрельбы с ядерными взрывами > История > "Всякая всячина" — Библиотечка разных статей 2011-01-22 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20101231080707/http://wsyachina.narod.ru/history/testing_ground_25.html 31 December 2010 , http://flot.com/history/events/nucleararchipelago.htm and http://www.proatom.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2312 Penkovskiy Oleg 1965 The Penkovskiy Papers Doubleday and Co. Garden City, NY Crampin Stuart 1966 Higher-mode seismic surface waves from atmospheric nuclear explosions over Novaya Zemlya 10.1029/jz071i012p02951 Journal of Geophysical Research 71 12 2951–2958 1966JGR....71.2951C Lester Machta Machta L. List R. J. K. Telegadas 1962 A survey of radioactive fallout from nuclear tests 10.1029/jz067i004p01389 Journal of Geophysical Research 67 4 1389–1400 1962JGR....67.1389M Science and Global Security 13 1 10.1080/08929880590961862 A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya Zemlya, 1955--1990 Vitaly I. Khalturin Tatyana G. Rautian Paul G. Richards William S. Leith http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~richards/my_papers/khalturin_NZ_1-42%20.pdf 12 August 2014 10 April 2004 1–42 2005S&GS...13....1K 122069080 Stevens J. L. I. I. Divnov D. A. Adams J. R. Murphy V. N. Bourchik 2002 10.1007/s00024-002-8672-4 Constraints on infrasound scaling and attenuation relations from Soviet explosion data Pure and Applied Geophysics 159 5 1045–1062 2002PApGe.159.1045S 140136024 Khalturin Vitaly I. Tatyana G. Rautian Paul G. Richards 2000 10.1007/pl00001153 Chemical explosions during 1961-1989 on the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan Pure and Applied Geophysics 158 143–171 128953780 http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/sgt/vitaly/VIKh_papers/chemex_at_STS2000.pdf 13 December 2013 4 March 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120004/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/sgt/vitaly/VIKh_papers/chemex_at_STS2000.pdf dead Weir Gary E. Walter J. Boyne 2003 Rising Tide: The Untold Story of the Russian Submarines that Fought the Cold War https://archive.org/details/risingtideuntold00weir_0 registration Basic Books New York, NY 9780465091126 Eneva Mariana Jeffry L. Stevens Jack Murphy Boris D. Khristoforov Effect of charge depth in Russian hydroacoustic data from nuclear and HE explosions 22nd Seismic Research Review https://www.nemre.nnsa.doe.gov/prod/researchreview/2000/05/0503.pdf 20 January 2013February 2019 InternetArchiveBot yes Zaloga Steven J. 2002 The Kremlin's Nuclear Sword: The Rise and Fall of Russia's Strategic Nuclear Forces, 1945-2000 Smithsonian Institution Press Washington, DC 1961 Category:1961 in the Soviet Union Category:1961 in military history Category:1961 explosions