1919 Norfolk race riot

1919 Norfolk race riot Red Summer Six shot in race riots at Norfolk.png 300px July US News coverage of the July 12, 1919, race riots in Norfolk Norfolk, Virginia, United States July 21, 1919 2McWhirter 2011 105 Dozens wounded The 1919 Norfolk race riot occurred on July 21, 1919, when a homecoming celebration for African American veterans of World War I was attacked in Norfolk, Virginia. At least two people were killed and six people were shot. City officials called in Marines and Navy personnel to restore order. Background thumb|African-American troops in France, c. 1917–19 World War I ended with the signing of the Armistice of November 11, 1918. Though the fighting stopped, the war's potential to resume still existed and peace was only reached when representatives of Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The United States entered the war after it had been raging for years. When it did send men to the fronts of Europe, the U.S. armed forces remained segregated, with all-black and all-white units. Despite the segregation, many African Americans still volunteered to join the Allied war effort. By the time of the armistice with Germany, more than 350,000 African Americans had joined the military and risked their lives to serve with the American Expeditionary Force on the Western Front.Gilmore 2007 In days prior to the riot, tensions were inflamed when civil unrest broke out in the nearby Washington Race Riot. Dozens were killed and even more injured in that riot.Evening star 1919b 2 Incident In July 1919, residents of Norfolk, Virginia, planned a week-long celebration to honor the return of black troops to their city.McWhirter 2011 105 During the celebration, it was alleged that a fight broke out between African Americans attending the event. White police moved in to make arrests, which sparked a riot that quickly spread to the black neighborhoods of the city.The Washington Times 1919 3 Alarmed, the city authorities called in police reserves and requested help from the navy. The naval base armed 100 sailors and 18 marines, and sent them into the fray to restore order. The clashes between whites and blacks that day resulted in two deaths and several injuries. Police officers C.H. Sheldon and B.C. Vick were shot in the foot and the leg, respectively.Evening star 1919 5 Aftermath Red Summer The uprising in Norfolk was one of several incidents of civil unrest that are now known as the American Red Summer of 1919. Attacks on black communities and white oppression spread to more than three dozen cities and counties. In most cases, white mobs attacked African American neighborhoods. In some cases, black community groups resisted the attacks, especially in Chicago and Washington, D.C. Most deaths occurred in rural areas during events like the Elaine massacre in Arkansas, where an estimated 100 to 240 blacks and 5 whites were killed. Other major events of Red Summer were the Chicago race riot and Washington D.C. Race Riot, which caused 38 and 39 deaths, respectively. Both riots had many more non-fatal injuries and extensive property damage reaching up into the millions of dollars.The New York Times 1919 See also Washington race riot of 1919 Mass racial violence in the United States List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Bibliography Notes 20em References Six Shot In Race Riot at Norfolk Evening star The Washington Star https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1919-07-22/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=07%2F21%2F1919&index=3&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=NORFOLK+riot&proxdistance=5&date2=07%2F26%2F1919&ortext=Norfolk+riot+&proxtext=&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 Crosby Stuart Noyes, Samuel H. Kauffmann and George Adams July 22, 1919 July 5, 2019 Presence of soldiers in city helps to keep down rioting Evening star The Washington Star https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1919-07-23/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=07%2F21%2F1919&index=6&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=Norfolk+NORFOLK+RIOT+riot+RIOTING+rioting+riots&proxdistance=5&date2=07%2F26%2F1919&ortext=Norfolk+riot+&proxtext=&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 Crosby Stuart Noyes, Samuel H. Kauffmann and George Adams July 23, 1919b July 5, 2019 Gilmore Gerry J. February 2, 2007 https://www.army.mil/article/1681/african_americans_continue_tradition_of_distinguished_service African-Americans Continue Tradition of Distinguished Service United States Army July 5, 2019 McWhirter Cameron Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America 2011 Henry Holt and Company 9781429972932 - Total pages: 368 For Action on Race Riot Peril The New York Times The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1919/10/05/archives/for-action-on-race-riot-peril-radical-propaganda-among-negroes.html The New York Times 1553-8095 1645522 October 5, 1919 July 5, 2019 Six Shot In Race Riot at Norfolk The Washington Times Washington Times (1894–1939) https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1919-07-22/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=07%2F21%2F1919&index=2&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=NORFOLK+riot+Riot+Rioting+rioting+riots+Riots&proxdistance=5&date2=07%2F26%2F1919&ortext=Norfolk+riot+&proxtext=&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 The Washington Times Charles G. Conn July 22, 1919 July 5, 2019 Norfolk race riot Category:History of Norfolk, Virginia Category:African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement Norfolk race riot Category:Riots and civil disorder in Virginia Norfolk race riot Category:African-American history of Virginia Category:Racially motivated violence against African Americans in Virginia Category:White American riots in the United States Category:White nationalism in Virginia