1900

1900 March 2011 1900 border:none;b 3/3/3 Seeking valuables in the wreckage, Galveston, Texas.jpg Siege of Peking, Boxer Rebellion.jpg Marathon des JO de Paris 1900, arrivée du concurrent 21.jpg Vue panoramique de l'exposition universelle de 1900.jpg Russian troops storming Beijing gates 1900 (cropped).gif Thanksgiving Day Disaster (cropped).jpg First Zeppelin ascent.jpg Paget - British troops observe the Boer laager at Paardeberg, 1900.jpg Bresci killing.jpg 350 From top to bottom, left to right: The Galveston hurricane devastates Texas, killing about 8,000 people; The Siege of the International Legations becomes the climax of the Boxer Rebellion; The 1900 Summer Olympics are held in Paris; The Exposition Universelle showcases innovation in Paris; The Russian invasion of Manchuria heightens tensions in East Asia; The Thanksgiving Day Disaster kills 23 during San Francisco's Big Game; The Zeppelin LZ 1 makes its first flight; The Battle of Paardeberg marks a major Second Boer War victory; Umberto I of Italy is assassinated. 1900 As of March 1 (O.S. February 17), when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day farther behind, bringing the difference to 13 days until February 28 (O.S. February 15), 2100. Summary Political and military The year 1900 was the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Two days into the new year, the U.S. Secretary of State John Hay announced the Open Door Policy regarding China, advocating for equal access for all nations to the Chinese market. The Galveston hurricane would become the deadliest natural disaster in United States history, killing between 6,000 and 12,000 people, mostly in and near Galveston, Texas, as well as leaving 10,000 people homeless, destroying 7,000 buildings of all kinds in Galveston. As of 2025, it remains the fourth deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record. An ongoing Boxer Rebellion in China escalates with multiple attacks by the Boxers on Chinese and European civilians, killing hundreds; the rebellion would progress with the Russian Empire's invasion of Manchuria and the Battle of Peking (1900). During the Scramble for Africa, the Battle of Kousséri would see French forces secure their domination of Chad, which would become a French colony. Britain would annex the South African Republic and the Orange Free State in Southern Africa, becoming the Orange River Colony until 1910. For Britain, developments such as the Battle of Platrand, Battle of Spion Kop and the Battle of Paardeberg in the Second Boer War highlighted the harsh nature of Boer guerrilla tactics. The British Labour Party was founded in 1900, emerging out of the Labour movement and socialist parties of the 19th century; it would go on to become a major political force in Britain after the First World War. The Federation of Australia is enacted, marking the unification of its colonies into a single country. Science Four main scientific discoveries were achieved in the year 1900: Max Planck formulates Planck's law of black-body radiation, marking the birth of modern quantum mechanics, which would revolutionize humanity's understanding of the universe, leading to groundbreaking discoveries in technology, energy, and the fabric of reality itself. Botanist Hugo de Vries would rediscover Mendel's laws of heredity, laying the foundation for the field of genetics. The ABO blood group system, which becomes fundamental in transfusion medicine is discovered by Karl Landsteiner, saving countless numbers of lives across the globe. Gamma Rays are discovered by French physicist Paul Villard, while studying uranium decay, unveiling the mystery of the universe's most powerful phenomena and marking an important advancement in nuclear physics. Cultural and artistic Giacomo Puccini's opera Tosca premiers, one of the most frequently performed operas worldwide, a melodramatic piece set in Rome in June 1800, with the Kingdom of Naples's control of Rome threatened by Napoleon's invasion of Italy. It contains depictions of torture, murder, and suicide, as well as some of Puccini's best-known lyrical arias.1900 L. Frank Baum, an American author, publishes The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, a cornerstone of American children's literature, marking the first book of the Oz series. Miscellaneous The U.S. Senate accepts the British-German Treaty of 1899 on January 14. This formally ended U.S. claims to the Samoan Islands. The U.S.-UK Treaty for a Central American Canal would be signed on February 5. While the initial plan for a Nicaraguan canal did not materialize, this treaty laid the groundwork for the construction of the Panama Canal, a project of immense geopolitical and economic importance. The year 1900 also marked the Year of the Rat on the Chinese calendar. 2 Events thumb|358x358px|The world in the year 1900 January January 1900 thumb|right|200px|Boxer soldiers c. January – The first Michelin Guide is published for French motorists.https://www.oldclassiccar.co.uk/guide-michelin-1900.htm Guide Michelin 1900 First edition Old Classic Car 2025-05-23 May 23, 2025 https://web.archive.org/web/20250523213712/https://www.oldclassiccar.co.uk/guide-michelin-1900.htm dead January 2 – U.S. Secretary of State John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote American trade with China. January 6 – Second Boer War: Boers attempt to end the Siege of Ladysmith, which leads to the Battle of Platrand. January 14 Puccini's opera Tosca premieres in Rome.KGaA (www.bertelsmann.com) Bertelsmann SE & Co Rome Celebrates 125 Years Of 'Tosca' - Bertelsmann SE & Co. KGaA https://www.bertelsmann.com/corporate-responsibility/engagement/project/rome-celebrates-125-years-of-tosca.jsp 2025-07-27 www.bertelsmann.com en The U.S. Senate accepts the British-German Treaty of 1899, in which the United Kingdom renounces its claims to the American Samoa portion of the Samoan Islands. thumb|Second Boer War: Boers at Spion Kop January 24 – Second Boer War: Battle of Spion Kop – Boer troops defeat the British Army. January 27 – Boxer Rebellion: Foreign diplomats in Peking, Qing dynasty China, demand that the Boxer rebels (who oppose foreign interests in the country) be disciplined. January 31 – Datu Muhammad Salleh, leader of the Mat Salleh Rebellion in North Borneo, is shot dead in Tambunan. February February 1900 thumb|200px|Plaque recording the location of the formation of the British Labour Party in 1900. February 5 – The United Kingdom and the United States sign a treaty for the building of a Central American shipping canal across Central America in Nicaragua. February 6 – The International Arbitration Court at The Hague is created, when the Netherlands' Senate ratifies an 1899 peace conference decree. February 8 – Second Boer War: British troops defeat the Boers at Ladysmith, South Africa. February 15 – Second Boer War: The Siege of Kimberley is lifted. February 16 – The British-sponsored Southern Cross Expedition led by Carsten Borchgrevink achieves a new Farthest South of 78° 50'S, making the first landing at the Great Ice Barrier. Hugh Robert Mill Mill Hugh Robert The Siege of the South Pole Alston Rivers London 1905 402 February 17 – Second Boer War: Battle of Paardeberg – British troops defeat the Boers. February 27 The British Labour Party is officially established, at a meeting in the Congregational Memorial Hall in London,Flett Keith The Labour Party: a complicated birth https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/labour-party-complicated-birth 2025-09-14 Morning Star en and Ramsay MacDonald is appointed as its first secretary. Second Boer War: British military leaders accept the unconditional notice of surrender from Boer General Piet Cronjé. FC Bayern, Germany's most successful football club, is founded in Munich. March March 1900 March 5 – Two U.S. Navy cruisers are sent to Central America to protect American interests in a dispute between Nicaragua and Costa Rica. March 6 – A coal mine explosion in West Virginia, United States, kills 50 miners. March 14 – Botanist Hugo de Vries rediscovers Mendel's laws of heredity. March 16 – British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans purchases the land on Crete on which the ruins of the Palace of Knossos stand. He begins to unearth some of the palace three days later. March 20 — Thomas Lambert received a patent for the first indestructible type of cylinder records. March 23 – Karl Landsteiner first reports his discovery of an accurate means for classifying a system of blood type, which will universally be referred to as the ABO blood group systemLandsteiner, Karl (1900). "Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe". Zbl f. Bakt. 27:357–362 (issue of March 23, 1900) and for which he will be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930. April April 1900 thumb|right|115px|Exposition Universelle view in Paris April 14 – The Exposition Universelle, a world's fair, opens in Paris. April 22 – Battle of Kousséri: French forces secure their domination of Chad. Warlord Rabih az-Zubayr is defeated and killed. April 30 – Casey Jones dies in fatal train accident after his locomotive, No. 382, plows into the caboose and two fully loaded boxcars of corn and hay of locomotive No. 83. May May 1900 May – American explorer Robert Peary is the first person to sight Kaffeklubben Island.The Canadian Surveyor Canadian Institute of Surveying and Mapping 1970 150 May 1 – Scofield Mine disaster: An explosion of blasting powder in a coal mine in Scofield, Utah, kills 200 people. May 14 – The second Olympic Games, Paris 1900, open (as part of the Paris World Exhibition). May 17 Second Boer War: The British Army relieves the Siege of Mafeking. Boxer Rebellion: Boxers destroy three villages near Peking and kill 60 Chinese Christians. L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is published in Chicago, the first of Baum's Oz books, chronicling the fictional Land of Oz for children. May 18 – The United Kingdom proclaims a protectorate over Tonga.Minnerop Petra Wolfrum Rüdiger Lachenmann Frauke International Development Law: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law 2019 Oxford University Press 978-0-19-883509-7 784 https://books.google.com/books?id=HiKQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA784 en May 21 – The Chinese province of Manchuria is invaded by the Russian Empire. May 24 – Second Boer War: The British annex the Orange Free State, as the Orange River Colony. May 28 – Boxer Rebellion: Boxers attack Belgians in the Fengtai railway station. May 29 – N'Djamena, the capital city of Chad, is founded as Fort-Lamy by French commander Émile Gentil. May 31 – Boxer Rebellion: Peacekeepers from various European countries arrive in China, where they eventually unite with Japanese forces. June June 1900 June 5 – Second Boer War: British soldiers take Pretoria. June 11 – 1899–1900 peasant unrest in Bulgaria starts to turn passive.Hristov Hristo 1962 Селските вълнения и бунтове 1899–1900 Peasant Disturbances and Rebellions 1899–1900 https://chitanka.info/text/29695-selskite-vylnenija-i-buntove-1899-1900.epub epub bg Izdatelstvo na Natsionalnia Savet na Otechestvenia Front chitanka.info June 14 – The Reichstag approves the second of the German Naval Laws allowing expansion of the Imperial German Navy. June 17 – Boxer Rebellion: Battle of Dagu Forts – Naval forces of the Eight-Nation Alliance capture the Taku Forts, on the Hai River estuary in China. June 20 – Boxer Rebellion: Boxers gather about 20,000 people near Peking, and kill hundreds of European citizens, including the German ambassador. June 25 – Taoist monk Wang Yuanlu discovers the Dunhuang manuscripts, a cache of ancient texts that are of great historical and religious significance, in the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang, China, where they have been sealed since the early 11th century. June 30 – Hoboken Docks fire: A wharf fire at the docks in Hoboken, New Jersey, spreads to German passenger ships Saale 2, Main 1900 2 and Bremen 1896 2. The fire engulfs the adjacent piers and nearby ships, killing 326 people. July July 1900 thumbnail|July 2: First successful rigid airship flight by Zeppelin LZ 1 thumb|150px|July 9: Federation of Australia enacted. July 1 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria makes a morganatic marriage with Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg. July 2 – The first zeppelin airship flight, by Zeppelin LZ 1, is carried out over Lake Constance, near Friedrichshafen, Germany. July 9 – The Federation of Australia is enacted, marking the unification of its colonies into a single country. July 12 – The new German cruise liner SS Deutschland breaks the record for the Blue Riband on her maiden transatlantic voyage with an average speed of 22.4 kn km/h. July 19 – The first line of the Paris Metro opens. July 23 – 25 – The First Pan-African Conference is held in London. July 29 – King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by Italian-born anarchist Gaetano Bresci in Monza. August August 1900 August 14 – Boxer Rebellion: An international contingent of troops, under British command, invades Peking and frees the European hostages. September September 1900 September 8 – The 1900 Galveston hurricane, killing around 8,000 people. It is the deadliest hurricane in U.S. history. September 12 – Admiral Fredrik von Otter becomes Prime Minister of Sweden. September 13 – Philippine–American War: Battle of Pulang Lupa – Filipino troops under Maximo Abad defeat a detachment of American soldiers. September 17 – Philippine–American War: Battle of Mabitac – Filipinos under Juan Cailles defeat the Americans. October October 1900 October 9 – The Cook Islands become a territory of the United Kingdom. October 19 – Max Planck first states Planck's law of black-body radiation to a meeting of the German Physical Society in Berlin, marking the birth of modern quantum mechanics.Gamow Max Thirty Years that Shook Physics Dover Publications 978-0486248950 1985 He restates it on December 14. October 24 – 1900 United Kingdom general election: voting concludes with the Unionists led by the Marquess of Salisbury re-elected. October 25 – The United Kingdom annexes the Transvaal. November November 1900 November 6 – 1900 United States presidential election: Republican incumbent William McKinley is re-elected by defeating Democratic challenger William Jennings Bryan in a rematch. November 7 – 1900 Canadian federal election: Liberal incumbent Sir Wilfrid Laurier is reelected by defeating Conservative leader Sir Charles Tupper again after having done that in the 1896 Canadian federal election. November 29 – Herbert Kitchener succeeds Frederick Roberts as commander-in-chief of the British forces in South Africa and implements a scorched earth strategy.Pakenham Thomas The Boer War Jonathan Ball Publishers 1979 978-0868500461 December December 1900 December 5 – The final Anglo-Ashanti War, "War of the Golden Stool", is declared over. Most of the British troops and Governor James Willcocks depart the city of Kumasi. December 14 – History of quantum mechanics: Max Planck presents his groundbreaking paper on quantum theory to the German Physical Society in Berlin. December 16 – The German training frigate Gneisenau, with 450 naval cadets on board, sinks in a storm during exercises off of the Spanish coast at Málaga, drowning 136. December 17 – The Prix Guzman, first and only prize ever offered for communication with extraterrestrial life, is announced in Paris. A prize of 100,000 francs is provided, except for communication with Mars, which is considered too easy. December 19 – Hopetoun Blunder: The first Governor-General of Australia, John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun, appoints Sir William Lyne premier of the new state of New South Wales, but he is unable to persuade other colonial politicians to join his government, and is forced to resign. December 23 – Reginald Fessenden makes the first use of amplitude modulation (the basis for AM radio) for wireless transmission of the human voice, from Cobb Island (Maryland). December 24 – Boxer Rebellion Demands: The foreign powers present their 12 conditions for reform to the Chinese Imperial government, including the payment of a large indemnity. December 28 – The first steel produced by electrometallurgy (from an electric furnace) is delivered. Births Births yes January thumb|100px|Chiune Sugihara thumb|100px|Queen Maria of Yugoslavia thumb|100px|Hyman G. Rickover January 1 Xavier Cugat, Spanish-born Cuban bandleader (d. 1990) Roberts John The Latin tinge : the impact of Latin American music on the United States Oxford University Press New York 1999 9780195121018 59 Chiune Sugihara, Japanese diplomat and humanitarian (d. 1986)http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/saviors/others/sempo-quot-chiune-quot-914/ Sempo "Chiune" Sugihara, Japanese Savior The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation 2017-10-23 en-US April 21, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130421045129/http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/saviors/others/sempo-quot-chiune-quot-914/ dead January 2 – William Haines, American actor (d. 1973) January 3 – Maurice Jaubert, French composer and soldier (d. 1940) January 4 – James Bond, American ornithologist (d. 1989) January 5 – Yves Tanguy, French painter (d. 1955) January 6 – Maria of Yugoslavia, queen consort (d. 1961)http://www.royalfamily.org/dynasty/hm-queen-maria-of-yugoslavia/ HM Queen Maria of Yugoslavia Royal Family of Serbia 2017-10-17 en-US April 13, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140413202412/http://www.royalfamily.org/dynasty/hm-queen-maria-of-yugoslavia/ live January 8 Dorothy Adams, American character actress (d. 1988)Dorothy Adams : Classic Movie Hub (CMH) http://www.classicmoviehub.com/bio/dorothy-adams/ 2017-10-19 September 17, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190917150900/http://www.classicmoviehub.com/bio/dorothy-adams/ live Solon Earl Low, Canadian social credit politician (d. 1962) January 16 – Edith Frank, German-Dutch mother of Anne Frank (d. 1945)http://www.annefrank.org/en/Anne-Franks-History/All-people/Edith-Frank/ https://web.archive.org/web/20100706062831/http://www.annefrank.org/en/Anne-Franks-History/All-people/Edith-Frank/ dead 2010-07-06 Edith Frank 2010-07-06 2017-10-18 January 18 – Wan Laiming, Chinese animator (d. 1997) January 20 – Colin Clive, British actor (d. 1937) January 24 – Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ukrainian geneticist, evolutionary biologist (d. 1975) January 26 – Karl Ristenpart, German conductor (d. 1967) January 27 – Hyman G. Rickover, American admiral (d. 1986) January 30 – Martita Hunt, Argentine-born British actress (d. 1969)http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/67/101067806/ Martita Hunt oxforddnb.com 2017-10-19 December 20, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161220125843/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/67/101067806/ live January 31 – Betty Parsons, American artist, art dealer and collector (d. 1982)http://www.anb.org/articles/17/17-01999.html American National Biography Online: Parsons, Betty anb.org 2017-10-18 March 22, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160322025247/http://www.anb.org/articles/17/17-01999.html live February thumb|100px|Adlai Stevenson II thumb|100px|Jeanne Aubert February 4 – Jacques Prévert, French lyricist and author (d. 1977) February 5 – Adlai Stevenson II, American politician (d. 1965) February 9 – Eliseu Maria Coroli, catholic Italo-Brazilian bishop (d. 1982) February 11 Ellen Broe, Danish nurse, pioneer in nursing education (d. 1994)http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/313/origin/170/ https://web.archive.org/web/20070708132625/http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/313/origin/170/ dead 2007-07-08 Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon – Ellen Broe 2007-07-08 2017-10-19 Hans-Georg Gadamer, German philosopher (d. 2002) Jōsei Toda, Japanese educator and activist (d. 1958) February 12 Vasily Chuikov, Soviet general, Marshal of the Soviet Union during WWII (d. 1982) Roger J. Traynor, American judge (d. 1983) February 21 – Jeanne Aubert, French singer and actress (d. 1988)http://www.histoire-vesinet.org/j-aubertbio.htm Biographie de Jeanne Aubert (1900–1988) histoire-vesinet.org 2017-10-20 October 21, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171021061414/http://www.histoire-vesinet.org/j-aubertbio.htm live February 22 – Luis Buñuel, Spanish film director (d. 1983) February 24 – Irmgard Bartenieff, German-American dancer, physical therapist and pioneer of dance therapy (d. 1981) February 26 – Halina Konopacka, Polish discus thrower, Olympic champion (1928) (d. 1989)http://www.olimpijski.pl/pl/bio/1020,konopacka-matuszewska-szczerbinska-halina-wlasciwie-leonarda-kazimiera.html Biografie • Polski Komitet Olimpijski Olimpijski Polski Komitet olimpijski.pl pl 2017-10-18 October 14, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181014212253/http://www.olimpijski.pl/pl/bio/1020,konopacka-matuszewska-szczerbinska-halina-wlasciwie-leonarda-kazimiera.html dead February 27 – Juan Pablo Barrero, Spanish footballer and lawyer (d. 1966) March thumb|100px|Gustavo Rojas Pinilla thumb|100px|Sir John McEwen thumb|100px|Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester March 3 Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi, Indian independence activist (d. 1966)Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi https://www.mpositive.in/tag/dr-maghfoor-ahmed-ajazi-bihar/ mpositive.in August 30, 2020 January 28, 2022 January 23, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220123142325/https://www.mpositive.in/tag/dr-maghfoor-ahmed-ajazi-bihar/ live Edna Best, British actress (d. 1974)http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/edna-best/ Edna Best – Hollywood Star Walk – Los Angeles Times projects.latimes.com en 2017-10-23 October 23, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063243/http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/edna-best/ live March 4 – Herbert Biberman, American screenwriter, film director (d. 1971) March 7 Fritz London, German physicist (d. 1954) Carel Willink, Dutch painter (d. 1983)https://artway.eu/content.php?id=3366&lang=en&action=show ArtWay.eu artway.eu March 8 – Howard H. Aiken, American computing pioneer (d. 1973) March 12 – Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, 19th President of Colombia (d. 1975) March 13 Sālote Tupou III, queen regnant of Tonga, (d. 1965)Wood-Ellem Elizabeth Elizabeth Wood-Ellem Queen Sālote of Tonga: The Story of an Era 1900–1965 https://books.google.com/books?id=h5LL854qzTAC 1999 Auckland University Press Auckland, N.Z 978-0-8248-2529-4 262293605 1 Giorgos Seferis, Greek poet, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1971) March 17 – Alfred Newman, American film composer (d. 1970) March 19 – Frédéric Joliot-Curie, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1958)The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-fred/facts/ NobelPrize.org 2 January 2022 October 22, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20221022045213/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-fred/facts/ live March 23 – Erich Fromm, German-born psychologist and philosopher (d. 1980)http://www.enelvolcan.com/oct2013/294-fromm-otro-volcan-en-cuernavaca Fromm: otro volcán en Cuernavaca En el Volcan October 1, 2013 June 1, 2019 es Fromm: Another volcano in Cuernavaca May 31, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230531165844/http://www.enelvolcan.com/oct2013/294-fromm-otro-volcan-en-cuernavaca live March 29 Sir John McEwen, 18th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1980)C.J. Lloyd, 'McEwen, Sir John (1900–1980) ', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 15, Melbourne University Press, 2000, pp 205–208. Oscar Elton Sette, American fisheries scientist (d. 1972) March 31 – Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, British royal family member (d. 1974) April thumb|right|100px|Spencer Tracy thumb|right|100px|Wolfgang Pauli April 1 – Stefanie Clausen, Danish Olympic diver (d. 1981)http://www.stefanie-fryland-clausen.com/ Stefanie Fryland Clausen stefanie-fryland-clausen.com en-US 2017-10-19 April 1, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190401112722/http://www.stefanie-fryland-clausen.com/ live April 2 - Heinrich Besseler, German musicologist (d. 1969) April 3 – Camille Chamoun, 7th president of Lebanon (d. 1987) April 5 – Spencer Tracy, American actor (d. 1967) April 8 – Marie Byles, Australian solicitor (d. 1979)https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/byles-marie-beuzeville-9652 https://web.archive.org/web/20150411235131/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/byles-marie-beuzeville-9652 live 2015-04-11 Biography – Marie Beuzeville Byles – Australian Dictionary of Biography 2015-04-11 2017-10-22 April 11 – Sándor Márai, Hungarian writer and journalist (d. 1989) April 16 – Polly Adler, Russian-born American author, madam (d. 1962)https://archive.org/details/notableamericanw00sich_0/page/7 Notable American women : the modern period : a biographical dictionary 1980 Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 9780674627338 Sicherman Barbara Cambridge, Mass. 7 6487187 Green Carol Hurd April 18 – Bertha Isaacs, Bahamian teacher, tennis player, politician and women's rights activist (d. 1997)http://www.womensuffragebahamas.com/history/suffrage-women/albertha-isaacs/ https://web.archive.org/web/20121128230606/http://www.womensuffragebahamas.com/history/suffrage-women/albertha-isaacs/ dead 2012-11-28 Albertha Isaacs « Women Suffrage Bahamas 2012-11-28 2017-10-19 April 21 – Hans Fritzsche, German Nazi official (d. 1953) April 24 – Elizabeth Goudge, English novelist (d. 1984)https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/27/obituaries/elizabeth-goudge.html ELIZABETH GOUDGE 1984-04-27 The New York Times 2017-10-20 en-US 0362-4331 January 30, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180130034152/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/27/obituaries/elizabeth-goudge.html live April 25 – Wolfgang Pauli, Austrian-born American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958) April 26 – Charles Richter, American seismologist and physicist (d. 1985)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-F-Richter Charles F. Richter | Seismology, Earthquake Magnitude & Caltech | Britannica April 22, 2025 www.britannica.com April 28 – Maurice Thorez, French Communist leader (d. 1964) April 30 – David Manners, Canadian-American actor (d. 1998) May May 1 – Ignazio Silone, Italian author (d. 1978) May 2 – A. W. Lawrence, British archaeologist (d. 1991) May 6 – Zheng Ji, Chinese nutritionist, biochemist (d. 2010) May 10 Beryl May Dent, English mathematical physicist (d. 1977)2003 Beryl Dent at the University of Bristol Department of Physics University of Bristol Physics Library DM1961/2 Document Bristol en https://archives.bristol.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=DM1961%2f2&pos=1 May 11, 2021 October 20, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211020133627/https://archives.bristol.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=DM1961/2&pos=1 live Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, British-American astronomer, astrophysicist (d. 1979)The biographical encyclopedia of astronomers 2007 Springer Thomas Hockey Virginia Trimble Thomas R. Williams Katherine Bracher Richard A. Jarrell Jordan D. Marché JoAnn Palmeri Daniel W. E. Green 9780387304007 New York, NY 876 184930573 May 11 – Thomas H. Robbins Jr., American admiral (d. 1972) May 13 – Karl Wolff, German SS functionary and war criminal (d. 1984) May 14 – Cai Chang, Chinese politician, women's rights activist (d. 1990)Encyclopedia of women social reformers https://archive.org/details/encyclopediawome00rapp limited Helen Rappaport 2001 ABC-CLIO 1576075818 Santa Barbara, Calif. 125–126 52710512 May 15 – Ida Rhodes, American mathematician, pioneer in computer programming (d. 1986)Notable women in mathematics : a biographical dictionary 1998 Greenwood Press Morrow, Charlene Perl, Teri 9780313291319 Westport, Conn. 36768082 https://archive.org/details/notablewomeninma00morr May 23 – Hans Frank, German Nazi official (executed 1946) May 28 – Tommy Ladnier, American jazz trumpeter (d. 1939) May 29 – David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir, British politician, lawyer and judge (d. 1967) May 31 – Lucile Godbold, American Olympic athlete (d. 1981)http://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/godbold-lucile-ellerbe/ Godbold, Lucile Ellerbe – South Carolina Encyclopedia South Carolina Encyclopedia 2017-10-19 en-US October 20, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171020035121/http://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/godbold-lucile-ellerbe/ live June thumb|100px|right|Dennis Gabor thumb|100px|right|Antoine de Saint-Exupéry June 5 – Dennis Gabor, Hungarian-born British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) June 7 – Frederick Terman, American electrical engineer, professor (d. 1982) June 11 – Leopoldo Marechal, Argentine writer (d. 1970) June 17 Martin Bormann, German Nazi official (d. 1945) Evelyn Irons, Scottish journalist, war correspondent (d. 2000)https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/30/nyregion/evelyn-irons-war-reporter-is-dead-at-99.html Evelyn Irons, War Reporter, Is Dead at 99 Lewis Paul 2000-04-30 The New York Times 2017-10-18 en-US 0362-4331 July 31, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170731204124/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/30/nyregion/evelyn-irons-war-reporter-is-dead-at-99.html live June 21 – Choi Yong-kun, North Korean general, defense minister (d. 1976) June 24 – Raphael Lemkin, Polish international lawyer (d. 1959) June 25 Georgia Hale, American silent film actress (d. 1985)Charlie Chaplin: intimate close-ups Hale Georgia 1999 Scarecrow Kiernan, Heather. 978-1578860043 Lanham, Md. x 43929623 Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, English naval officer and last Viceroy of India (assassinated) (d. 1979) June 29 – Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, French aviator and writer (d. 1944)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antoine-de-Saint-Exupery Antoine de Saint-Exupéry | French Aviator, Author & Poet | Britannica www.britannica.com July thumb|100px|Eyvind Johnson July 3 – Alessandro Blasetti, Italian film director and screenwriter (d. 1987) July 4 Robert Desnos, French poet (d. 1945) Nellie Mae Rowe, African-American folk artist (d. 1982)http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/nellie-mae-rowe-1900-1982 Nellie Mae Rowe (1900–1982) New Georgia Encyclopedia 2017-10-20 October 12, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171012231435/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/nellie-mae-rowe-1900-1982 live July 5 – Bernardus Johannes Alfrink, Dutch cardinal, Archbishop of Utrecht (d. 1987)Bernardus Johannes Cardinal Alfrink. Catholic Hierarchy. Retrieved 25 Sep 2024. July 6 – Frederica Sagor Maas, American playwright, essayist and author (d. 2012)https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-frederica-sagor-maas/ Frederica Sagor Maas – Women Film Pioneers Project wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu 2017-10-23 December 21, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181221111335/https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-frederica-sagor-maas/ dead July 7 – Earle E. Partridge, American general (d. 1990) July 10 – Evelyn Laye, English actress (d. 1996)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Evelyn-Laye Evelyn Laye British actress Encyclopedia Britannica 2017-10-22 en November 3, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201103170449/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Evelyn-Laye live July 13 – George Lewis, American jazz clarinetist (d. 1968) July 23 – John Babcock, last surviving Canadian World War I veteran (d. 2010) July 28 – Lady Dorothy Macmillan, spouse of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1966) July 29 Eyvind Johnson, Swedish novelist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976) Teresa Noce, Italian labor leader, activist and journalist (d. 1980)2002-01-01 Noce, Teresa (1900–1980) Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591307063.html https://web.archive.org/web/20160220190538/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591307063.html HighBeam Research subscription usurped 2016-02-20 August thumb|100px|Arturo Umberto Illia thumb|100px|Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother August 3 – Ernie Pyle, American journalist (d. 1945) August 4 Arturo Umberto Illia, 34th President of Argentina (d. 1983) Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, British queen consort of George VI (d. 2002)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-queen-consort-of-United-Kingdom Elizabeth queen consort of United Kingdom Encyclopedia Britannica 2017-10-22 en October 22, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171022195611/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-queen-consort-of-United-Kingdom live August 6 – Cecil Howard Green, British-born geophysicist, businessman (d. 2003) August 9 – Charles Farrell, American actor (d. 1990) August 10 – Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt, New Zealand politician, athlete (d. 1994) August 11 – Alexander Mosolov, Russian composer (d. 1973) August 15 – Estelle Brody, American silent film actress (d. 1995)https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaryestelle-brody-1585164.html https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaryestelle-brody-1585164.html May 1, 2022 subscription live OBITUARY:Estelle Brody 1995-06-06 The Independent 2017-10-22 en-GB August 17 – Vivienne de Watteville, British travel writer and adventurer (d. 1957)http://www.lukashartmann.ch/pdf/1.7.a.Erw.Tochter%20Materialien.pdf Materialien zum Lukas Hartmanns Roman "Die Tochter des Jägers" Hartmann Lukas Lukas Hartmann de October 23, 2017 March 3, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201811/http://www.lukashartmann.ch/pdf/1.7.a.Erw.Tochter%20Materialien.pdf live August 18 Glenn Albert Black, American archaeologist (d. 1964) Ruth Norman, American religious leader (d. 1993)When prophecy never fails : myth and reality in a flying-saucer group Tumminia Diana G. 2005 Oxford University Press 9780195176759 Oxford Appendix 1 56481658 August 19 Colleen Moore, American actress (d. 1988)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Colleen-Moore Colleen Moore American actress Encyclopedia Britannica 2017-10-22 en October 23, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171023013242/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Colleen-Moore live Gilbert Ryle, British philosopher (d. 1976) Dorothy Burr Thompson, American archaeologist, art historian (d. 2001)https://www.brown.edu/Research/Breaking_Ground/bios/Thompson_Dorothy%20Burr.pdf Dorothy Burr Thompson 1900–2001 Uhlenbrock Jaimee P. Brown University October 22, 2017 August 9, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170809205352/http://www.brown.edu/Research/Breaking_Ground/bios/Thompson_Dorothy%20Burr.pdf live August 23 – Ernst Krenek, Austrian-American composer (d. 1991) August 25 – Sir Hans Krebs, German-born British biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1981) September thumb|right|100px|Urho Kekkonen September 3 – Urho Kekkonen, 8th President of Finland (d. 1986) September 6 – W. A. C. Bennett, Canadian politician (d. 1979) September 8 – Tilly Devine, English-born Australian organised crime boss (d. 1970)https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/devine-matilda-mary-tilly-5970 https://web.archive.org/web/20150623031546/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/devine-matilda-mary-tilly-5970 live 2015-06-23 Biography – Matilda Mary (Tilly) Devine – Australian Dictionary of Biography 2015-06-23 2017-10-22 September 17 – J. Willard Marriott, American entrepreneur, founder of Marriott International (d. 1985) September 18 – Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, 1st prime minister of Mauritius (d. 1985) September 20 – Uuno Klami, Finnish composer (d. 1961) September 22 – Paul Hugh Emmett, American chemical engineer (d. 1985) September 26 – Suzanne Belperron, French jewellery designer (d. 1983)http://www.langantiques.com/university/Belperron Belperron – AJU langantiques.com en 2017-10-22 October 23, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171023064257/http://www.langantiques.com/university/Belperron live September 29 – Miguel Alemán Valdés, 46th President of Mexico, 1946–1952 (d. 1983)https://www.miguelaleman.org/index.php/biografias/presidente-miguel-aleman-valdes Biografia Fundacion Miguel Aleman, A.C. es May 31, 2019 December 21, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20221221031347/https://www.miguelaleman.org/index.php/biografias/presidente-miguel-aleman-valdes usurped October thumb|100px|Helen Hayes thumb|100px|Srinagarindra thumb|100px|Douglas Jardine October 5 – Bing Xin, Chinese author, poet, known for her contributions to children's literature (d. 1999)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bingxin Bingxin Chinese author Encyclopedia Britannica 2017-10-19 en March 30, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190330180156/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bingxin live October 7 – Heinrich Himmler, German Nazi official, SS head (d. 1945) October 10 – Helen Hayes, American actress (d. 1993)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Helen-Hayes Helen Hayes American actress Encyclopedia Britannica 2017-10-22 en September 26, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230926082631/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Helen-Hayes live October 16 – Edward Ardizzone, English painter, printmaker and author (d. 1979) October 17 – Jean Arthur, American actress (d. 1991)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Arthur Jean Arthur American actress Encyclopedia Britannica 2017-10-22 en October 22, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171022200126/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Arthur live October 18 – Sarah Bavly, Dutch-Israeli nutritionist, author and educator (d. 1993)https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/Bavly-Sarah Sarah Bavly Jewish Women's Archive jwa.org en 2017-10-22 June 3, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190603181316/https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/bavly-sarah live October 19 – Bill Ponsford, Australian cricketer (d. 1991) October 20 – Ismail al-Azhari, 2nd Prime Minister of Sudan, 3rd President of Sudan (d. 1969) October 21 – Srinagarindra, Princess Mother of Thailand (d. 1995) October 23 – Douglas Jardine, English cricketer (d. 1958)https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/douglas-jardine-15481 Douglas Jardine Profile - Cricket Player England | Stats, Records, Video ESPNcricinfo October 26 Ibrahim Abboud, 4th prime minister, 1st president of Sudan (d. 1983) Karin Boye, Swedish poet and novelist (d. 1941)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Karin-Boye Karin Boye Swedish author Encyclopedia Britannica 2017-10-22 en August 12, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170812155655/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Karin-Boye live October 28 – Wajid Ali Khan Burki, Pakistani ophthalmologist and army officer.Wajid Ali Khan Burki. Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 12 May 2024. October 30 – Ragnar Granit, Finnish-born Swedish physiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Ragnar Granit https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ragnar-Granit britannica.com Encyclopædia Britannica Online 30 November 2022 November thumb|100px|Margaret Mitchell thumb|100px|Aaron Copland November 4 – Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, Romanian communist activist, sociologist (d. 1954) November 5 Martin Dies Jr., American politician (d. 1972) Natalie Schafer, American actress (d. 1991) November 8 – Margaret Mitchell, American novelist (Gone With The Wind) (d. 1949)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Margaret-Mitchell Margaret Mitchell American novelist Encyclopedia Britannica 2017-10-22 en June 28, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200628021722/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Margaret-Mitchell live November 13 – David Marshall Williams, American inventor (d. 1975) November 14 – Aaron Copland, American composer (d. 1990) November 16 Eliška Junková, Czech automobile racer (d. 1994)https://www.auto-veteran.com/index.php/en/latest-news/item/329-eliska-junkova-1900-1994-en AVC – Famous Racing drivers – Eliška Junková 2017-10-19 en-gb October 19, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171019111929/https://www.auto-veteran.com/index.php/en/latest-news/item/329-eliska-junkova-1900-1994-en live Nikolai Pogodin, Soviet playwright (d. 1962) November 19 – Anna Seghers, German writer (d. 1983)Anna Seghers https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/seghers-anna Jewish Women's Archive July 5, 2021 18 January 2022 en October 10, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231010215329/https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/seghers-anna live November 25 – Rudolf Höss, German Nazi official (d. 1947) November 29 Mildred Gillars, American broadcaster (Axis Sally), employed by Nazi Germany to disseminate propaganda during WWII (d. 1988)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mildred-Gillars Mildred Gillars American traitor Encyclopedia Britannica 2017-10-20 en October 26, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201026034057/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mildred-Gillars live Håkan Malmrot, Swedish swimmer (d. 1987) November 30 – Luigi Stipa, Italian engineer and aircraft designer (d. 1992) December thumb|100px|Agnes Moorehead December 3 – Richard Kuhn, Austrian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967)Karl Grandin Richard Kuhn Biography http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1938/kuhn-bio.html Les Prix Nobel The Nobel Foundation 1938 29 November 2020 April 9, 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20080409215407/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1938/kuhn-bio.html live December 6 – Agnes Moorehead, American actress (Bewitched) (d. 1974)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Agnes-Moorehead Agnes Moorehead American actress Encyclopedia Britannica 2017-10-21 en April 19, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190419084143/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Agnes-Moorehead live December 7 – Kateryna Bilokur, Ukrainian folk artist (d. 1961)http://en.uartlib.org/kateryna-bilokur-biographical-sketch/ Kateryna Bilokur: Biographical sketch – Ukrainian Art Library en.uartlib.org en-US 2017-10-21 2015-01-22 October 9, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181009125621/http://en.uartlib.org/kateryna-bilokur-biographical-sketch/ live December 16 – Rudolf Diels, German Nazi civil servant, Gestapo chief (d. 1957) December 17 Mary Cartwright, British mathematician (d. 1998)http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Obits/Cartwright.html Mary Cartwright Times obituary www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk 2017-10-20 May 12, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170512113259/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Obits/Cartwright.html live Katina Paxinou, Greek actress (d. 1973)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Katina-Paxinou Katina Paxinou Greek actress Encyclopedia Britannica 2017-10-21 en November 8, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201108165931/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Katina-Paxinou live December 19 – Margaret Brundage, American illustrator (Weird Tales) (d. 1976)http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/brundage_margaret Authors : Brundage, Margaret : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia sf-encyclopedia.com en 2017-10-21 October 22, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171022085100/http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/brundage_margaret live December 22 – Alan Bush, British composer, pianist and conductor (d. 1995) December 23 – José de León Toral, Mexican assassin of president Álvaro Obregón (d. 1929) December 24 Joey Smallwood, first Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador (d. 1991) Hussein Al Oweini, 18th prime minister of Lebanon (d. 1971) December 25 – Antoni Zygmund, Polish mathematician (d. 1992) Date unknown Rubén Jaramillo, Mexican peasant leader (d. 1962)https://relatosehistorias.mx/nuestras-historias/quien-fue-ruben-jaramillo ¿Quién fue Rubén Jaramillo? Salmerón Luis A. July 3, 2018 Relatos e Historias de Mexico March 10, 2019 es Who was Ruben Jaramillo? April 15, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190415233833/https://relatosehistorias.mx/nuestras-historias/quien-fue-ruben-jaramillo live Yung Fung-shee, Hong Kong philanthropist (d. 1972) Deaths January–March thumb|right|110px|John Ruskin thumb|right|110px|Gottlieb Daimler thumb|110px|Mary Kingsley thumb|110px|Princess Josephine of Baden January 5 – William A. Hammond, American military physician, neurologist, and 11th Surgeon General of the United States Army (1862–1864) (b. 1828) January 11 – James Martineau, English religious philosopher (b. 1805)https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3242352 Obituary – Dr. James Martineau, London – January 12, 1900 The West Australian 15 January 1900 5 15 January 2014 Trove January 16 – S. M. I. Henry, American evangelist (b. 1839) January 20 – John Ruskin, English writer, artist, and social critic (b. 1819) February 18 – Clinton L. Merriam, American politician (b. 1824) February 23 – William Butterfield, British architect (b. 1814) March 6 Carl Bechstein, German piano maker (b. 1826)http://www.carl-bechstein-gymnasium.de/profil/artikel/geschichte/erkner/erkneranerhefte/heft3.pdf Bernd Rühle Carl Bechstein (1826–1900) Über Leben und Lebenswerk eines grossen Klavierbauers... 6 April 2018 May 5, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190505181133/http://www.carl-bechstein-gymnasium.de/profil/artikel/geschichte/erkner/erkneranerhefte/heft3.pdf dead Gottlieb Daimler, German inventor, automotive pioneer (b. 1834) March 7 – Rachel Lloyd, American chemist (b. 1839) March 10 – Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann, Danish composer (b. 1805) March 18 – Hjalmar Kiærskou, Danish botanist (b. 1835) March 28 – Piet Joubert, Boer politician, military commander (b. 1834) March 29 – Cyrus K. Holliday, cofounder of Topeka, Kansas, 1st president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (b. 1826) April–June April 2 – Gustaf Åkerhielm, 6th prime minister of Sweden (b. 1833) April 5 Joseph Bertrand, French mathematician (b. 1822) Maria Louise Eve, American author (b. 1848) Osman Nuri Pasha, Ottoman military leader (b. 1832) April 7 – Frederic Edwin Church, American landscape painter (b. 1826) April 12 – James Richard Cocke, American physician, homeopath, and pioneer hypnotherapist (b. 1863) April 17 – George Curry, Wild West robber (Wild Bunch) (shot) (b. 1871) April 19 – James Dawson, Australian activist (b. 1806) April 21 – Vikramatji Khimojiraj, Indian ruler (b. 1819) April 22 – Amédée-François Lamy, French soldier (b. 1858) (killed in battle) April 24 – George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll, British politician (b. 1823) April 30 – Casey Jones, American railway engineer (b. 1864) May 1 – Mihály Munkácsy, Hungarian painter (b. 1844) May 2 – Seweryn Morawski, Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1819) May 9 – Carit Etlar (Carl Brosbøll), Danish author (b. 1816) May 18 – Félix Ravaisson-Mollien, French philosopher (b. 1813) May 28 – Sir George Grove, English music writer (b. 1820) June 2 – Samori Ture, West African empire-builder (b. 1830) June 3 – Mary Kingsley, English explorer, writer (b. 1862)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mary-Henrietta-Kingsley Mary Henrietta Kingsley English traveler Encyclopedia Britannica 2017-10-22 en July 2, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180702040809/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mary-Henrietta-Kingsley live June 5 – Stephen Crane, American author (b. 1871) June 11 – Belle Boyd, American Confederate spy, actress (b. 1843) June 19 – Princess Josephine of Baden (b. 1813) July–September thumb|120px|King Umberto I thumb|120px|Friedrich Nietzsche thumb|120px|Sir Arthur Sullivan thumb|120px|Oscar Wilde July 5 – Henry Barnard, American educationalist (b. 1811) July 8 – Henry D. Cogswell, American philanthropist (b. 1820) July 9 – Gregorio Grassi, Italian Franciscan friar, Roman Catholic martyr and saint (b. 1833) July 26 – Nicolae Kretzulescu, 2-time prime minister of Romania (b. 1812) July 29 – King Umberto I of Italy (assassinated) (b. 1844) July 30 – Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, second son of Queen Victoria (b. 1844)Panton James Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy February 24, 2011 Scarecrow Press 978-0-8108-7497-8 40 https://books.google.com/books?id=BiyyueBTpaMC&pg=PA40 en August 1 – Rafael Molina Sanchez, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1841) August 4 – Étienne Lenoir, Belgian engineer (b. 1822) August 7 – Wilhelm Liebknecht, German Social Democratic politician (b. 1826)Liebknecht, Wilhelm 16 592 August 8 Emil Škoda, Czech engineer and industrialist (b. 1839) József Szlávy, 6th prime minister of Hungary (b. 1818) August 10 – Charles Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen, Lord Chief Justice of England (b. 1832) August 12 – Wilhelm Steinitz, Austrian-born chess player, first undisputed World Champion (b. 1836) August 13 – Vladimir Solovyov, Russian philosopher and poet (b. 1853) August 16 – José Maria de Eça de Queirós, Portuguese writer (b. 1845) August 23 – Kuroda Kiyotaka, Japanese politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1840) August 25 – Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosopher, writer (b. 1844) September 23 William Marsh Rice, American philanthropist, university founder (b. 1816) Arsenio Martínez-Campos, Spanish general, revolutionary, and Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1831) September 29 – Samuel Fenton Cary, American politician (b. 1814) October–December October 15 – Zdeněk Fibich, Czech composer (b. 1850) October 19 – Sir Roderick Cameron, Canadian shipping magnate (b. 1825) October 22 – John Sherman, American politician (b.1823) October 28 – Max Müller, German philologist, Orientalist (b. 1823) November 22 – Sir Arthur Sullivan, English composer (b. 1842) November 24 – Rafael Monleón y Torres, Spanish painter, archaeologist, and historian (b. 1843)The Naval Construction in the Works of Rafael Monleón Torres https://elbauldelapipeta.es/files/CONSTRUCCI%C3%93N_NAVAL_EN_LA_OBRA_DE_RAFAEL_MONLE%C3%93N.pdf 6 September 2025 24 November 26 – Méry Laurent, French artist's muse, model (b. 1849) November 30 – Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (b. 1854)Oscar Wilde https://www.bl.uk/people/oscar-wilde www.bl.uk 12 November 2022 November 12, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20221112093040/https://www.bl.uk/people/oscar-wilde live December 4 – Aquileo Parra, 11th President of Colombia (b. 1825) December 14 – Paddy Ryan, Irish-American boxer, former world's heavyweight champion (b. 1851) December 21 – Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal, Prussian field marshal (b. 1810) World population List of countries by population in 1900 World population: 1,640,000,000 Africa: 133,000,000 Asia: 947,000,000 Japan: c. 45,000,000 Europe: 408,000,000 Latin America: 74,000,000 Northern America: 82,000,000 Oceania: 6,000,000 References Further reading Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events...1900 (1901), vast compendium of data; global coverage online edition Gilbert, Martin. A History of the Twentieth Century 1900–1933, Vol. 1 (1997) pp 7–35; global coverage of politics, diplomacy and warfare. Herbert C. Fyfe, Pearson's Magazine, July 1900: "How Will The World End?"