13th Parliament of Singapore

none December 2019 13th Majority Seating plan of the 13th Parliament of Singapore.svg inactive 15 January 2016 23 June 2020 Halimah Yacob 15 January 2016 7 August 2017 Charles Chong (Acting) 7 August 2017 11 September 2017 Tan Chuan-Jin 11 September 2017 23 June 2020 Lee Hsien Loong 15 January 2016 23 June 2020 Low Thia Khiang 15 January 2016 8 April 2018 Pritam Singh 8 April 2018 23 June 2020 15 January 2016 3 April 2018 7 May 2018 23 June 2020 13th 1 October 2015 23 June 2020 8889 MPs were elected in the 2015 Singaporean general election. There is one vacant seat at dissolution. 3 9 12th 14th The 13th Parliament of Singapore was a meeting of the Parliament of Singapore. The first session commenced on 15 January 2016First session of 13th Parliament to be held on Jan 15 next year http://www.straitstimes.com/politics/first-session-of-13th-parliament-to-be-held-on-jan-15-next-year 22 October 2015 The Straits Times Singapore Press Holdings 22 October 2015 and ran until 3 April 2018;https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/parliament-takes-a-mid-term-break-to-reconvene-on-may-7-10099078 Parliament takes a mid-term break, to reconvene on May 7 CNA the second session ran from 7 May 2018https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/presidents-address-to-set-out-govts-priorities-and-plans President's Address on Monday night to set out Government's priorities and plans 7 May 2018 The Straits Times until parliament was dissolved on 23 June 2020, with the final sitting held on 5 June.http://www.parliament.gov.sg/sessions-parliament Sessions of Parliament dead https://web.archive.org/web/20170625154122/http://www.parliament.gov.sg/sessions-parliament 25 June 2017 12 October 2015 Dissolution of Parliament on 23 June 2020 Prime Minister‘s Office Singapore https://www.pmo.gov.sg/Newsroom/Dissolution-of-Parliament-23-June-2020 www.pmo.gov.sg 2020-06-22 The membership was set by the 2015 Singapore General Election on 11 September 2015, and changed twice throughout the term; one was the resignation of Bukit Batok Single Member Constituency MP David Ong in 2016, and the resignation of Marsiling–Yew Tee Group Representation Constituency MP and Speaker Halimah Yacob in 2017. The 13th Parliament is controlled by a People's Action Party majority, led by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and members of the cabinet, which assumed power on 1 October 2015. The Opposition is led by the Secretary General of the Workers' Party, Pritam Singh. Tan Chuan-Jin, of the People's Action Party, is the Speaker of Parliament as of 11 September 2017. He succeeds Yacob, who resigned as Speaker to contest in the Presidential Elections 2017. Yacob was previously elected as the 9th Speaker of the House during the 12th Parliament on 14 January 2013. It was the first parliament where only two parties represent the parliament for a full duration of term, and the third time where the situation occurred, following J. B. Jeyaretnam's by-election win in 1981 until 1984, and his vacation of his seat in 1986 until 1988. It was also the first Parliament without any members from either the pre-independence Legislative Assembly nor the inaugural Parliament, following the death of the last original MP Lee Kuan Yew prior to the formation of the Parliament. Result of the 2015 Singapore general election 2015 Singapore general election Results The Workers' Party, being the best performing opposition parties were awarded three Non-Constituency Member of Parliament seats in accordance with the Constitution. Lee Li Lian, Dennis Tan, and Leon Perera were appointed as NCMPs,GE2015: WP's Lee Li Lian, Dennis Tan and Leon Perera elected as NCMPs, says ELD http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/ge2015-wp-s-lee-li-lian/2130244.html 21 September 2015 Channel NewsAsia 16 September 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20170323013913/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/ge2015-wp-s-lee-li-lian/2130244.html 23 March 2017 live though Lee Li Lian decided not to accept the NCMP post.Chai Hung Yin WP's Lee Li Lian won't accept NCMP position https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore-news/wps-lee-li-lian-wont-accept-ncmp-position 21 September 2015 The New Paper SPH 13 September 2015 Officeholders Speaker Speaker: Halimah Yacob (Marsiling–Yew Tee GRC, PAP), until 7 August 201728 September 2015 Statement on Nomination of The Speaker, and Appointment of The Leader of The House and The Government Whip http://www.pmo.gov.sg/mediacentre/statement-nomination-speaker-and-appointment-leader-house-and-government-whip Prime Minister's Office (Singapore) https://web.archive.org/web/20151003051504/http://www.pmo.gov.sg/mediacentre/statement-nomination-speaker-and-appointment-leader-house-and-government-whip 3 October 2015 12 October 2015Members of Singapore's 13th Parliament sworn in http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/members-of-singapore-s/2428968.html 15 January 2016 Channel NewsAsia 15 January 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160425053029/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/members-of-singapore-s/2428968.html 25 April 2016 live Charles Chong (Punggol East SMC, PAP), acting: 7 August 11 – September 2017https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/halimah-yacob-submits-letters-resignation-as-speaker-mp-pap-9098352 Halimah Yacob submits letters of resignation as Speaker, MP, PAP member CNA 7 August 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20191103152941/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/halimah-yacob-submits-letters-resignation-as-speaker-mp-pap-9098352 3 November 2019https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/pm-lee-accepts-halimah-yacob-resignation-from-the-pap-9099312 PM Lee accepts Halimah Yacob's resignation from the PAP CNA 7 August 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20200713184451/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/pm-lee-accepts-halimah-yacob-resignation-from-the-pap-9099312 13 July 2020 Tan Chuan-Jin (Marine Parade GRC, PAP), from 11 September 2017https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/tan-chuan-jin-becomes-singapore-s-10th-speaker-of-parliament-9204766 Tan Chuan-Jin becomes Singapore’s 10th Speaker of Parliament CNA 11 September 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20200820025820/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/tan-chuan-jin-becomes-singapore-s-10th-speaker-of-parliament-9204766 20 August 2020 live Deputy Speaker: Charles Chong (Punggol East SMC, PAP), from 25 January 2016 Lim Biow Chuan (Mountbatten SMC, PAP), from 25 January 2016) Leaders Prime Minister: Lee Hsien Loong (Ang Mo Kio GRC, PAP) Leader of the Opposition: Low Thia Khiang (Aljunied GRC, WP), until 8 April 2018 Pritam Singh (Aljunied GRC, WP), from 8 April 2018 House Leaders Leader of the House: Grace Fu (Yuhua SMC, PAP) Deputy Leader of the House: Desmond Lee (Jurong GRC, PAP) Whips Government Party Whip: Janil Puthucheary (Pasir Ris–Punggol GRC, PAP) Deputy Government Party Whip: Sim Ann (Holland–Bukit Timah GRC, PAP) Zaqy Mohamad (Chua Chu Kang GRC, PAP) Members List of members of the 13th Parliament of Singapore ConstituencyDivisionMemberPartyAljunied GRCBedok Reservoir–PunggolLow Thia KhiangWorkers' Party (Singapore)Workers' PartyEunosPritam SinghWorkers' Party (Singapore)Workers' PartyKaki BukitFaisal ManapWorkers' Party (Singapore)Workers' PartyPaya LebarChen Show MaoWorkers' Party (Singapore)Workers' PartySerangoonSylvia LimWorkers' Party (Singapore)Workers' PartyAng Mo Kio GRCAng Mo Kio–HougangDarryl DavidPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyCheng San–SeletarAng Hin KeePeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyJalan KayuIntan Azura MokhtarPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartySengkang SouthGan Thiam PohPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyTeck GheeLee Hsien LoongPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyYio Chu KangKoh Poh KoonPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyBishan–Toa Payoh GRCBishan EastChong Kee HiongPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyBishan NorthJosephine TeoPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyToa Payoh CentralNg Eng HenPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyToa Payoh EastSaktiandi SupaatPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyToa Payoh WestChee Hong TatPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyBukit Batok SMCDavid OngDavid Ong resigned on 12 March 2016. Jurong GRC MP Desmond Lee acted as interim MP for Bukit Batok SMC from 12 March until 7 May 2016.People's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyMurali PillaiMurali Pillai was by-elected on 7 May 2016, to succeed David Ong.People's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyBukit Panjang SMCTeo Ho PinPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyChua Chu Kang GRCBukit GombakLow Yen LingPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyChua Chu KangGan Kim YongPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyKeat HongZaqy MohamadPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyNanyangYee Chia HsingPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyEast Coast GRCBedokLim Swee SayPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyChangi–SimeiJessica TanPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyKampong Chai CheeLee Yi ShyanPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartySiglapMaliki OsmanPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyFengshan SMCCheryl ChanPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyHolland–Bukit Timah GRCBukit TimahSim AnnPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyCashewVivian BalakrishnanPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyUlu PandanChristopher de SouzaPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyZhenghuaLiang Eng HwaPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyHong Kah North SMCAmy KhorPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyHougang SMCPng Eng HuatWorkers' Party (Singapore)Workers' PartyJalan Besar GRCKampong GlamDenise PhuaPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyKolam AyerYaacob IbrahimPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyKreta Ayer–Kim SengLily NeoPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyWhampoaHeng Chee HowPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyJurong GRCBukit Batok EastRahayu MahzamPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyClementiTan Wu MengPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyJurong CentralAng Wei NengPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyJurong SpringDesmond LeePeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyTaman JurongTharman ShanmugaratnamPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyMacPherson SMCTin Pei LingPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyMarine Parade GRCBraddell HeightsSeah Kian PengPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyGeylang SeraiFatimah LateefPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyJoo ChiatEdwin TongPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyKembangan–Chai CheeTan Chuan-JinPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyMarine ParadeGoh Chok TongPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyMarsiling–Yew Tee GRCLimbangLawrence WongPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyMarsilingHalimah YacobHalimah Yacob resigned on 7 August 2017, to run for President of Singapore. Chua Chu Kang GRC MP Zaqy Mohamad and the remaining MPs of Marsiling–Yew Tee GRC acted as interim MPs for Marsiling division.People's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyWoodgroveOng Teng KoonPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyYew TeeAlex YamPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyMountbatten SMCLim Biow ChuanPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyNee Soon GRCChong PangK. ShanmugamPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyKebun BaruHenry KwekPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyNee Soon CentralFaishal IbrahimPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyNee Soon EastLouis NgPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyNee Soon SouthLee Bee WahPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyPasir Ris–Punggol GRCPasir Ris EastZainal SapariPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyPasir Ris WestTeo Chee HeanPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyPunggol CoastJanil PuthuchearyPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyPunggol NorthNg Chee MengPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyPunggol WestSun XuelingPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartySengkang CentralTeo Ser LuckPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyPioneer SMCCedric FooPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyPotong Pasir SMCSitoh Yih PinPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyPunggol East SMCCharles ChongPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyRadin Mas SMCSam TanPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartySembawang GRCAdmiraltyVikram NairPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyCanberraLim Wee KiakPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyGambasOng Ye KungPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartySembawangKhaw Boon WanPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyWoodlandsAmrin AminPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartySengkang West SMCLam Pin MinPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyTampines GRCTampines CentralHeng Swee KeatPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyTampines ChangkatDesmond ChooPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyTampines EastCheng Li HuiPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyTampines NorthBaey Yam KengPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyTampines WestMasagos ZulkifliPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyTanjong Pagar GRCBuona VistaChan Chun SingPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyHenderson–DawsonJoan PereiraPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyMoulmein–CairnhillMelvin YongPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyQueenstownChia Shi-LuPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyTanjong Pagar–Tiong BahruIndranee RajahPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyWest Coast GRCAyer RajahFoo Mee HarPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyBoon LayPatrick TayPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyTelok BlangahLim Hng KiangPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyWest CoastS. IswaranPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyYuhua SMCGrace FuPeople's Action PartyPeople's Action PartyNon-constituency Members of ParliamentLeon PereraWorkers' Party (Singapore)Workers' PartyDennis TanWorkers' Party (Singapore)Workers' PartyDaniel GohDaniel Goh took office on 4 February 2016.Workers' Party (Singapore)Workers' PartyNominated Members of ParliamentAzmoon AhmadServed as Nominated Member of Parliament from 22 March 2016 until 21 September 2018. 22mar2016NonpartisanNonpartisanChia Yong Yong22mar2016NonpartisanNonpartisanThomas Chua22mar2016NonpartisanNonpartisanGanesh Rajaram22mar2016NonpartisanNonpartisanKok Heng Leun22mar2016NonpartisanNonpartisanKuik Shiao-Yin22mar2016NonpartisanNonpartisanMahdev Mohan22mar2016NonpartisanNonpartisanRandolph Tan22mar2016NonpartisanNonpartisanK. Thanaletchimi22mar2016NonpartisanNonpartisanArasu DuraisamyServed as Nominated Member of Parliament from 22 September 2018. 22sep2018NonpartisanNonpartisanDouglas Foo22sep2018NonpartisanNonpartisanHo Wee San22sep2018NonpartisanNonpartisanMohamed Irshad22sep2018NonpartisanNonpartisanLim Sun Sun22sep2018NonpartisanNonpartisanAnthea Ong22sep2018NonpartisanNonpartisanIrene Quay22sep2018NonpartisanNonpartisanWalter Theseira22sep2018NonpartisanNonpartisanYip Pin Xiu22sep2018NonpartisanNonpartisan Committees Select committees Parliament of Singapore#Select committees Committee of selection Chaired by Speaker of Parliament Tan Chuan-Jin, the committee of selection selects and nominates members to the various sessional and select committees.Committee of Selection https://www.parliament.gov.sg/about-us/structure/select-committees/committee-of-selection Parliament of Singapore 18 November 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181118080855/https://www.parliament.gov.sg/about-us/structure/select-committees/committee-of-selection 18 November 2018 The committee consisted of seven other members: Chan Chun Sing Cedric Foo Grace Fu Indranee Rajah Masagos Zulkifli Ong Ye Kung Pritam Singh Committee of privileges The committee of privileges looks into any complaint alleging breaches of parliamentary privilege.Committee of Privileges https://www.parliament.gov.sg/about-us/structure/select-committees/committee-of-privileges Parliament of Singapore 18 November 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081331/https://www.parliament.gov.sg/about-us/structure/select-committees/committee-of-privileges 18 November 2018 Chaired by Speaker of Parliament Tan Chuan-Jin, the committee consisted of seven other members: Chen Show Mao Grace Fu Indranee Rajah Maliki Osman Seah Kian Peng K. Shanmugam Edwin Tong Estimates committee The estimates committee examines the Government's budget and reports what economies, improvements in organisation, efficiency or administrative reforms consistent with the policy underlying the estimates, may be effected and suggests the form in which the estimates shall be presented to Parliament. The committee consisted of eight members:Estimates Committee https://www.parliament.gov.sg/about-us/structure/select-committees/estimates-committee Parliament of Singapore 18 November 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081704/https://www.parliament.gov.sg/about-us/structure/select-committees/estimates-committee 18 November 2018 Foo Mee Har (Chairperson) Chia Shi-Lu Cheng Li Hui Darryl David Christopher de Souza Daniel Goh Lee Yi Shyan Alex Yam House committee The house committee looks after the comfort and convenience of Members of Parliament and advises the Speaker on these matters.House Committee https://www.parliament.gov.sg/about-us/structure/select-committees/house-committee Parliament of Singapore 18 November 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181118082217/https://www.parliament.gov.sg/about-us/structure/select-committees/house-committee 18 November 2018 Chaired by Speaker of Parliament Tan Chuan-Jin, the committee consisted of seven other members: Amrin Amin Gan Thiam Poh Henry Kwek Low Yen Ling Faisal Manap Sun Xueling Yee Chia Hsing Public accounts committee The public accounts committee examines various accounts of the Government showing the appropriation of funds granted by Parliament to meet public expenditure, as well as other accounts laid before Parliament. The committee consisted of eight members:Public Accounts Committee https://www.parliament.gov.sg/about-us/structure/select-committees/public-accounts-committee Parliament of Singapore 18 November 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181118083054/https://www.parliament.gov.sg/about-us/structure/select-committees/public-accounts-committee 18 November 2018 Jessica Tan (Chairperson) Ang Hin Kee Ang Wei Neng Liang Eng Hwa Lim Wee Kiak Leon Perera Tin Pei Ling Zainal Sapari Public petitions committee The public petitions committee deals with public petitions received by the House. Its function is to consider petitions referred to the Committee and to report to the House.Public Petitions Committee https://www.parliament.gov.sg/about-us/structure/select-committees/public-petitions-committee Parliament of Singapore 18 November 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181118083538/https://www.parliament.gov.sg/about-us/structure/select-committees/public-petitions-committee 18 November 2018 Chaired by Speaker of Parliament Tan Chuan-Jin, the committee consisted of seven other members: Cheryl Chan Janil Puthucheary Desmond Lee Louis Ng Denise Phua Dennis Tan Melvin Yong Standing orders committee The standing orders committee reviews the Standing Orders from time to time and recommends amendments and reports to the House on all matters relating to them.Standing Orders Committee https://www.parliament.gov.sg/about-us/structure/select-committees/standing-orders-committee Parliament of Singapore 18 November 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181118084022/https://www.parliament.gov.sg/about-us/structure/select-committees/standing-orders-committee 18 November 2018 Chaired by Speaker of Parliament Tan Chuan-Jin, the committee consisted of nine other members: Charles Chong (Deputy Speaker) Lim Biow Chuan (Deputy Speaker) Chan Chun Sing Desmond Choo Grace Fu Joan Pereira Png Eng Huat Rahayu Mahzam Patrick Tay Government Parliamentary Committees Mooted by then-Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong in 1987, government parliamentary committees (GPCs) are set up by the governing People's Action Party to scrutinise the legislation and programmes of the various Ministries. They also serve as an additional channel of feedback on government policies. + Current members of the Government Parliamentary Committeesas of 4 May 20184 May 2018 Changes to the Government Parliamentary Committees https://www.pap.org.sg/changes-to-the-government-parliamentary-committees Singapore People's Action Party https://web.archive.org/web/20180927040817/https://www.pap.org.sg/WHO'S-WHO/GPC/Content 27 September 2018 18 November 2018Government Parliamentary CommitteeMember of ParliamentCommunications and InformationChairpersonCedric FooDeputy ChairpersonTin Pei LingMembersDarryl David Ong Teng Koon Rahayu Mahzam Teo Ho Pin Teo Ser Luck Vikram NairCulture, Community and YouthChairpersonLim Wee KiakDeputy ChairpersonDarryl DavidMembersJoan Pereira Henry Kwek Lee Yi Shyan Saktiandi Supaat Alex Yam Yee Chia HsingDefence and Foreign AffairsChairpersonVikram NairDeputy ChairpersonJoan PereiraMembersCharles Chong Chong Kee Hiong Fatimah Abdul Lateef Henry Kwek Seah Kian Peng Teo Ho PinEducationChairpersonDenise PhuaDeputy ChairpersonIntan Azura MokhtarMembersAng Wei Neng Cheng Li Hui Foo Mee Har Lim Wee Kiak Murali Pillai Zainal SapariEnvironment and Water Resources (including Climate Change)ChairpersonLee Bee WahDeputy ChairpersonGan Thiam PohMembersAmrin Amin Cheng Li Hui Chia Shi-Lu Liang Eng Hwa Louis NgFinance and Trade and IndustryChairpersonLiang Eng HwaDeputy ChairpersonTeo Ser LuckMembersCedric Foo Cheryl Chan Desmond Choo Foo Mee Har Henry Kwek Saktiandi SupaatHealth (including Ageing and Silver Generation Office)ChairpersonChia Shi-LuDeputy ChairpersonLily NeoMembersCharles Chong Christopher de Souza Fatimah Abdul Lateef Joan Pereira Melvin Yong Murali Pillai Tin Pei LingHome Affairs and LawChairpersonChristopher de SouzaDeputy ChairpersonMurali PillaiMembersDesmond Choo Jessica Tan Louis Ng Rahayu Mahzam Patrick Tay Sitoh Yih PinManpowerChairpersonPatrick TayDeputy ChairpersonZainal SapariMembersCheryl Chan Chong Kee Hiong Intan Azura Mokhtar Jessica Tan Lee Yi Shyan Lim Biow Chuan Yee Chia HsingNational Development (including Municipal Services Office)ChairpersonAlex YamDeputy ChairpersonChong Kee HiongMembersCheryl Chan Gan Thiam Poh Lee Bee Wah Louis Ng Ong Teng Koon Saktiandi SupaatSocial and Family Development (including National Population and Talent Division)ChairpersonSeah Kian PengDeputy ChairpersonRahayu MahzamMembersAng Hin Kee Darryl David Denise Phua Lily Neo Melvin Yong Tan Wu MengTransportChairpersonSitoh Yih PinDeputy ChairpersonAng Hin KeeMembersAng Wei Neng Cheng Li Hui Intan Azura Mokhtar Lim Biow Chuan Melvin Yong Sun Xueling Yee Chia Hsing Notes References Category:Parliament of Singapore Category:2016 establishments in Singapore Category:2020 disestablishments in Singapore