2010–2011 Ivorian crisis

Dispute over the presidency of Ivory Coast May 2013 December 2013 January 2020 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis 28 November 2010 – 11 April 2011(11 28 2010 04 11 2011) Ivory Coast Anti-Gbagbo victory Capture of President Gbagbo by opposition forces. Opposition leader Alassane Ouattara is sworn-in as the duly elected President. Gbagbo is extradited to the International Criminal Court on 30 November 2011, becoming the first head of state to be taken into the court's custody.http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gb-rWpMQBTSGiST5wX2XFLTAEmjw?docId=CNG.d98e4dcabe814b504fd30d7f2c0d0d9c.c91 https://archive.today/20130103000825/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gb-rWpMQBTSGiST5wX2XFLTAEmjw?docId=CNG.d98e4dcabe814b504fd30d7f2c0d0d9c.c91 dead 2013-01-03 AFP: I.Coast's Gbagbo heads to international war crimes court Gbagbo forces Ivory Coast Ivorian Army Ivory Coast Ivorian Police Ivorian Popular Front supported by: Румыния и Белоруссия продавали оружие Кот-д'Ивуару. https://web.archive.org/web/20180729050033/https://govorim.by/novosti-belarusi/47136-peftiev-prodaval-oruzhie-v-kot-divuar.html 29 July 2018 ru Ouattara forces Rally of the Republicans Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire Invisible Commandoshttp://info.france2.fr/monde/experts-de-l-onu-pris-pour-cible-67590863.html Experts de l'ONU pris pour cible – Côte d'Ivoire – politique – Actualités internationales – FRANCE 2 : toute les informations internationales en direct – France 2 Info.france2.fr 28 February 2011 23 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110303092657/http://info.france2.fr/monde/experts-de-l-onu-pris-pour-cible-67590863.html 3 March 2011 live supported by: Каддафи не убежал, а Европа из-за Ливии раскололась Burkina FasoГражданская война в Кот-д'Ивуар ru International forces United Nations 22px Francehttps://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/world/africa/05ivory.html?_r=2 The New York Times Adam Nossiter Strikes by U.N. and France Corner Leader of Ivory Coast 4 April 2011 23 February 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171022142840/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/world/africa/05ivory.html?_r=2 22 October 2017 live dmy-all Рада направила в Кот-д’Ивуар 60 украинских миротворцев и три вертолёта. Комитет ВР и Томенко – против https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221001/http://rus.newsru.ua/ukraine/04feb2011/ivory_coast.html 4 March 2016 // NEWSRU.UA от 4 февраля 2011 ruНаши миротворцы предотвратили эскалацию кровавой бойни в Кот-д`Ивуаре https://web.archive.org/web/20180729111721/https://www.segodnya.ua/world/nashi-mirotvortsy-predotvratili-eckalatsiju-krovavoj-bojni-v-kot-d-ivuare.html 29 July 2018 // «Сегодня. UA» от 9 июля 2011 ru Laurent Gbagbo Alassane OuattaraGuillaume Soro Choi Young-jin (United Nations) Unknown Unknown (New Forces) 10,000 (United Nations) 44–61 security forces killedJune 2017 InternetArchiveBot yes http://wordpress.cozen.org/unoci-said-494-people-have-died-by-violence-in-cote-divoire.html cozen.org - cozen Resources and Information. 1 April 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120727165828/http://wordpress.cozen.org/unoci-said-494-people-have-died-by-violence-in-cote-divoire.html 27 July 2012 Government fatalities 50+ killed (RDR) https://web.archive.org/web/20101210191240/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700087570/4-killed-in-attack-on-Ivory-Coast-candidate-office.html 10 December 2010 http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-16/ivory-coast-opposition-says-32-supporters-killed.html Ivory Coast Opposition Says 32 Supporters Killed - BusinessWeek 31 December 2010 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20101230192446/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-16/ivory-coast-opposition-says-32-supporters-killed.html 30 December 2010 4 killed in attack on Ivory Coast candidate office | Deseret News https://web.archive.org/web/20121109050517/http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/12/ivory.coast.violence/index.html?section=cnn_latest 9 November 2012 2 killed (FN)2 killed,Une Suédoise de l'Onuci tuée par balle à Abidjan https://web.archive.org/web/20110402153523/http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/une-suedoise-de-l-onuci-tuee-par-balle-a-abidjan-01-04-2011-1314170_24.php 2 April 2011 , Le Pointhttp://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/04/01/cote-d%E2%80%99ivoire-deces-d%E2%80%99un-casque-bleu-de-l%E2%80%99onuci-2/ Côte d'Ivoire / Décès d'un casque bleu de l'ONUCI « Database of Press Releases related to Africa – APO-Source Appablog.wordpress.com 1 April 2011 23 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110404151723/http://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/04/01/cote-d%E2%80%99ivoire-deces-d%E2%80%99un-casque-bleu-de-l%E2%80%99onuci-2/ 4 April 2011 live 16 wounded (UNOCI)http://www.ouest-france.fr/actu/actuDet_-Cote-d-Ivoire.-Chaos-generalise-selon-l-Onu-%5BEn-direct%5D-_39382-1748470_actu.Htm Côte d'Ivoire. Vendredi: un " chaos généralisé " selon l'Onu – Conflits fr ouest-france.fr 23 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110404001852/http://www.ouest-france.fr/actu/actuDet_%2DCote%2Dd%2DIvoire.%2DChaos%2Dgeneralise%2Dselon%2Dl%2DOnu%2D%5BEn%2Ddirect%5D%2D_39382%2D1748470_actu.Htm#91;En-direct]-_39382-1748470_actu.Htm 4 April 2011 live http://www.afreekelection.com/journal/item/3947-article3338.html Côte d'Ivoire – Des jeunes incendient un véhicule civil de l'Onuci et font un blessé Afreekelection.com 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110315114042/http://www.afreekelection.com/journal/item/3947-article3338.html 15 March 2011 live http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/trois-casques-bleus-blesses-dans-une-embuscade-a-abidjan-12-01-2011-129234_24.php Trois Casques bleus blessés dans une embuscade à Abidjan Le Point France 14 January 2011 18 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120405002028/http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/trois-casques-bleus-blesses-dans-une-embuscade-a-abidjan-12-01-2011-129234_24.php 5 April 2012 live Par Europe1.fr avec AFP http://www.europe1.fr/International/Cote-d-Ivoire-un-Casque-bleu-blesse-353939/ Côte d'Ivoire : un Casque bleu blessé Europe1 29 December 2010 18 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110128005332/http://www.europe1.fr/International/Cote-d-Ivoire-un-Casque-bleu-blesse-353939/ 28 January 2011 livehttps://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g8k5Qk6vKD_Dqr_5U9EdUldhfwow?docId=CNG.57822b8f3ea90a977fd23ac3e2be76ed.3f1 https://archive.today/20130126051143/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g8k5Qk6vKD_Dqr_5U9EdUldhfwow?docId=CNG.57822b8f3ea90a977fd23ac3e2be76ed.3f1 dead 26 January 2013 AFP Abidjan: 3 Casques bleus blessés par les forces pro-Gbagbo, accuse l'Onuci 6 March 2011 1,000https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11916590 BBC News – Q&A: Ivory Coast crisis BBC 13 April 2011 23 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110422232435/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11916590 22 April 2011 live-1,500+https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE73600S20110407?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 UN troops surround Gbagbo's last defenders | Top News | Reuters Af.reuters.com 7 April 2011 23 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120121120259/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE73600S20110407?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 21 January 2012 dead civilians killed and 100 missingNew proof of Ivory Coast vote killings https://web.archive.org/web/20110217122532/http://www.wcpo.com/dpp/news/new-proof-of-ivory-coast-vote-killings- 17 February 2011 AP overall, one million civilians fled since disputed electionIvory Coast: Ouattara fighters 'capture Yamoussoukro https://web.archive.org/web/20180624191815/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12908004 24 June 2018 , BBC News - The 2010–11 Ivorian crisis was a political crisis in Ivory Coast which began after Laurent Gbagbo, the President of Ivory Coast since 2000, was proclaimed the winner of the Ivorian election of 2010, the first election in the country in 10 years. The opposition candidate, Alassane Ouattara, and a number of countries, organisations and leaders worldwide claimed Ouattara had won the election. After months of attempted negotiation and sporadic violence, the crisis entered a decisive stage as Ouattara's forces began a military offensive in which they quickly gained control of most of the country and besieged key targets in Abidjan, the country's largest city. At the time, international organizations reported numerous human rights violations, and the UN undertook its own military action with the stated objective to protect itself and civilians. A significant step in bringing an end to the crisis occurred on 11 April 2011 upon the capture and arrest of Gbagbo in Abidjan by pro-Ouattara forces backed by French forces.https://www.voanews.com/a/un-ivory-coast-crisis-not-over-yet-119617614/157864.html UN: Ivory Coast Crisis Not Over Yet VOA news 11 April 2011 11 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110413152612/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/UN-Ivory-Coast-Crisis-Not-Over-Yet-119617614.html 13 April 2011 live Announcement of results and post-election conflict On 2 December 2010, Youssouf Bakayoko, head of the Ivorian Commission Electorale Indépendante (CEI), announced provisional results showing that Alassane Ouattara had won the Ivorian election of 2010 in the second round with 54.1% of the vote, against 45.9% for Laurent Gbagbo; he reported that turnout was 81.09%. Results had been expected and then postponed for days, beyond the deadline, and Bakayoko's appearance to announce the results—at an Abidjan hotel heavily guarded by the UN—took the press by surprise.David Lewis and Loucoumane Coulibaly, "Ivory Coast's Ouattara wins vote – election chief" https://web.archive.org/web/20170522133848/http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE6B13FN20101202 22 May 2017 , Reuters, 2 December 2010. Bakayoko reportedly chose to announce the results at the hotel, which Ouattara had been using as "his base", because he wanted to have the security of UN protection when doing so.David Lewis and Tim Cocks, "Ivory Coast seals borders after opposition win" https://web.archive.org/web/20181022062722/https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE6B10GL20101202?sp=true 22 October 2018 , Reuters, 2 December 2010. According to the 2003 Peace Accords signed in the suburbs of Paris, the majority of the CEI must consist of politicians of the opposition (Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire – African Democratic Rally and Rally of the Republicans). March 2011 Paul Yao N'Dre, the President of the Constitutional Council (a body that was viewed by the opposition as favoring Gbagbo, because N'Dre was considered an ally of the President), then took to the airwaves to say that the CEI had no authority left to announce any results, because it had already missed its deadline to announce them, and consequently the results were invalid.Christophe Koffi, https://archive.today/20121205004820/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iedxpbLd4aBzQjdcFHeD-LdVH2qA?docId=CNG.347958328eebaf1a5122e531750726d6.c81 "Ouattara named winner of I. Coast election", AFP, 2 December 2010. According to N'Dre, the passing of the deadline meant that only the Constitutional Council was "authorised to announce decisions on the contested results." It was widely presumed that the Court would issue a ruling favoring Gbagbo, although the CEI's results indicated that Gbagbo could only be credited with victory if hundreds of thousands of votes were invalidated. At the heart of the dispute lies article 94 of the Constitution of Côte d'Ivoire, which reads: The Constitutional Council shall control the regularity of the operations of the referendum and proclaims the results. The Council shall decide on: – the eligibility of the candidates to the presidential and legislative elections; – the disputes concerning the election of the President of the Republic and of the Deputies. The Constitutional Council shall proclaim the final results of the presidential elections.http://abidjan.usembassy.gov/ivoirian_constitution2.html Ivoirian Constitution Embassy of the United States Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire 26 October 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20111015163707/http://abidjan.usembassy.gov/ivoirian_constitution2.html 15 October 2011 Shortly after the announcements, the military sealed the country's borders. Double victory claims On 3 December, the Constitutional Council declared Gbagbo winner.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11913832 Ivory Coast poll overturned: Gbagbo declared winner BBC News 3 December 2010 20 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180712191733/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11913832 12 July 2018 live N'Dre announced that the results in seven northern regions were cancelled, and on that basis declaring the outcome narrowly in favor of Gbagbo, who was credited with 51.45% of the vote while Ouattara had 48.55%."Constitutional body names Gbagbo I. Coast election winner" https://web.archive.org/web/20110402083022/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h1lqqW8eecnVcdL82ggEDWQRli0Q?docId=CNG.a5fc0e83efff72426ce88ff122d81b07.751 2 April 2011 , AFP, 3 December 2010. On the basis of the CEI's results, Ouattara maintained that he was "the elected President" and said that the Constitutional Council had "abused its authority, the whole world knows it, and I am sorry for my country's image"."World leaders back Ouattara as Ivory Coast poll winner" https://web.archive.org/web/20181201101129/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11917359 1 December 2018 , BBC News, 3 December 2010. He had the clear backing of the international and regional community for his claim to victory, but top officers in the military appeared to stand firmly behind Gbagbo.Tim Cocks and Loucoumane Coulibaly, Ivory Coast's Gbagbo sworn in despite poll row https://web.archive.org/web/20101207083735/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B04V920101204 7 December 2010 , Reuters, 4 December 2010. The New Forces and Prime Minister Guillaume Soro both supported Ouattara's claim to victory;Tim Cocks and Loucoumane Coulibaly, "Ivory Coast's Gbagbo sworn in despite poll row" https://web.archive.org/web/20180329121041/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE6B309G20101204?sp=true 29 March 2018 , Reuters, 4 December 2010. Soro said that he considered Ouattara the rightful President and offered his resignation to Gbagbo on 4 December.Roland Lloyd Parry, https://archive.today/20121209204416/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gjK2yBAXISojkSoJZIWKs4SKJlDA?docId=CNG.eb6f793d7e091dc5315bb6b6cbcea713.c41 "Defiant Gbagbo sworn in as I. Coast president", AFP, 3 December 2010. Gbagbo was sworn in for another five-year term on 4 December, defiantly declaring: "I will continue to work with all the countries of the world, but I will never give up our sovereignty." Sporadic violence and gunfire were reported in various parts of the country, including Abidjan. Gbagbo appointed a new Prime Minister, Gilbert Aké, on 5 December; Aké, an economist and university president, was already regarded as close to Gbagbo."Côte d'Ivoire: Laurent Gbagbo nomme à son tour son Premier ministre" https://web.archive.org/web/20101208072716/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gPb3Fl6cGpCbkGUjYIL9H9GuarQA?docId=CNG.468208a520b81057a0741e32037e7230.811 8 December 2010 , AFP, 5 December 2010 fr. Ouattara himself was sworn in separately shortly after, saying that "Ivory Coast is now in good hands". Ouattara then re-appointed Soro as his prime minister.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11920739 Thabo Mbeki to mediate in Ivory Coast president crisis 5 December 2010 BBC News 5 December 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20101205043235/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11920739 5 December 2010 live Reactions Domestic There had been rallies from pro-Gbagbo and pro-Ouattara sides. Simone Gbagbo, wife of Laurent Gbagbo, gave a speech in the pro-Gbagbo rally on 15 January 2011.http://www.france24.com/en/20110116-simone-gbagbo-rally-evangelical-christian-god-sarkozy-devil-ivory-coast 'God has given us victory', Gbagbo's wife tells rally 16 January 2011 France24 6 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110303214834/http://www.france24.com/en/20110116-simone-gbagbo-rally-evangelical-christian-god-sarkozy-devil-ivory-coast 3 March 2011 live Ivorian forces have fired live bullets to disperse protesters. In Abobo, an Abidjan suburb and a stronghold of Ouattara's supporters, there were many violent clashes between security forces and civilians.https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE71K01H20110221 Ivorian troops kill protesters, AU team arrives | Top News | Reuters Af.reuters.com 21 February 2011 6 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110715180107/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE71K01H20110221 15 July 2011 dead https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE71J03I20110220 Ivorian troops fire to disperse anti-Gbagbo protest Reuters 20 February 2011 6 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110715180120/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE71J03I20110220 15 July 2011 dead Aya Virginie Toure Ivory Coast women defiant after being targeted by Gbagbo's guns https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/11/ivory-coast-women-defiant/Women-Play-Vital-Role-In-Egypts-Uprising 11 March 2011 The Guardian article 11 March 2011 London July 2021 medicmedic organized over 40,000 women A plea for help from an Ivorian women's leader amid the violent power struggle https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00ff0jq 23 March 2011 BBC Radio radio broadcast 23 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110324115201/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p00ff0jq/Outlook_23_03_2011/ 24 March 2011 live dmy-all in peaceful protests that were violently repressed. Ivory Coast: women shot dead at anti-Gbagbo rally http://www.euronews.net/2011/03/03/ivory-coast-women-shot-dead-at-anti-gbagbo-rally/ 3 March 2011 Euronews article 3 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110305000416/http://www.euronews.net/2011/03/03/ivory-coast-women-shot-dead-at-anti-gbagbo-rally/ 5 March 2011 live dmy-all In an impassioned interview on BBC News, Toure compared the ongoing Second Ivorian Civil War Ivory Coast's well-armed rebels making quick work of revolution https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/01/ivory-coast-new-forces-rebels-revolution 1 April 2011 The Guardian article 1 April 2011 London David Smith https://web.archive.org/web/20110413075800/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/01/ivory-coast-new-forces-rebels-revolution 13 April 2011 live to the 2011 Libyan civil war and asked for support from the international community. She called for military intervention to remove Laurent Gbagbo from power the same way Charles Taylor was removed in the Second Liberian Civil War. United Nations On 18 December, a United Nations spokesperson said in response to a Gbagbo demand that foreign armed troops leave the country that the UN did not consider Gbagbo to be the president, and that peacekeepers would continue to support and protect both Alassane Ouattara and Ivorian citizens.https://www.voanews.com/a/un-spokesman-gbagbo-not-ivory-coast-president-112131814/132460.html UN Spokesman: Gbagbo Not Ivory Coast President 8 January 2010 18 December 2010 Voice of America https://web.archive.org/web/20101222011455/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/UN-Spokesman-Gbagbo-Not-Ivory-Coast-President-112131814.html 22 December 2010 live dmy-all On 23 December 2010, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed a resolution that "strongly condemned human rights violations that had taken place in Côte d'Ivoire...that occurred in different parts of Côte d'Ivoire in relation to the conclusion of the 2010 presidential election."http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10615&LangID=E Special session of Human Rights Council on Côte d'Ivoire concludes after adopting a resolution calling for end to all human rights violations 8 January 2011 23 December 2010 United Nations Human Rights Council https://web.archive.org/web/20111203012206/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10615&LangID=E 3 December 2011 live dmy-all The resolution was criticized by Amnesty International as having insufficiently addressed the situation.https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=19160 Ivory Coast: 'Disappointment' at UN's response to worsening situation 8 January 2011 24 December 2010 Amnesty International https://web.archive.org/web/20110603014941/http://amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=19160 3 June 2011 live dmy-all International Angola and Lebanon were the only countries to send their ambassadors to Gbagbo's swearing-in.Despite Growing Pressure, Ivory Coast Incumbent Gbagbo Still Has Outside Allies VOA The African Union—which, like the United Nations, formally recognised Ouattara as the duly elected President—warned that the conflicting results and subsequent political crisis could result in "incalculable consequences", and sent former President of South Africa Thabo Mbeki to mediate the issue. The US, UN, EU, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and former colonial power France affirmed their support to Ouattara.Ivory Coast's Gbagbo defies world leaders 4 December 2010 http://www.euronews.net/2010/12/04/ivory-coast-s-gbagbo-defies-world-leaders/ euronews.com 29 December 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20121002175514/http://www.euronews.com/2010/12/04/ivory-coast-s-gbagbo-defies-world-leaders/ 2 October 2012 live On 5 December, former South African President Thabo Mbeki held separate talks with Gbagbo and Ouattara, acting as a mediator. The African Union had appointed Mbeki to lead an emergency mission to Côte d'Ivoire "to facilitate the rapid and peaceful conclusion of the electoral process and the efforts to find a way out of the crisis."Olivier Monnier and Pauline Bax. "Mbeki in Ivory Coast to Mediate as Gbagbo, Ouattara Each Claim Presidency https://web.archive.org/web/20140621160248/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-05/thabo-mbeki-arrives-in-ivory-coast-to-mediate-in-presidential-stand-off.html 21 June 2014 ." Bloomberg, 5 December 2010. However, he left the next day without a deal.AU mediator Thabo Mbeki leaves Ivory Coast without a breakthrough https://web.archive.org/web/20101218205147/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/2010/12/101207_un-peacekeepers_ivorycoast.shtml 18 December 2010 , BBC World Service, 7 December 2010. Gabonese opposition leader André Mba Obame cited the events in Ivory Coast and the international recognition of Ouattara as Ivorian President as inspiration for declaring himself winner of the controversial 2009 Gabonese presidential election, sparking an ongoing political crisis in Gabon.Gualbert Phal https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gabon-protest-idUSTRE70Q42C20110127 Gabon police tear gas protesters, tensions rise Reuters 27 January 2011 18 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110207230341/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/27/us-gabon-protest-idUSTRE70Q42C20110127 7 February 2011 live On 28 December, presidents Yayi Boni of Benin, Ernest Bai Koroma of Sierra Leone and Pedro Pires of Cape Verde arrived in the country on behalf of ECOWAS, to convince Gbagbo to resign and go into exile for the sake of his country, while declaring it was Gbagbo's last chance before the deployment of military force against him.Eric Agnero http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/12/28/ivory.coast.conflict/ African leaders arrive in Ivory Coast to deal with political crisis CNN 28 December 2010 28 December 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20101229122422/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/12/28/ivory.coast.conflict/ 29 December 2010 live SME sk http://www.sme.sk/c/5697255/prezidenti-skusia-predist-invazii-do-pobrezia-slonoviny.html Prezidenti skúsia predísť invázii do Pobrežia Slonoviny SITA 26 December 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20101228023810/http://www.sme.sk/c/5697255/prezidenti-skusia-predist-invazii-do-pobrezia-slonoviny.html 28 December 2010 live On 20 December, White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs told a news briefing that it was "time for [Gbagbo] to go" and that "We stand ready to impose targeted sanctions, individually and in concert with our partners around the world, on President Gbagbo, on his immediate family, on those who are associated with him and those who continue to cling to power illegitimately.""White House: It's time for Gbagbo to go https://web.archive.org/web/20110102063834/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6BJ4PE20101220 2 January 2011 ," Reuters, 20 December 2010. On 21 December, the United States Department of State announced that it had imposed travel sanctions against Gbagbo and 30 allies. William Fitzgerald, the deputy assistant secretary for African affairs, said that trade sanctions may be imposed against individuals. On 22 December, State Department spokesman Philip J. Crowley said that Ouattara's victory was irrefutable and reiterated U.S. demands that Gbagbo step down.Indira A.R. Lakshmanan and Flavia Krause-Jackson, "U.S. Urges More Peacekeeping Troops, Sanctions to Stem Ivory Coast Chaos https://web.archive.org/web/20140525075531/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-22/u-s-says-ivory-coast-election-outcome-irrefutable-update1-.html 25 May 2014 ," Bloomberg, 22 December 2010. Threats, violence and human rights violations Between December 2010 and March 2011, there was a series of sporadic outbreaks of violence between Gbagbo's militias and security forces on the one hand and Ouattara's supporters on the other, primarily in the city of Abidjan, where both sides had large numbers of supporters. On 16 December 2010, clashes between opposition supporters and security forces in Abidjan and Yamoussoukro left 44 people dead.http://www.africanews.com/site/list_message/32393 Two rebel soldiers killed in Ivory Coast AfricaNews 16 December 2010 31 December 2010 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120329061319/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_message/32393 29 March 2012 http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-16/ivory-coast-opposition-says-32-supporters-killed.html Ivory Coast Opposition Says 32 Supporters Killed BusinessWeek 16 December 2010 31 December 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20101230192446/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-16/ivory-coast-opposition-says-32-supporters-killed.html 30 December 2010 dead http://archive.boston.com/news/world/africa/articles/2010/12/16/ivory_coast_march_over_vote_turns_violent_3_dead/ At least 20 killed in Ivory Coast clashes Boston Globe 16 December 2010 18 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20121103061841/http://www.boston.com/news/world/africa/articles/2010/12/16/ivory_coast_march_over_vote_turns_violent_3_dead/ 3 November 2012 live It was alleged that a mass grave of opposition supporters had been dug in a pro-Gbagbo neighborhood in Abidjan, but security forces prevented UN investigators from going to the site to check the allegations.UN Mass Grave Probe Obstructed In Ivory Coast: NPR https://web.archive.org/web/20110106065401/http://www.npr.org/2010/12/30/132496976/u-n-mass-grave-probe-obstructed-in-ivory-coast 6 January 2011 Another mass grave was reported to exist in the village of N'Dotre, guarded by government militias.The Associated Press https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ivory-coast-mass-grave-feared-un-1.944103 CBC News – World – Ivory Coast mass grave feared: UN Cbc.ca 24 December 2010 18 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20101227012045/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ivory-coast-mass-grave-feared-un-1.944103 27 December 2010 live Clashes between rival ethnic groups seen as being pro-Gbagbo and pro-Ouattara killed 33 people in the central Ivorian city of Duékoué between 3 and 6 January 2011.Aboa Ange https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE7094CZ20110110 Clashes in west Ivory Coast have killed 33: medic Reuters 10 January 2011 18 February 2011 11 more people were killed on 11–12 January when fighting broke out in Abidjan between security forces and Ouattara supporters, some of whom were using automatic weapons and rocket-propelled grenades, after the police attempted to conduct a raid in a pro-Ouattara district of Abidjan.http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/12/ivory.coast.violence/index.html?section=cnn_latest Police officers killed in Ivory Coast; 3 peacekeepers injured CNN 12 January 2011 18 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20121109050517/http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/12/ivory.coast.violence/index.html?section=cnn_latest 9 November 2012 live Aka Evelyne http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/ivory-coast-curfew-after-11-killed-in-abidjan/story-e6frf7jx-1225986910026?from=public_rss Ivory Coast curfew after 11 killed in Abidjan Herald Sun 13 January 2011 18 February 2011 The same area was the scene of further clashes on 21–22 February when police again attempted to raid it. 12 opposition supporters were killed when security forces fired machine guns and launched rocket-propelled grenades in the neighbourhood;December 2020 the next day, opposition fighters ambushed government gendarmes (paramilitary police) and killed 10–15 of them.http://au.news.yahoo.com/a/-/world/8895648/gbagbo-loyalists-killed-in-ivory-coast-ambush/ Gbagbo loyalists killed in Ivory Coast ambush – Yahoo!7 Au.news.yahoo.com 24 February 2011 6 March 2011 May 2011 Gbagbo's supporters carried out a number of attacks in March, attacking foreign businesses and UN offices in Abidjan on 1 Marchhttp://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201131175529464635.html Gbagbo youth riot in Cote d'Ivoire – Africa Al Jazeera English 1 March 2011 6 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110308202942/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201131175529464635.html 8 March 2011 live and killing at least six people attending a pro-Ouattara rally in the city.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12637088 BBC News – Ivory Coast: Women 'shot during pro-Ouattara march' BBC News 28 February 2011 6 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110305030939/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12637088 5 March 2011 live The northern suburb of Abobo was attacked by Gbagbo's forces on 13 March in a bid to drive out pro-Ouattara supporters, and mobs were also reported to be roaming the city looking for their opponents and attacking or killing them. The violence resulted in 10 confirmed deaths and scores more wounded.http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2011/03/2011313154729798824.html Deadly clashes in Cote d'Ivoire – Africa Al Jazeera English 13 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110314150801/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2011/03/2011313154729798824.html 14 March 2011 live Abobo came under heavy attack on 17 March, killing 30 people, when shells were fired into a crowded market from a nearby military barracks.http://www.kansascity.com/2011/03/17/2731772/commandos-attack-ivory-coast-police.html Shelling kills up to 30 in Ivory Coast marketplace 17 March 2011April 2011 It was unclear whether Gbagbo or Ouattara supporters were responsible, though Abobo is generally pro-Ouattara.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12778001 Ivory Coast crisis: 'Deadly shelling' in Abidjan 17 March 2011 17 March 2011 BBC News Online https://web.archive.org/web/20110318025213/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12778001 18 March 2011 live On 18 March, the UN issued a statement saying that the shelling was "an act, perpetrated against civilians, [that] could constitute a crime against humanity."https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12787015 Ivory Coast shelling in Abidjan 'a war crime' – UN 18 March 2011 18 March 2011 BBC News Online https://web.archive.org/web/20110318234402/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12787015 18 March 2011 live Another 52 people were killed in continuing violence in Abidjan between 21 and 26 March.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12872920 Ivory Coast's Ouattara 'rejects' African Union mediator 27 March 2011 26 March 2011 BBC News https://web.archive.org/web/20110327033930/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12872920 27 March 2011 live Opposition figure Guillaume Soro charged that Gbagbo's security forces and Liberian mercenaries had waged a campaign of terror, and that death squads had been responsible for 200 deaths, 1,000 people wounded from gunfire, 40 disappearances and 732 arrests. He told The Guardian that "women have been beaten, stripped, assaulted and raped. When will the international community realise that a murderous insanity has begun in Ivory Coast?" Amnesty International said it had received increasing reports of atrocities in the country.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/21/ivory-coast-gbagbo-death-squads-claim Death squads attacking Ivory Coast opposition, claims spokesman The Guardian UK 21 December 2010 23 December 2010 David Smith https://web.archive.org/web/20130920225733/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/21/ivory-coast-gbagbo-death-squads-claim 20 September 2013 live By March 2011, an estimated 450,000+ Ivorians had left the country, of which 370,000 were from the capital city of Abidjan.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12718544 Ivory Coast crisis: 'Nearly 450,000 refugees' 12 March 2011 11 March 2011 BBC News Online https://web.archive.org/web/20110312025858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12718544 12 March 2011 live On 10 March 2011, it was announced that Gbagbo had banned all French and UN aircraft from Ivorian airspace, with exceptions only if the transport ministry approved. The ban was not challenged by the UN, which continued to fly helicopters despite the order; allies of Ouattara said Gbagbo had no legal authority with which to enforce the ban.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12702130 Ivory Coast's Laurent Gbagbo bans UN and French flights 12 March 2011 10 March 2011 BBC News Online https://web.archive.org/web/20110311030021/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12702130 11 March 2011 live Approximately 1,800 people, including children and civil servants, had taken refuge in Abidjan's Saint Paul's Cathedral since the beginning of the crisis.Ivory Coast: Abidjan cathedral provides refuge for hundreds https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13013152 BBC News 8 April 2011 8 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110410034046/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13013152 10 April 2011 live Both pro-Ouattara and pro-Gbagbo forces were accused of having participated in the 28–29 March Duékoué massacre, where hundreds of civilians were killed. When asked by U.N. secretary general Ban Ki-moon, Ouattara denied the accusation against his forces, but agreed to conduct an investigation.Andrew Harding https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12951990 BBC News – Ivory Coast: UN presses Ouattara over Duekoue massacre BBC 3 April 2011 23 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110408055345/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12951990 8 April 2011 livehttp://www.theage.com.au/world/new-massacre-accusations-for-ivory-coast-20110409-1d8cp.html?skin=text-only New massacre accusations for Ivory Coast theage.com.au 9 April 2011 23 April 2011 Melbourne https://web.archive.org/web/20121106163939/http://www.theage.com.au/world/new-massacre-accusations-for-ivory-coast-20110409-1d8cp.html?skin=text-only 6 November 2012 live Peaceful protests Numerous peaceful protests of nonviolent resistance have been organized in Ivory Coast and internationally in support of a peaceful resolution to the ongoing crisis. In December 2010, several street protests were held in Abidjan. Hundreds of women joined the protests and banged pots as a warning about the arrival of the militias. Country on the edge of CHAOS https://nationalpost.com/news/world/Country+edge+CHAOS/4017648/story.html 23 December 2010 National Post article 23 December 2010 October 2025 medicmedic The protesters were met with heavily armed security forces firing into the crowd and killing civilians. Ivory Coast Protests Turn Deadly https://www.voanews.com/a/fighting-erupts-in-ivory-coast-111990569/132368.html 16 December 2010 Voice of America News report 16 December 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20101216152940/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Fighting-Erupts-in-Ivory-Coast-111990569.html 16 December 2010 live In February 2011, hundreds of youth protested in Abobo, a neighborhood of Abidjan. One man and one woman were killed by security forces who opened fire and used tear gas to disperse the crowd. Deaths as Ivory Coast forces open fire on protesters https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12516216 19 February 2011 BBC News Africa article 19 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110220023936/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12516216 20 February 2011 live On 3 March 2011, 15,000 women held a peaceful protest in Abidjan. Some were dressed in black, some were wearing leaves, and some were naked, all signs of an African curse directed toward Laurent Gbagbo. The Ivory Coast Effect https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2011/03/the-ivory-coast-effect.html 22 March 2011 The New Yorker article 22 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110326064310/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2011/03/the-ivory-coast-effect.html 26 March 2011 live dmy-all In the neighborhood of Abobo, they were met by security forces with tanks that allegedly opened fire on the women. Forces Kill 6 Women Marching in Ivory Coast https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=13045579 3 March 2011 abc News/International article 3 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110408065608/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=13045579 8 April 2011 live Seven women were killed and approximately 100 were wounded. Gbagbo's police officers always denied any involvement of their forces, and Gbagbo's supporters argue that this incident is an elaborate hoax, claiming that the available video footage can hardly match the story. Despite this violent suppression, Touré organized another demonstration on March 8, International Women's Day, where around 45,000 women participated in peaceful protests across the country. These events highlighted the significant role of women in the nonviolent resistance against Gbagbo's regime during the crisis.Smith David 2011-03-11 Ivory Coast women defiant after being targeted by Gbagbo's guns https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/11/ivory-coast-women-defiant 2025-04-14 The Guardian en-GB 0261-3077 On 8 March, International Women's Day, 45,000 women held peaceful protests across the country. The women were met with youth armed with machetes and automatic weapons firing into the air at Koumassi. Ivorian women in anti-Gbagbo march through Abidjan https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-ivorycoast-women-idUSLNE72706R20110308 8 March 2011 Reuters radio broadcast 8 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110311071947/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/08/uk-ivorycoast-women-idUSLNE72706R20110308 11 March 2011 live dmy-all One woman and three men were killed in Abidjan by the army.Four dead in Ivory Coast march http://www.pakistannews24.com/2011/03/09/four-dead-in-ivory-coast-march/ 9 March 2011 Pakistan News 24 article 9 March 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110726063523/http://www.pakistannews24.com/2011/03/09/four-dead-in-ivory-coast-march/ 26 July 2011 Outbreak of violent conflict Second Ivorian Civil War right|thumb|Map of the March 2011 Republican Forces offensive As the violence continued in Abidjan, heavy fighting broke out in western Côte d'Ivoire at the end of February 2011 as the newly renamed Republican Forces of Côte d'Ivoire (RFCI) sought to close the border with Liberia, from where Gbagbo was reported to have recruited numerous fighters. A series of western towns fell to the RFCI between 25 February and 21 March as it advanced beyond the ceasefire line from the previous civil war. On 28 March the RFCI launched a country-wide military offensive as Ouattara declared that all peaceful solutions had been "exhausted". After heavy fighting in some central Ivorian towns, the RFCI advanced rapidly across the country to seize towns along the eastern border with Ghana,Key Ivory Coast towns fall as Gbagbo calls for ceasefire http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/pro-ouattara-forces-seize-another-ivory-coast-town-1 29 March 2011 Reuters dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120930103518/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/pro-ouattara-forces-seize-another-ivory-coast-town-1 30 September 2012 the political capital Yamoussoukrohttps://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE72T0NY20110330?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 Pro-Ouattara forces reach Ivorian capital 30 March 2011 Reuters 1 July 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171014183751/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE72T0NY20110330?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 14 October 2017 dead and the key port of San Pédro.http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/i-coast-cocoa-town-under-pro-ouattara-forces I. Coast cocoa town under pro-Ouattara forces AFP 31 March 2011 1 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120930215742/http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/i-coast-cocoa-town-under-pro-ouattara-forces 30 September 2012 dead By 31 March the RFCI had reached Abidjan as fighting broke out in the city, with Gbagbo loyalists falling back to the area around the presidential palace.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ivorycoast-fighting-idUSTRE72S1DR20110401 Heavy fighting after Ouattara troops reach Abidjan 31 March 2011 Reuters 30 June 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152159/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/01/us-ivorycoast-fighting-idUSTRE72S1DR20110401 24 September 2015 live United Nations and French forces joined the fighting on 4 April with helicopter attacks on heavy weapons being used by Gbagbo's forces.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12960308 Ivory Coast: UN forces fire on pro-Gbagbo camp 4 April 2011 BBC News https://web.archive.org/web/20110405035005/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12960308 5 April 2011 live Electricity and water to the northern half of the country were also cut 2 March, with no immediate explanation for either event.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12629109 BBC News – Ivory Coast: Power and water cut to pro-Ouattara north BBC News 2 March 2011 6 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110305030959/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12629109 5 March 2011 live Status of Gbagbo and Ouattara On 18 December 2010, Gbagbo ordered peacekeeping forces from the United Nations and France to leave the country; the government issued a statement saying that it " demands the departure of the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire and Opération Licorne forces in Ivory Coast and is opposed to any renewal of their mandate."http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/UN_convoy_attacked_by_gunman_in_Ivory_Coast_as_peacekeeping_forces_ordered_to_leave_country UN convoy attacked by gunman in Ivory Coast as peacekeeping forces ordered to leave country 8 January 2011 18 December 2010 Wikinews dead https://web.archive.org/web/20101221072502/http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/UN_convoy_attacked_by_gunman_in_Ivory_Coast_as_peacekeeping_forces_ordered_to_leave_country 21 December 2010 In January 2011, Gbagbo requested a recount of the votes, along with the creation of a committee composed of international members that would oversee the recount.http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/indepth/2011-01/07/c_13680942.htm Cote d'Ivoir's Gbagbo goes on diplomatic offensive 8 January 2011 7 January 2011 Xinhua https://web.archive.org/web/20110108133922/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/indepth/2011-01/07/c_13680942.htm 8 January 2011 dead dmy-all He also engaged in a diplomatic campaign to gain support from countries like Zimbabwe, while at the same time expelling ambassadors from the United Kingdom and Canada, countries that did not recognize his leadership.http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_expels_British,_Canadian_ambassadors Ivory Coast expels British, Canadian ambassadors 8 January 2011 7 January 2011 Wikinews dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110110054305/http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_expels_British%2C_Canadian_ambassadors 10 January 2011 After the election, Gbagbo initially retained control of the country's armed forces and the state media, but in part due to the international sanctions which limited Gbagbo's financing abilities, this control gradually crumbled and the offensive by Ouattara forces caused much of Gbagbo's armed forces to defect.https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2011/0331/In-Ivory-Coast-Gbagbo-s-forces-defect-en-masse-reports 31 March 2011 Dakar, Senegal Drew Hinshaw In Ivory Coast, Gbagbo's forces defect en masse: reports 31 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110403070616/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2011/0331/In-Ivory-Coast-Gbagbo-s-forces-defect-en-masse-reports 3 April 2011 live Ouattara was at the first floor of the Golf Hotel in Abidjan while Gbagbo remained at the presidential palace. The hotel was guarded by about 800 UN peacekeepers, who had encircled the site with coiled razor wire and guarded the premises with white UN armored personnel carriers and security checks for visitors.AP / RUKMINI CALLIMACHI Sunday, 12 December 2010 http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2036621,00.html Alassane Ouattara Governs Ivory Coast from Hotel TIME 12 December 2010 23 December 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20101216174313/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2036621,00.html 16 December 2010 dead According to local UN mission chief Choi Young-jin, troops loyal to Gbagbo (about 3,000 militiamen according to an Ouattara spokesmanhttp://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/212675/ivory-coast-ouattara-camp-urges-force-to-oust-gbagbo Ivory Coast in political violence Bangkok Post 23 December 2010) occupied the neighborhood surrounding the Golf Hotel and set up a blockade that prevented UN trucks from bringing food, water and medicine to the hotel; UN trucks were sent each day but had been turned back every time. Ouattara had a pirate radio station inside the hotel that broadcast campaign songs, speeches from Ouattara, and statements by his spokesman. However, technicians working for Gbagbo had jammed the signal and so as to change frequencies several times a day.Canada https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/africa-mideast/ivorian-president-elect-confined-to-hotel/article1846161/ Ivorian president-elect confined to hotel The Globe and Mail 23 December 2010 Toronto https://web.archive.org/web/20101223060247/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/africa-mideast/ivorian-president-elect-confined-to-hotel/article1846161/ 23 December 2010 live During early March 2011, Ouattara traveled to Ethiopia to meet with an African Union (AU) council tasked with finding a solution to the conflict. Gbagbo refused to attend the meeting, which resulted in the AU confirming Ouattara as the victor in the elections. It was the first time he had left the Golf Hotel since the election was held. Reactions Media Reporters Without Borders observed that public media had been neutral in its coverage of the candidates, but it also noted that Gbagbo's campaign had received a substantially larger amount of coverage.https://archive.today/20130103112122/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHzvmwh32nJI6ijIynmTPJrDIGBw?docId=CNG.003c06434b83e46dca5d95fb4df7cf8e.531 "I.Coast presidential challenger seeks to unify opposition", AFP, 10 November 2010. Reporters have been threatened by armed forces sympathetic to Gbagbo.https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/andrewharding/2011/01/gbagbo_loyalist_threats_highli.html 6 January 2011 BBC – Andrew Harding on Africa: Gbagbo loyalist threats highlight Ivory Coast fears 6 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110130061058/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/andrewharding/2011/01/gbagbo_loyalist_threats_highli.html 30 January 2011 dead International radio stations, including France 24, BBC and RFI, were stopped from broadcasting on 2 March. Economy and financial markets The West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) recognises Ouattara as the winner of the 2010 election.http://www.aip.ci/indexL.php?idl=17833&Kt_Lecture=1 Aip:: Agence Ivoirienne De Presse Aip.ci 18 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110228090739/http://www.aip.ci/indexL.php?idl=17833&Kt_Lecture=1 28 February 2011 dead The bank of issue of UEMOA is the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO)). The governor of BCEAO, Philippe-Henry Dacoury-Tabley, seen as an ally of Gbagbo, was forced to resign by West African leaders on 21 January 2011.http://www.ladepechedabidjan.net/BCEAO-le-gouverneur-Dacoury-Tabley-demissionne-Le-gvt-Gbagbo-rejette-la-demission-du-chef-de-la-banque-ouest-africaine_a1805.html BCEAO : le gouverneur Dacoury-Tabley démissionne / Le gvt Gbagbo "rejette" la démission du chef de la banque ouest-africaine Ladepechedabidjan.net 18 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110723175125/http://www.ladepechedabidjan.net/BCEAO-le-gouverneur-Dacoury-Tabley-demissionne-Le-gvt-Gbagbo-rejette-la-demission-du-chef-de-la-banque-ouest-africaine_a1805.html 23 July 2011 usurped https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12286440 BBC News – Ivory Coast: Laurent Gbagbo orders bank branch seizures BBC News 26 January 2011 18 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110215001216/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12286440 15 February 2011 live Ouattara said that the continuing crisis hurts the economy.http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-01-19/ivory-coast-crisis-hurting-economy-ouattara-says.html Ivory Coast Crisis Hurting Economy, Ouattara Says Businessweek 19 January 2011 18 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110225045709/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-01-19/ivory-coast-crisis-hurting-economy-ouattara-says.html 25 February 2011 dead As a declining economy threatens the status of Côte d'Ivoire, as the largest producer of cocoa in the world, a revival hinged on the outcome of the election.http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2010/10/20101017183528594852.html Cote d'Ivoire's declining economy – Africa Al Jazeera English 17 October 2010 4 December 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20101201045017/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2010/10/20101017183528594852.html 1 December 2010 live The internationally traded price for cocoa and white sugar fell in the week prior to the election on speculation that the election would spur production.Roy Debarati https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-29/cocoa-drops-to-one-week-low-on-ivory-coast-vote-speculation-sugar-slides.html Sugar Jumps to Highest Since February; Coffee Gains; Cocoa Drops Bloomberg 29 October 2010 4 December 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20101101205632/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-29/cocoa-drops-to-one-week-low-on-ivory-coast-vote-speculation-sugar-slides.html 1 November 2010 live On 24 January 2011, the cocoa price soared following Ouattara's announcement that coffee and cocoa exports would be banned for a month in hope to cut off the funding for Gbagbo.http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20110124-cocoa-price-climbs-after-ouattara-calls-export-ban Cocoa price climbs after Ouattara calls for export ban Radio France Internationale 24 January 2011 24 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110211073830/http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20110124-cocoa-price-climbs-after-ouattara-calls-export-ban 11 February 2011 live Ivory Coast was also forced to default on a $2.3 billion bond as a result of the crisis.Bax Pauline https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-12/gbagbo-s-capture-may-set-ivory-coast-s-economy-on-long-road-to-recovery.html Capture of Gbagbo May Set Ivory Coast's Economy on Long Road to Recovery Bloomberg 12 April 2011 23 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110415080715/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-12/gbagbo-s-capture-may-set-ivory-coast-s-economy-on-long-road-to-recovery.html 15 April 2011 live On 9 February 2011 onwards, the Abidjan stock exchange remained closed after Gbagbo's loyalist forces invaded its offices.http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-16/west-africa-exchange-closes-indefinitely-after-gbagbo-seizure.html West Africa Exchange Closes Indefinitely After Gbagbo Seizure Businessweek 8 December 2009 18 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110628194859/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-16/west-africa-exchange-closes-indefinitely-after-gbagbo-seizure.html 28 June 2011 dead The following day it reopened.https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE71A04Q20110211 WAfrican bourse reopens, was shut by troops: staff | Reuters Af.reuters.com 11 February 2011 18 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110217184554/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE71A04Q20110211 17 February 2011 dead The regional stock exchange Bourse Regionale des Valeurs Mobilieres moved "temporarily" to Bamako, Mali after Gbagbo's troops attacked its office in Abidjan.http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-25/ivory-coast-violence-drives-regional-stock-exchange-to-mali.html Ivory Coast Violence Drives Regional Stock Exchange to Mali Businessweek 25 February 2011 6 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110416153659/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-25/ivory-coast-violence-drives-regional-stock-exchange-to-mali.html 16 April 2011 dead During the week from 14 to 18 February, four bankshttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12478846 BBC News – Ivory Coast rush to withdraw bank cash BBC News 16 February 2011 6 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110217173241/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12478846 17 February 2011 live had suspended their operations, and Gbagbo in response nationalized them on 17 February.http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9LF3DU80.htm Ivory Coast's Gbagbo seizes 4 international banks BusinessWeek 18 February 2011 6 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110222151224/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9LF3DU80.htm 22 February 2011 dead Most of the cash machines in Abidjan had been empty or out of service and people rushed to the banks to withdraw their cash.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12478846 BBC News – Ivory Coast rush to withdraw bank cash BBC News 17 November 2010 18 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110217173241/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12478846 17 February 2011 livehttps://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE71G00620110217 UPDATE 2-Foreign banks suspend Ivory Coast operations | Agricultural Commodities | Reuters Af.reuters.com 9 February 2009 18 February 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110715175632/http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE71G00620110217 15 July 2011 dead Reports suggested a cash crisis in the country due to a lack of capital inflows and runs on banks forcing national financial institutions to also deplete their reserves. Several banks ceased operations in the country. The move led to Gbagbo loyalist forces to have "nationalised" those banks and "requisitioned" cash from the Central Bank's Abidjan bureau. The opposition said these actions amounted to robbery.https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2011/0223/How-Ivory-Coast-s-Gbabgo-aims-to-solve-his-cash-woes How Ivory Coast's Gbabgo aims to solve his cash woes CSMonitor.com 23 February 2011 6 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110227090328/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2011/0223/How-Ivory-Coast-s-Gbabgo-aims-to-solve-his-cash-woes 27 February 2011 live International On 23 March, at the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Summit in Nigeria,ECOWAS Summit: West African women protest Ivorian situation http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/ecowas-summit:-west-african-women-protest-ivorian-situation-201103246180.html 24 March 2011 Afrique en ligne article 24 March 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120606164404/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/ecowas-summit%3A-west-african-women-protest-ivorian-situation-201103246180.html 6 June 2012 a "One Thousand Women March" was organised by peace activists in West Africa in support of the women in the Ivory Coast. They wore white T-shirts and represented countries across West Africa including Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo."Thousand Women Protest March" in Solidarity with the Women of Cote d'Ivoire http://www.wipsen-africa.org/wipsen/News/page_3/ 23 March 2011 WIPSEN article 23 March 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20111008014009/http://www.wipsen-africa.org/wipsen/News/page_3/ 8 October 2011 On 6 April, in Canada outside the French consulate in Montreal, demonstrators protested against France's military intervention in Ivory Coast and asked for humanitarian corridors to be opened in Abidjan.https://montrealgazette.com/news/Local+Ivorians+protest+outside+French+consulate/4565425/story.html Local Ivorians protest outside French consulate The Montreal Gazette 6 April 2011 6 April 2011 April 2019 InternetArchiveBot yes On 8 April, in Ireland outside the French embassy in Dublin, demonstrators protested against the international community's "military invasion" of Ivory Coast.https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0409/1224294302704.html Ivory Coast protest at French embassy The Irish Times 9 April 2011 6 March 2011 Kitty Holland https://web.archive.org/web/20121023163914/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0409/1224294302704.html 23 October 2012 live Gbagbo's capture Gbagbo was arrested on 11 April. From April to August, he and his wife, Simone, were under house arrest in separate locations in northern parts of the country. Gbagbo was sent to Korhogo and Simone to Odienné.Côte d'Ivoire : Simone Gbagbo est en résidence surveillée dans le nord-ouest http://www.francesoir.fr/actualite/international/cote-d-ivoire-simone-gbagbo-est-en-residence-surveillee-dans-nord-ouest-94788.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20110904054708/http://www.francesoir.fr/actualite/international/cote-d-ivoire-simone-gbagbo-est-en-residence-surveillee-dans-nord-ouest-94788.html 4 September 2011 3 September 2011 Gbagbo and his wife were charged with economic crimes in August. The charges included looting, armed robbery and embezzlement. The government, citing its incompetence, has requested the involvement of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the investigation of violence related crimes.18 August 2011 Ivory Coast conflict: Gbagbos face economic charges BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14581870 live 20 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181122152800/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14581870 22 November 2018 dmy-all On 3 October, the judges of ICC authorized its prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo to probe post-election war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by forces loyal to both Gbagbo and Ouattara. Laurent Gbagbo transféré à la CPI après l'émission d'un mandat d'arrêt - Afrique - RFI http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20111129-cpi-lance-mandat-arret-contre-laurent-gbagbo-c%C3%B4te-ivoire dead https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133021/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20111129-cpi-lance-mandat-arret-contre-laurent-gbagbo-c%C3%B4te-ivoire 24 September 2015 29 November 2011http://www.france24.com/en/20111129-i-coasts-gbagbo-faces-transfer-war-crimes-courtSeptember 2016 InternetArchiveBot yes With an arrest warrant issued on 23 November and made known to the public on 29 November, Gbagbo was sent from Côte d'Ivoire on 29 November and arrived in a prison in Scheveningen, a suburb of the Hague, on 30 November.Simons Marlise 30 November 2011 Ex-President of Ivory Coast Arrives in the Hague to Face Charges The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/01/world/africa/gbagbo-ivory-coast-hague-charges.html live 23 February 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20160201085808/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/01/world/africa/gbagbo-ivory-coast-hague-charges.html 1 February 2016 dmy-allLaurent Gbagbo à la CPI, les détails de la procédure 30 November 2011 http://www.france24.com/fr/20111130-cote-ivoire-laurent-gbagbo-cpi-justice-cour-penale-internationale-procedure-exactions-crimes-contre-humanite-meurtres live https://web.archive.org/web/20111203160920/http://www.france24.com/fr/20111130-cote-ivoire-laurent-gbagbo-cpi-justice-cour-penale-internationale-procedure-exactions-crimes-contre-humanite-meurtres 3 December 2011 1 December 2011A la Haye, plusieurs mois de détention commencent pour Laurent Gbagbo December 2011 http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20111201-plusieurs-mois-detention-haye-commencent-laurent-gbagbo live https://web.archive.org/web/20111201081601/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20111201-plusieurs-mois-detention-haye-commencent-laurent-gbagbo 1 December 2011 1 December 2011 After the fall of Gbagbo Human rights Human rights remained as an issue. In May 2011, Amnesty International reported that both pro-Gbagbo and pro-Ouattara sides had committed war crimes and crimes against humanity in the conflict. On 20 July 2011, Ouattara inaugurated a commission to investigate the violation of human rights during the conflict.http://www.francesoir.fr/actualite/international/cote-d-ivoire-chronologie-des-evenements-depuis-mai-2011-129280.html Côte d'Ivoire : Chronologie des événements depuis mai 2011 26 August 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110913151731/http://www.francesoir.fr/actualite/international/cote-d-ivoire-chronologie-des-evenements-depuis-mai-2011-129280.html 13 September 2011 live Reporters Without Borders asked for the release of a detained pro-Gbagbo journalist.http://fr.rsf.org/cote-d-ivoire-mis-en-examen-un-journaliste-de-la-26-07-2011,40699.html Retour à l'antenne de la RTI, son journaliste Hermann Aboa toujours détenu - Reporters sans frontières 15 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111015074544/http://fr.rsf.org/cote-d-ivoire-mis-en-examen-un-journaliste-de-la-26-07-2011,40699.html 15 October 2011 dead The personnel director of the company that published Le Temps, a newspaper close to FPI, was briefly arrested on 24 May 2011 and then released in the same day.http://en.rsf.org/cote-d-ivoire-pro-gbagbo-journalist-murdered-25-05-2011,40345.html Newspaper executive freed amid reprisals against pro-Gbagbo media - Reporters Without Borders 16 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111014090450/http://en.rsf.org/cote-d-ivoire-pro-gbagbo-journalist-murdered-25-05-2011,40345.html 14 October 2011 dead The Republican Forces of Côte d'Ivoire occupied the seat of Notre Voie, a newspaper close to FPI, from April to the beginning of September.http://www.fratmat.info/component/content/article/51-culture/10523-presse-ivoirienne-les-frci-ont-libere-le-siege-de-qnotre-voieq Presse ivoirienne : LES FRCI ONT LIBÉRÉ LE SIÈGE DE "NOTRE VOIE" 15 September 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110913012856/http://www.fratmat.info/component/content/article/51-culture/10523-presse-ivoirienne-les-frci-ont-libere-le-siege-de-qnotre-voieq 13 September 2011 Continuance of violence According to Human Rights Watch, the violence persisted after the fall of Gbagbo. Militias supporting him had killed at least 220 people during the days immediately before or after the arrest of Gbagbo. In June 2011, it was reported that at least 149 actual or suspected pro-Gbagbo partisans had been killed by the forces of Ouattara since April. In August, similar events committed by the forces of Ouattara were reported again by the media. A summary of a press conference by UNOCI in August reported several confrontations between FRCI and youths in Ores-Krobou, Abadjin-Kouté, Abadjin-Doumé, Akoupé-Zeudji, and Biéby.http://www.onuci.org/spip.php?article6266 ONUCI -Op ration des Nations Unies en C te d'Ivoire 10 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20130523134313/http://www.onuci.org/spip.php?article6266 23 May 2013 dead On the night of 24–25 April 2012, the village of Sakré, in the Southwest near Liberia, was attacked by an armed group equipped with heavy weapons including rockets, leaving 8 dead.http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120425-cote-ivoire-attaque-meurtriere-le-sud-ouest-pays Côte d'Ivoire : Attaque meurtrière dans le sud-ouest du pays 25 April 2012 28 April 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120429034029/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120425-cote-ivoire-attaque-meurtriere-le-sud-ouest-pays 29 April 2012 live Politics On 1 June 2011, Guillaume Soro formed a new government. No one in the cabinet came from the pro-Gbagbo camp. Guillaume Soro is the prime minister and minister of defence. The mandate of Choi Young-ji ended on 31 August, and Albert Gerard Koenders became the new UN Special Representative for Côte d'Ivoire on 1 September.https://www.un.org/News/fr-press/docs/2011/SGA1303.doc.htm Le Secrétaire général de l'ONU nomme Bert Koenders, des Pays-Bas, au poste de Représentant spécial pour la Côte d'Ivoire 28 June 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20130428045603/http://www.un.org/News/fr-press/docs/2011/SGA1303.doc.htm 28 April 2013 live On 28 September, Commission dialogue, vérité et réconciliation (CDVR) (English: Dialogue, Truth, and Reconciliation Commission) was inaugurated in Yamoussoukro. It is an 11-member commission headed by former Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny. The commission includes religious leaders, regional representatives, and Chelsea footballer Didier Drogba to speak for Ivorians living abroad. It is modelled after the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa. However, Konan Banny expressed that the commission would not have amnesty powers nor powers to absolve anyone.http://www.aip.ci/indexL.php?idl%3D21366%26Kt_Lecture%3D1 AIP :: AGENCE IVOIRIENNE DE PRESSE 30 September 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120404234209/http://www.aip.ci/indexL.php?idl=21366&Kt_Lecture=1 4 April 2012 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15086829 BBC News Ivory Coast gets truth and reconciliation commission 28 September 2011 20 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181201105140/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15086829 1 December 2018 live dmy-all https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE78S01T20110929 Reuters Ivory Coast launches post-conflict quest for truth 29 September 2011 1 July 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20181022054900/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE78S01T20110929 22 October 2018 dead dmy-all A legislative election was announced in September and held on 11 December. It was the first legislative election since 2000, due to the crisis in 2002. Ouattara hoped that new legislators could be elected before the major development projects announced in the presidential campaign start.http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110910-cote-ivoire-fixe-legislatives-15-decembre La Côte d'Ivoire fixe les législatives au 15 décembre 2011 10 September 2011 10 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110910173557/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110910-cote-ivoire-fixe-legislatives-15-decembre 10 September 2011 live The election was boycotted by FPI, Gbagbo's party, and was won by the parties of Ouattara and his allies. The atmosphere of the election was calm, but the turnout was low.https://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/11/world/africa/ivory-coast-elections/ Turnout low in Ivory Coast parliamentary vote CNN 11 December 2011 12 December 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20160201085808/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/11/world/africa/ivory-coast-elections/ 1 February 2016 live dmy-all Economy On 27 June 2011, UN lifted the last sanctions against Ivorian enterprises, including Radiodiffusion télévision ivoirienne (RTI), Association des producteurs de caoutchouc naturel de Côte d'Ivoire (APROCANCI), and Société de gestion du patrimoine de l'électricité (SOGEPE). On 8 July 2011, IMF resumed the aid to Côte d'Ivoire. On 25 October, the United States announced that Côte d'Ivoire, excluded since 2005, was again eligible for the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), which gives trade preferences to eligible countries.http://www.aip.ci/indexL.php?idl%3D21991%26Kt_Lecture%3D1 AIP :: AGENCE IVOIRIENNE DE PRESSE 29 October 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120404234336/http://www.aip.ci/indexL.php?idl=21991&Kt_Lecture=1 4 April 2012 On 3 August 2012, the first commercial court of Côte d'Ivoire was set up in Abidjan, with the aim of encouraging the investment and the economical development.http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120804-cote-ivoire-installe-son-premier-tribunal-commerce-abidjan La Côte d'Ivoire installe son premier tribunal de commerce à Abidjan 4 August 2012 5 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120805100221/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120804-cote-ivoire-installe-son-premier-tribunal-commerce-abidjan 5 August 2012 live Military On 3 August 2011, Ouattara promoted several important and controversial ex-chiefs in the New Forces who were said to have brought Ouattara to his position. Among those promoted was Martin Fofié Kouakou, appointed as the new commandant of Korhogo, who had been accused of being involved in extrajudicial executions by UN. In 2012, Ouattara claimed to have crushed a coup plot by military officers loyal to Gbagbo.2014-02-26 Ivory Coast claims foiled pro-Gbagbo coup Radio Netherlands Worldwide http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/ivory-coast-claims-foiled-pro-gbagbo-coup https://web.archive.org/web/20140226134238/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/ivory-coast-claims-foiled-pro-gbagbo-coup dead 2014-02-26 2024-05-10 See also Impact of 2010–2011 Middle East and North Africa protests United Nations Security Council Resolution 1980 References 30em Further reading Bah Abu Bakarr 2010 Democracy and civil war: Citizenship and peacemaking in Côte d'Ivoire African Affairs 109 437 597–615 10.1093/afraf/adq046 Paul Collier Collier Paul Meltdown in Côte d'Ivoire 2010 Wars, Guns, and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places New York Harper Perennial 978-0-06-147964-9 155–168 Zounmenou David 2011 Côte d'Ivoire's post-electoral conflict: what is at stake? African Security Review 20 1 48–55 10.1080/10246029.2011.561011 144774578 External links Thousands Flee Ivory Coast as President Gbagbo Refuses to Cede Power - video report by Democracy Now! International Center for Transitional Justice, Côte d'Ivoire Statement of the African Union Observer Mission Ivorian crisis Category:2010 conflicts Category:2011 conflicts Category:2010 in Ivory Coast Category:2011 in Ivory Coast Ivorian crisis Ivorian crisis Ivorian crisis Category:2010s political riots Category:Government crises Category:Political history of Ivory Coast