1944 Cuba–Florida hurricane

Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1944 June 2020 Hurricane Thirteen1944 San Lucas hurricane1944 Sanibel Island hurricane Hurricane Thirteen surface analysis 1944 Oct 17 18z.jpg Surface weather analysis conducted by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project of the storm as a Category 3 hurricane south of Cuba on October 17 A map showing the cyclone's isobars with nearby weather station observations plotted. 1944 10 12 October 20, 1944 1944 10 24 125 937 1944 318 direct 100000000 Swan Islands, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Florida, United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada, Greenland 1944 Atlantic hurricane season The 1944 Cuba–Florida hurricane (also known as the 1944 San Lucas hurricane and the 1944 Sanibel Island hurricane)Ferreiro Jasiel La Estadística y los Desatres Naturales en Cuba Revista Caribeña de Ciencias Sociales 2016 11 11 http://www.eumed.net/rev/caribe/2016/11/estadistica.html May 11, 2019 Universidad Agraria de La Habana, Cuba Havana, Cuba es 2254-7630 https://web.archive.org/web/20190502085040/http://www.eumed.net/rev/caribe/2016/11/estadistica.html May 2, 2019 live was a large Category 4 tropical cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale that caused widespread damage across the western Caribbean Sea and Southeastern United States in October 1944. It inflicted over US$100 million in damage and caused at least 318 deaths, the majority of fatalities occurring in Cuba.All monetary figures are in their 1944 values unless otherwise noted. nb One study suggested that an equivalent storm in 2018 would rank among the costliest U.S. hurricanes. The full extent of the storm's effects remains unclear due to a dearth of conclusive reports from rural areas of Cuba. The unprecedented availability of meteorological data during the hurricane marked a turning point in the United States Weather Bureau's ability to forecast tropical cyclones. The disturbance began suddenly over the western Caribbean Sea, strengthening into a tropical storm on October 12 within hours of initial development. It intensified into a hurricane the next day, with a brief but slow westward path bringing it near Grand Cayman. There, the storm produced rough surf and torrential rainfall for several days, destroying all of the Cayman Islands' crops and damaging coastal property; the storm proved to be the rainiest hurricane in Grand Cayman's history. On October 16, the developing hurricane made a sharp turn northward and accelerated. It made landfall on western Cuba two days later at peak strength with winds of 145 mph km/h on, making it a Category 4 hurricane. Cuba, hardest hit by the storm, saw at least 300 people killed and suffered extensive damage inflicted by winds and storm surge, especially in the Havana area. Numerous ships sank in Havana Harbor amid agitated waters and marine debris. A gradual weakening trend began after the hurricane crossed Cuba, attenuated by the storm's large size. It crossed the Dry Tortugas as a major hurricane on October 18 before making a final landfall near Sarasota, Florida, as a Category 2 hurricane the following day.A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale.Goldenburg Stan A3) What is a super-typhoon? What is a major hurricane? What is an intense hurricane? FAQ Frequently Asked Questions http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcfaqHED.html http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A3.html June 1, 2018 Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory August 2, 2019 Miami, Florida 4.11 https://web.archive.org/web/20060615212545/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcfaqHED.html June 15, 2006 live "nb" Although property damage was considerable in the Florida Keys and throughout the Florida coasts, the bulk of the storm's damage toll arose from significant losses of crops in the state's citrus-producing regions, curtailing record harvests. Eighteen people were killed in the state, half from the loss of a ship in Tampa Bay. The storm continued to weaken as it passed over Florida and the Southeastern United States, producing heavy rains throughout the U.S. East Coast and gusty winds that led to widespread power outages. On October 20, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and tracked northeastwards along the U.S. East Coast. The system was last distinguishable east of Greenland four days later. Meteorological history AL13 1944 path.png 1.2 left The hurricane took a generally south-to-north path, beginning in the Caribbean Sea and crossing Cuba and Florida, with the extratropical stage of the cyclone's track extending to Greenland. new The origin of this major hurricane was traced to a tropical disturbance that moved into the western Caribbean Sea by October 11, 1944. The system was initially broad; no observations of strong winds or low pressures indicated a tropical cyclone's presence. Nearby weather reports that day nonetheless suggested tropical cyclogenesis was underway. Based on aerial and surface observations, the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project determined in 2013 that the system organized into a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC on October 12.Landsea Chris Anderson Craig Bredemeyer William Carrasco Cristina Charles Noel Chenoweth Michael Clark Gil Delgado Sandy Dunion Jason Ellis Ryan Fernandez-Partagas Jose Feuer Steve Gamanche John Glenn David Hagen Andrew Hufstetler Lyle Mock Cary Neumann Charlie Perez Suarez Ramon Prieto Ricardo Sanchez-Sesma Jorge Santiago Adrian Sims Jamese Thomas Donna Lenworth Woolcock Zimmer Mark Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html 1944 – Storm 13 (previously Storm 11) – 2013 Revision Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 12, 2019 May 2015 Miami, Florida Metadata https://web.archive.org/web/20110604063810/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html June 4, 2011 live Operationally, the first evidence of a developing cyclone was a report of rough seas later that evening by a ship 100 mi km on east of the Swan Islands.Sumner 221 The incipient system tracked towards the north, quickly intensifying; tropical storm intensity was attained just six hours after the initial tropical depression classification, and it strengthened into a hurricane by 18:00 UTC on October 13. Two days later, the slow-moving hurricane took a more westward trajectory and passed south of Grand Cayman—sustained winds on the island peaked at 96 mph km/h on with a gust to 118 mph km/h on, while the air pressure bottomed out at 984 mbar (hPa; 29.06 inHg).Sumner 221 Between October 16–17, the storm made an abrupt turn towards the north along the 83rd meridian west and continued to strengthen, gradually accelerating northwards. It became a major hurricane by 18:00 UTC on October 17 and reached Category 4 intensity six hours later as it passed over the western portion of Isla de la Juventud, Cuba.Sumner 221 The following morning, the cyclone reached its peak intensity with winds of 145 mph, a value extrapolated by the reanalysis project based on a pressure of 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg) observed on the northern coast of Cuba; this was the lowest pressure measured in connection with the hurricane. Maintaining peak strength, it made landfall on mainland Cuba at around 08:00 UTC on October 18, crossing the narrowest part of the island 10 – 15 mi km on west of Havana before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico.Sumner 221 thumb|Weather map of the hurricane shortly after landfall in Florida on October 19 The hurricane's interaction with Cuba caused the winds to taper slightly, bringing the storm down from its peak intensity to a Category 3 hurricane over the Straits of Florida. At 21:00 UTC on October 18, the eye passed over the Dry Tortugas, producing two hours of calm over the islands.Sumner 221 During its passage, the storm had winds estimated at 120 mph. It had grown considerably in areal extent, with a radius of maximum wind nearly twice as large as climatologically expected. Gradual weakening continued as the storm accelerated towards the north-northeast. This lessened the storm's winds to 105 mph km/h on—a Category 2 hurricane—as it made landfall just south of Sarasota, Florida, at 07:00 UTC on October 19. Due to the cyclone's large size, its weakening over the Florida peninsula was anomalously slow and at times underestimated by the model typically used to estimate the inland decay of tropical cyclones. The storm was still a hurricane when it passed east of Tampa Bay and over Central Florida later that day; a pressure of 967 mbar (hPa; 28.55 inHg) recorded at a weather station in Tampa, Florida, was a record low for the site in its over-50-year observational history.Sumner 222 The large hurricane finally weakened to tropical storm status south of Jacksonville, Florida, on the afternoon of October 19. It straddled the Georgia coast before pressing farther inland over South Carolina. As it did so, the storm began to become more baroclinic, transitioning into a fully extratropical cyclone over South Carolina on October 20. These extratropical remnants maintained their composure, emerging over the Atlantic along the coast of the Mid-Atlantic states and passing over Nova Scotia on October 21. Some re-intensification occurred as the system traversed the Labrador Sea and Greenland before it merged with the Icelandic Low on October 24.Sumner 221 Warnings and preparations left|thumb|A waterspout near Key West, Florida, that preceded the storm's arrival The United States Weather Bureau issued 58 storm warnings and advisories via its hurricane warning centers in Miami, Florida, Washington, D.C., and Boston, Massachusetts.Sumner 223 The 1944 Cuba–Florida hurricane was the first time widespread rawinsonde data were available for a fully developed hurricane; the first complete atmospheric sounding from the center of a tropical cyclone was later collected by a rawinsonde in the eye of the storm as it crossed Tampa.Simpson Robert Homer Robert Simpson (meteorologist) Structure of an Immature Hurricane Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society October 1954 35 8 335–350 10.1175/1520-0477-35.8.335 American Meteorological Society Washington, D.C. 1954BAMS...35..335S free The head of the Weather Bureau's hurricane forecast office in Miami, Grady Norton, used the information from these upper-tropospheric observations to accurately predict the storm's general northward trajectory, despite the presence of a high-pressure area at the surface that would conventionally prevent a northerly track.Burpee Robert W. Grady Norton: Hurricane Forecaster and Communicator Extraordinaire September 1988 3 3 249 10.1175/1520-0434(1988)003<0247:GNHFAC>2.0.CO;2 ftp://rammftp.cira.colostate.edu/demaria/kesslerh/Hurricane%20History/1988_burpee.PDF May 11, 2019 Miami, Florida Colorado State University dead 1988WtFor...3..247B The accuracy of his forecasts surprised his colleagues and motivated the expansion of the American rawinsonde network:Rappaport Edward N. Simpson Robert H. Simpson Robert H. Anthes Richard Garstang Michael Simpson Joanne Hurricane! Coping with disaster: Progress and Challenges Since Galveston, 1900 January 1, 2003 American Geophysical Union Washington, D.C. 9780875902975 49–50 Impact of Technologies from Two World Wars 10.1029/SP055 The two major hurricanes of the 1944 season, the September hurricane, and the ... [Cuba–Florida hurricane], had circulation depth well above the top of ordinary pilot balloon observations. It was the ... [rawinsonde] data reaching to much greater height that told the story of future movements, and without them future movements could not have been indicated with as much certainty in the forecast. ... It is urgently recommended that the Weather Bureau lend all possible support to the establishment of additional ... [rawinsonde sites] in the Caribbean and Gulf area to further implement the hurricane warning service. Grady Norton, in his summary of the 1944 hurricane season Cuba evacuated residents from its western low-lying coasts. The storm was considered the strongest hurricane to threaten the island nation since that of October 1926. Three thousand people sought refuge at El Capitolio, the nation's capitol building.Six Are Dead, Over 20 Hurt by Hurricane https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32805912/ June 12, 2019 The Evening Telegram 310 October 18, 1944 Rocky Mount, North Carolina Associated Press 1 Newspapers.com U.S. soldiers stationed at San Antonio de los Baños Airfield were moved to the Cuban army's headquarters in Havana.Havana Boards Up for Storm https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32805719/ June 12, 2019 Tampa Morning Tribune Associated Press 292 October 18, 1944 Tampa, Florida 2 Newspapers.com Pan American World Airways canceled flights to and from Cuba in advance of the hurricane.Creeps Through Cuba https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31460192/ May 11, 2019 The Evening Sun Associated Press 155 October 16, 1944 Baltimore, Maryland 3 Newspapers.com Storm warnings in the United States were first issued for the Florida Keys on the morning of October 16. The Weather Bureau also noted a serious threat to western Cuba, the Yucatán Channel, and the Yucatán Peninsula.Severe Hurricane Threat to Mexico https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31460147/ May 11, 2019 Valley Evening Monitor Associated Press 92 October 16, 1944 McAllen, Texas 1 Newspapers.com The first hurricane warnings were issued on the morning of October 18. At the height of the storm's impacts on Florida, hurricane warnings encompassed the Florida coast from Cedar Key on the Gulf coast to Fernandina Beach on the peninsula's Atlantic coast.Bennett W. J. Florida Section Climatological Data October 1944 48 10 55 National Climatic Data Center Jacksonville, Florida The Red Cross chapter in Key West, Florida, initiated emergency operations on the afternoon of October 17.Key West May Miss Brunt of Hurricane https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32804766/ June 12, 2019 Miami Daily News 308 October 18, 1944 Miami, Florida 1 Newspapers.com Of the hurricane evacuees throughout the state, 35,000 stayed at Red Cross shelters.Sumner 223 Excluding Key West, 90 percent of residents on the Florida Keys evacuated in advance of the storm.Florida Waits Hurricane United Press International https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24370227/ June 12, 2019 Orlando Reporter 4737 October 18, 1944 Orlando, Florida 1–2 Newspapers.com U.S. Army and Navy aircraft and non-essential personnel were evacuated from Florida.Sumner 223 In the Miami area, flights were grounded and schools were closed.Miami Takes Precautions for Storm https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32804913/ June 12, 2019 Miami Daily News 308 October 18, 1944 Miami, Florida 1 Newspapers.com A total of sixty schools and public buildings in Miami were repurposed as shelters by the Red Cross. The University of Miami suspended classes for a day.Schools Remain Closed Today, Reopen Friday https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33187374/ June 24, 2019 Miami Daily News 309 October 19, 1944 Miami, Florida 1–A Newspapers.com U.S. Coast Guard personnel assisted in storm preparations, evacuating small craft and allocating vehicles for municipal emergency use.Police, Relief Agencies Ready for Emergency https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32805114/ June 12, 2019 St. Petersburg Times 86 October 18, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 1–2 Newspapers.com Schools were closed in Pinellas County in advance of the storm and repurposed as potential shelters, though ultimately none were used.Pinellas Schools are Closed Today https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33159687/ June 23, 2019 St. Petersburg Times 87 October 19, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 2 Newspapers.com Fort Myers served as a place of refuge for soldiers stationed at nearby Buckingham Army Airfield and surrounding areas around the city.United Press International Fort Myers Becomes Refuge for Thousands https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33159810/ June 23, 2019 St. Petersburg Times 87 October 19, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 8 Newspapers.com Storm preparations also began farther inland, with relief operations and evacuations in the Orlando area coordinated between the Red Cross and the Army Air Forces Tactical Center.City Ready for Blow https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24370227/ June 12, 2019 Orlando Reporter 4737 October 18, 1944 Orlando, Florida 1–2 Newspapers.com On October 19, 125 people were evacuated from Sullivan's Island and Isle of Palms in South Carolina and housed at a county hall.Hurricane Cuts Brunswick Off https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33221485/ June 25, 2019 The Atlanta Constitution Associated Press 127 October 20, 1944 Atlanta, Georgia 1, 4 Newspapers.com "Hurricane Cuts Brunswick Off", Page 1 "Hurricane", Page 41 Residents of Avon, North Carolina, were evacuated to Manteo and Elizabeth City late that day in advance of the weakened storm's approach.Town Evacuated Associated Press https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33215068/ June 24, 2019 St. Petersburg Times 88 October 20, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 8 Newspapers.com Five hundred people evacuated Long Beach Island off mainland New Jersey ahead of the hurricane's extratropical stages. Impact In the Monthly Weather Review, the United States Weather Bureau enumerated 318 deaths from the hurricane, noting that reports possibly indicating more deaths were yet to be received from Cuba and the Cayman Islands. The hurricane caused over $100 million in damage across its path.Sumner 223 Caribbean Sea in the Cayman Islands 1 794.8 31.29 Unnamed, 1944 Grand Cayman Island Barnes 165 2 577 22.72 Alberto, 2006 Owen Roberts International Airport Knabb Richard D. Tropical Depression One Advisory Number 2 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2006/al01/al012006.public.002.shtml? National Hurricane Center Miami, Florida June 10, 2006 National Hurricane Center Public Advisory July 17, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190419035859/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2006/al01/al012006.public.002.shtml April 19, 2019 live 3 552.2 21.74 Isidore, 2002 Cayman Brac Cayman Islands 2002 Annual Report & Official Handbook June 2003 Government of the Cayman Islands Georgetown, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands 129 http://www.gov.ky/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/1061604.PDF July 17, 2019 Weather August 15, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200815215821/https://www.gov.ky/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/1061604.PDF dead 4 451.4 17.77 Paloma, 2008 Cayman Brac Brennan Michael J. Hurricane Paloma https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL172008_Paloma.pdf National Hurricane Center July 17, 2019 Miami, Florida April 14, 2009 Tropical Cyclone Report 4 https://web.archive.org/web/20170519100459/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL172008_Paloma.pdf May 19, 2017 live 5 308.4 12.14 Ivan, 2004 Grand Cayman Island Stewart Stacy R. Hurricane Ivan https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL092004_Ivan.pdf National Hurricane Center July 17, 2019 Miami, Florida August 11, 2011 Tropical Cyclone Report 4 https://web.archive.org/web/20190718013644/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL092004_Ivan.pdf July 18, 2019 live 6 292.1 11.50 Hattie, 1961 Grand Cayman Island Dunn Gordon Miami Weather Bureau bulletin for press radio and TV 2 PM EST 30 October 1961 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1961/hattie/prenhc/prelim07.gif National Hurricane Center July 17, 2019 Miami, Florida GIF October 30, 1961 https://web.archive.org/web/20170628204814/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1961/hattie/prenhc/prelim07.gif June 28, 2017 live 7 229.1 9.02 Nicole, 2010 Owen Roberts International Airport Annual Report 2010–2011 http://www.caymanprepared.ky/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/10206091.PDF Hazard Management Department of the Cayman Islands July 17, 2019 Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands 9 n.d. https://web.archive.org/web/20170201235242/http://www.caymanprepared.ky/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/10206091.PDF February 1, 2017 live 8 165.6 6.52 Michelle, 2001 Grand Cayman Island Beven Jack Hurricane Michelle https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL152001_Michelle.pdf National Hurricane Center July 17, 2019 Miami, Florida January 23, 2002 Tropical Cyclone Report 8 https://web.archive.org/web/20191213202507/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL152001_Michelle.pdf December 13, 2019 live The hurricane brought squally conditions and rough surf to the Swan Islands over six days, the strongest measured gust reaching 58 mph km/h on.Sumner 221 Three days of hurricane conditions destroyed all crops on the Cayman Islands.Cayman Crops Destroyed https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31460760/ May 11, 2019 The Gazette The Canadian Press 155 October 18, 1944 Montreal, Quebec 1 Newspapers.com Rainfall totals reached 31.29 in mm on on Grand Cayman—Barnes 164the highest rainfall total caused by a hurricane in the island's history.Roth David M. Tropical Cyclone Rainfall https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/TC_QPF_talk052009.ppt Weather Prediction Center June 24, 2019 Camp Springs, Maryland PowerPoint Presentation May 26, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20170531104506/http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/TC_QPF_talk052009.ppt May 31, 2017 live Red Bay and Prospect were flooded by the precipitation.Monographiae biologicae 71 Brunt M.A. Davies J.E. Burton F.J. Dumont H.J. Werger M.J.A. The Cayman Islands: Natural History and Biogeography 1994 Kluwer Academic Dordrecht, Netherlands 9780792324621 58 https://books.google.com/books?id=9rjEbZWPLvcC&q=cayman+hurricane+1944&pg=PA58 June 24, 2019 Heavy seas destroyed many wooden shoreline installations including docks and piers,Sumner 221 and extensive beach erosion exposed limestone outcrops.Sauer Jonathan D. Cayman Islands seashore vegetation: a study in comparative biogeography November 1982 University of California Press Berkeley, California 9780520096561 3 https://books.google.com/books?id=EimtEIqbuGYC&q=%22Cayman%22+-wikipedia+hurricane+1944&pg=PA3 June 24, 2019 Natural Setting 25 Three small ships were either lost or destroyed in the Caymans; one ship was later found aground off Pinar del Río in Cuba. Winds in Georgetown reached 116 mph km/h on, cutting communications between the city and the outside world.All Crops on Grand Cayman Destroyed by Hurricane The Daily Gleaner 227 October 17, 1944 Kingston, Jamaica 1 NewspaperArchive.comAfter the Hurricane in the Cayman Islands The Daily Gleaner 227 October 20, 1944 Kingston, Jamaica 1 NewspaperArchive.com Considerable road damage was reported throughout Grand Cayman. E. S. Parsons, the clerk of the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, said the storm was Grand Cayman's "severest hurricane since 1876".Grand Cayman Damage Great; Ships Wrecked https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33188457/ June 24, 2019 Tampa Morning Tribune 300 October 26, 1944 Tampa, Florida 16 Newspapers.com Cuba was the nation hardest hit by the hurricane,Sumner 223 though the full extent of casualties remains unknown as reports from rural areas of the island were never realized.Barnes 165 Damage was most severe in eastern Pinar del Río. A powerful storm surge killed 20 people in a small village.Sumner 223 The coastal port of Surgidero de Batabanó was destroyed, and 24 deaths were reported. The port's entire fishing fleet—numbering over 20 schooners—was carried inland by the storm surge, as was a Standard Oil barge that ended up 10 mi km on inland. Havana Harbor was forced to close because of excessive debris and sunken craft in its waters.Sumner 223 Two schooners running cargo routes between Havana and Miami sank in the harbor, as well as Cuban and Peruvian submarine chasers. One capsized vessel blocked the entrance to the harbor, preventing through traffic. A wind gust of 163 mph km/h on was documented in Havana while the eye passed 10 – 15 mi km on to the west;Barnes 164 this was the strongest gust measured in Cuba until Hurricane Gustav in 2008. Hurricane-force winds were felt for 14 hours with gusts exceeding 125 mph for seven hours.Rubiera José Crónica del Tiempo: Los huracanes y octubre http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2014/10/08/cronica-del-tiempo-los-huracanes-y-octubre/ CubaDebate Universidad de las Ciencias Informáticas June 27, 2019 Havana, Cuba es October 8, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20190607163855/http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2014/10/08/cronica-del-tiempo-los-huracanes-y-octubre/ June 7, 2019 live The strong winds cut off most electricity in Havana and government telecommunications in Nueva Gerona, the capital of Isla de la Juventud, for three days.Hurricane Strikes Cuba; Warning Sounded for Tampa Bay Area https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32805383/ June 12, 2019 St. Petersburg Times 86 October 18, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 1–2 Newspapers.com Buildings in Havana suffered extensively, exacerbated by felled trees and flying debris. Administrative buildings including the Presidential Palace and the American embassy sustained considerable damage. Preliminary estimates of the total loss incurred by the city reached several hundred thousand U.S. dollars.Associated Press Six Killed, Damage Heavy as Hurricane Rips Havana https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33160125/ June 23, 2019 St. Petersburg Times 87 October 19, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 11 Newspapers.com There were seven deaths and four hundred injuries.Jiménez Antonio Núñez El Archipiélago Cubano 2014 Fundación de la Naturaleza y el Hombre Havana, Cuba 9789592300019 3rd https://books.google.com/books?id=W0VWDwAAQBAJ June 30, 2019 es Huracanes Notables en Cuba The damage on Isla de la Juventud was extensive but less than initially feared.Batabano, Cuba, is Destroyed by Hurricane Associated Press https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33214218// June 24, 2019 St. Petersburg Times 88 October 20, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 2 Newspapers.com In total, about half the crops in the outlying areas of Havana were lost, as well as 90 percent of tobacco warehouses. The storm's effects on the Cuban sugar crop remained uncertain, with estimates ranging from a four percent loss to a net increase due to beneficial rainfall. Morgenthau Jr. Henry Mr. Murphy The Business Situation, Week ending October 21, 1944 October 23, 1944 Interoffice Communication http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/morg/md1078.pdf June 23, 2019 Washington, D.C. United States Treasury Department Henry Morgenthau Jr. https://web.archive.org/web/20160818213635/http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/morg/md1078.pdf August 18, 2016 live The total loss of food in Cuba was estimated by the U.S. embassy to be worth $3,000,000. This led to food shortages in the Cuban provinces of La Habana and Matanzas and the Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago.Violent Hurricane Leaves Thousands in Cuba Destitute The Daily Gleaner 231 October 21, 1944 Kingston, Jamaica 1 NewspaperArchive.comAl Barker Hurricane Causes $1,000,000 Citrus Damage in Pinellas https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33213490/ June 24, 2019 St. Petersburg Times 88 October 20, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 1, 2 Newspapers.com Florida thumb|left|Coastal storm surge inflicted most of the property damage in Florida.|alt=Broken segments of cement are seen disheveled at the interface between a road and a sea. The hurricane caused $63 million in damages—largely to crops—in Florida.Sumner 223 Eighteen deaths occurred in the state, including nine seamen who drowned when a tugboat sank off Bradenton; another 24 people were hospitalized for storm-related injuries elsewhere. In its monthly Climatological Data publication, the Weather Bureau said that "systematic evacuation of all dangerously exposed beaches doubtless saved many lives". In 2018, an analysis of historical U.S. landfalls suggested that a similar storm striking the same areas would inflict $73.5 billion in damage when normalized for 2018 demographics and inflation.Weinkle Jessica Landsea Chris Collins Douglas Musulin Rade Crompton Ryan P. Klotzbach Philip J. Pielke Roger Normalized hurricane damage in the continental United States 1900–2017 Nature Sustainability November 26, 2018 1 12 808–813 10.1038/s41893-018-0165-2 Springer Nature Publishing AG 133937951 On October 15, showers streaming north from the hurricane produced heavy rain and 25 mph km/h on on gusts over Florida. An instruction flight out of Naval Air Station Lake City crashed shortly after takeoff 5.5 mi km on east of the base, weather being cited as a likely cause. All three crewmembers were killed.Campbell Douglas E. VPNavy!: USN, USMC, USCG and NATS patrol aircraft lost or damaged during World War II 2018 Syneca Research Group, Inc. 9781387888795 515 1st Washington, D.C. In advance of the eventual landfall, three tornadoes in the hurricane's rainbands struck the state on the afternoon of October 18,Souder Mary O. Severe Local Storms, October 1944 Monthly Weather Review October 1944 72 10 215–216 10.1175/1520-0493(1944)072<0215:SLSO>2.0.CO;2 https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/072/mwr-072-10-0215.pdf June 30, 2019 American Meteorological Society 1944MWRv...72..215. https://web.archive.org/web/20170303093357/https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/072/mwr-072-10-0215.pdf March 3, 2017 free causing slight damage.United States Weather Bureau United States Meteorological Yearbook, 1943–1949 1952 United States Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 7 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015054484350&view=1up&seq=3 June 29, 2019 Tornado Data They touched down in the cities of Arcadia and Wauchula as well as southern Polk County.Barnes 165 The Wauchula tornado displaced a farmhouse from its foundation, unroofed a gas station, and uprooted 75 trees.Tornado Lifts House, 75 Trees At Wauchula https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33161331/ June 23, 2019 Miami Daily News 309 October 19, 1944 Miami, Florida 1–A Newspapers.com Waterspouts were also observed before the hurricane's arrival.Quinby E. J. MM08838-26x https://www.flickr.com/photos/keyslibraries/15477075451/ Flickr August 22, 2019 October 1944 https://web.archive.org/web/20190131183131/https://www.flickr.com/photos/keyslibraries/15477075451/ January 31, 2019 live thumb|A damaged building after the hurricane On the Dry Tortugas, an anemometer indicated winds of 120 mph km/h on for two consecutive hours before it succumbed.Sumner 222 Key West avoided the brunt of the storm as the eye passed 40 mi km on 5 to the west. No casualties were reported there, though infrastructure damage was considerable.Key West Gets 80-Mile Wind; No Casualties https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20320570/ June 23, 2019 St. Petersburg Times 87 October 19, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 1 Newspapers.com 6-A In the rest of Monroe County, there were only two minor injuries. The hurricane's effects resulted in the loss of electricity and gas service to Key West. Roughly a third of the city was inundated by floodwaters, reaching a depth of at least 3 ft m on and displacing approximately 5,000 people.6-A The strong winds felled numerous trees, some blocking roadways. Many homes were damaged, including one removed from its foundation. Throughout the Florida Keys, the hurricane produced significant beach erosion.Clark 12 Beaches in Key West and Boca Chica Key were narrowed considerably, exacerbating the shoreline impacts of future hurricanes in 1948 and 1998.Clark 13 A 250 ft m on-long segment of seawall typically rising 8 ft m on above average high tide was destroyed in Key West, resulting in the flooding of an adjacent estate.6-A In total, 4000 ft m on of seawall and road along South Roosevelt Boulevard was destroyed; it was repaired in 1951.Clark 13 Six U.S. Navy vessels ran aground along Key West.Milt Sosin Floods Recede in Key West https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33160586/ June 23, 2019 Miami Daily News 309 October 19, 1944 Miami, Florida 1-A, 6-A Newspapers.com "Floods Recede in Key West', p. 1-A https://web.archive.org/web/20190624081029/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33160586/the_miami_news/ June 24, 2019 "Key West: Floods Recede", p. 6-A1-A Farther offshore, a crew of 21 people was forced to abandon a lightship near the northwest entrance to the harbor at Key West while the storm passed.Damage Light in 65-M.P.H. Miami Gale https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33187479/ June 24, 2019 Miami Daily News 309 October 13, 1944 Miami, Florida 1-A, 6-A Newspapers.com left|thumb|Strong winds from the hurricane downed trees in many Floridan communities.|alt=Palm trees strewn across a street The majority of the $10–$13 million toll inflicted to property occurred along the coast, particularly from storm surge. It was highest on the western coast between Sarasota and the Everglades, the greatest tide-related damage occurring along the beaches of Fort Myers.Sumner 223 At least fifteen cottages were destroyed on Estero Island, where Fort Myers Beach is located, as well as the island's fishing pier. The entire island was inundated under 3 – 6 ft of seawater, flooding buildings. One apartment complex was half destroyed, part of its foundation caving in. Other longstanding landmarks on Fort Myers Beach were either destroyed or sustained severe damage, and many ships were lost or grounded well inland.Red Coconut, 15 Cottages Wiped Away https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8429770/ June 24, 2019 Fort Myers News-Press 339 October 20, 1944 Fort Myers, Florida 1, 4 Newspapers.com The surge accumulated upstream in the Caloosahatchee River, flooding roads with 3 – 5 ft m on of water. The hurricane's highest storm surge measured in Florida was 12.28 ft m on above mean low tide at Jacksonville Beach.Sumner 223 At the time, the 7.1 ft m on high storm surge measured at Fernandina Beach was the second-highest observed there on record.Brouillette Daniel J. Hurricane Matthew — a Major 2016 Hurricane That Florida But Had Major Effects https://climatecenter.fsu.edu/images/docs/Hurricane_Matthew_Florida_summary.pdf Florida Climate Center June 30, 2019 Tallahassee, Florida 4 October 20, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161123010919/http://climatecenter.fsu.edu/images/docs/Hurricane_Matthew_Florida_summary.pdf November 23, 2016 live There, nearly 50 beach houses collapsed, contributing to a $500,000 damage toll.Storm Hits Fruit Belt Hard Blow https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33212174/ June 24, 2019 Fort Lauderdale Daily News Associated Press 35 October 20, 1944 Fort Lauderdale, Florida 1 Newspapers.com As much as 150 ft m on of beach eroded because of the elevated seas at Fernandina Beach.Barnes 165 Winds of 35 mph km/h on tore awnings and broke windows in downtown Jacksonville,Storm Heading for Hatteras https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33160294/ June 23, 2019 Miami Daily News 309 October 19, 1944 Miami, Florida 1 Newspapers.com and brought down the antenna of radio station WJCT. Waist-deep water in St. Augustine flooded many buildings including the headquarters of the St. Augustine Record newspaper, which did not print for the first time in a half-century. At an airfield near Daytona Beach, two hangars sustained heavy damage; three planes were damaged and two were destroyed.Montayne Carlton Citrus Windfall Marks Storm's Path in State https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33219432/ June 24, 2019 Miami Daily News 310 October 20, 1944 Miami, Florida 1, 2 Newspapers.com Off Cape Canaveral, two shrimp boats were stranded in the storm and eventually beached along Cocoa. Rough seas also washed out a segment of the bridge connecting Cocoa with Merritt Island. Likewise, a 100 ft m on on-section of the bridge between Titusville and the coast collapsed into the river below. Three commercial fishing vessels were either sunk or awash at Pass-a-Grille, and several sport craft were lost.Boats Incur Most Damage as Storm Whips Beaches; Property Loss Minor Alan Hopkins https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33215643/ June 24, 2019 St. Petersburg Times 88 October 20, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 9 Newspapers.com Rough surf also occurred in Florida's interior lakes, waves in Lake Tohopekaliga breaching several hundred feet of seawall near Kissimmee.Storm Swamps Shrimp Boats Off Cocoa-Canaveral Coast https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33211031/ June 24, 2019 Orlando Reporter-Star 4739 October 20, 1944 Orlando, Florida 1 Damage was widespread across the western coast of the Florida peninsula, though its severity varied greatly.Road Patrol Says Coast Hard Hit https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33219876/ June 24, 2019 Fort Myers News-Press 339 October 20, 1944 Fort Myers, Florida 1 Newspapers.com The Sarasota and Venice areas where the hurricane made landfall were particularly hard hit. Numerous groves in the region were damaged by high gusts. The combination of fallen trees, downed power lines, and storm surge blocked roadways. Punta Gorda farther south mostly avoided the storm's damaging effects, though downed trees were reported at nearby Nocatee and Arcadia.Sarasota Area Seems Hardest Hit by Storms https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33218395/ June 24, 2019 Tampa Morning Tribune 294 October 20, 1944 Tampa, Florida 2 Newspapers.com Communication service in Fort Myers suffered greatly, limiting connectivity to proximate locales.All Communication Lines Go Out in Storm Here https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33220039/ June 24, 2019 Fort Myers News-Press 339 October 20, 1944 Fort Myers, Florida 1 Newspapers.com Sustained winds at Page Field were clocked at 90 mph km/h on with gusts exceeding 100 mph km/h on.City Escapes Serious Loss in Hurricane https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33220096/ June 24, 2019 Fort Myers News-Press 339 October 20, 1944 Fort Myers, Florida 1, 3 Newspapers.com Trees were downed in St. Petersburg by gusts to 90 mph km/h on. Power outages were extensive, exacerbated by an unexpected short-circuiting of an electrical plant during the storm. These outages disrupted the city's streetcar and water pump systems. Windows were blown out of 20 storefronts, and roofs were torn off some homes.Damage Left by Hurricane Called Light https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33218718/ June 24, 2019 Tampa Morning Tribune 294 October 20, 1944 Tampa, Florida 4 Newspapers.com Structural damage was minor overall, with damage evaluated at $25,000–$50,000.Trolleys Idle as Power Fails; Trees Uprooted, Debris Litters Streets Edward Stevens https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33215454/ June 24, 2019 St. Petersburg Times 88 October 20, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 9 Newspapers.com Damage from citrus losses and property damage in the rest of Pinellas County was valued at $1,000,000.Damage Heavy in Pinellas https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33219295/ June 24, 2019 Tampa Morning Tribune 294 October 20, 1944 Tampa, Florida 11 Newspapers.com Offshore, nine people were killed, and three crew members survived, after their ship sank at the mouth of Tampa Bay;Sumner 223Nine Feared Lost in Capsized Boat https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33220469/ June 24, 2019 Miami Daily News Associated Press 310 October 20, 1944 Miami, Florida 1 Newspapers.com Tampa suffered similarly to St. Petersburg, and experienced a lull in the winds as the center of the hurricane passed overhead. Plate glass windows and storefronts in the downtown area were broken. Short-circuiting wires triggered by the storm caused two major fires, destroying a home and burning most of a shipyard shop;Fire Destroys Carpenter Shop at M'Closkey's https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33218827/ June 24, 2019 Tampa Morning Tribune 294 October 20, 1944 Tampa, Florida 5 Newspapers.com Tampa firefighters also responded to another eight fires during the hurricane, though these caused minor damage.Shorted Wires Cause Fires https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33218827/ June 24, 2019 Tampa Morning Tribune 294 October 20, 1944 Tampa, Florida 5 Newspapers.com Strong winds uprooted trees in the Davis Islands and Gulfport along the coast of the Tampa Bay area.Fallen Trees Biggest Damage at Gulfport https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24748527/ June 24, 2019 St. Petersburg Times 88 October 20, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 8 Newspapers.com Similarly, downed trees were characteristic of the damage in Clearwater. Roofs of older buildings were torn by the strong winds, though damage overall was slight.Clearwater Damage Slight, Storm Uproots Few Trees https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33215236/ June 24, 2019 St. Petersburg Times 88 October 20, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 9 Newspapers.com Although storm damage in Miami was relatively minor, two people were killed—one from a downed electric line and another from a traffic collision—in the greater metropolitan area.John Watts Two Dead in Miami as Result of Storm https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33160662/ June 23, 2019 Miami Daily News 309 October 19, 1944 Miami, Florida 1-A, 6-A Newspapers.com Early green bean and tomato crops in neighboring Palm Beach County were ruined by the hurricane. Between 500 – 900 acre ha on of snap bean crops were lost throughout the Everglades, battered by excessive rainfall of 8 – 10 in mm on, but growers were optimistic the rains would later lead to improved harvests.Winds and Rain Ruin Bean Crop https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33220695/ June 24, 2019 The Palm Beach Post 216 October 20, 1944 West Palm Beach, Florida 1 Newspapers.com A 300 ft m on-stretch of seawall was destroyed in El Cid Historic District along with an adjacent dock; this was the only structural damage in West Palm Beach.Wind-Buffeted City Gets Back to Normal Operation https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33220823/ June 24, 2019 The Palm Beach Post 216 October 20, 1944 West Palm Beach, Florida 1, 7 Newspapers.com thumb|Rainfall totals associated with the hurricane across the United States Gale-force winds affected the entire Florida peninsula, the westward extent of the strong winds reaching Tallahassee. Wind-field analyses later demonstrated that winds of at least 50 mph km/h on spanned an area with a diameter of 300 mi km on.Barnes 165 The strongest winds were focused within a 30 mi km on-wide region east of the storm's center and penetrated far inland, with sustained winds of 82 mph km/h on and a gust of 108 mph km/h on reported in Orlando.Sumner 222 These winds occurred over the state's core citrus-producing areas—De Soto, Hardee, Lake, Orange, Polk, and Sarasota counties—resulting in the loss of approximately 25 million boxes of fruit.Sumner 223 Damage to Florida's citrus crop was estimated at $20 million, with an expected cut of $50 million to the state's annual citrus profits.W. W. Patterson Vast Scene of Desolation in All Central Florida Groves United Press International https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33211188/ June 24, 2019 Orlando Reporter-Star 4739 October 20, 1944 Orlando, Florida 1 As late as a week before the hurricane's arrival, 1944 had been expected to be the best year for Florida citrus production in history.State's Storm-Devastated Citrus and Vegetable Men Are Offered Federal Help https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33243165/ June 25, 2019 The St. Petersburg Times Associated Press 90 October 21, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 10 Newspapers.com Citrus losses extended beyond the core regions, with significant losses in Seminole and Osceola counties. The grapefruit harvest saw a 40 percent loss while the early- and mid-season orange harvest saw a 15–20 percent loss. Rainfall-related damage, primarily to tomatoes, cabbage, beans, and peppers, collectively resulted in a 75 percent loss of crops in the Hollywood area.Crop Damage Placed at 75% in Hollywood https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33160924/ June 23, 2019 Miami Daily News 309 October 19, 1944 Miami, Florida 6–A Newspapers.com Of Florida's interior cities, Orlando saw the most severe damage, amounting to several million dollars. While reports of severe property damage were relatively infrequent, damage to ancillary structures and roofs was widespread. Approximately 600–800 homes and numerous stores were damaged.Storm Reports from Over State https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33221243/ The Tampa Daily Times 221 October 20, 1944 Tampa, Florida 1, 3 Newspapers.com The hurricane disrupted most communications in Orlando and surrounding communities outside of downtown; only two cables linking the city with Jacksonville remained in service. Felled trees blocked a third of the city streets. Orlando recorded its rainiest 24-hour period since 1910, observing 7.49 in mm on between October 18–19. Damage across Orange County was preliminarily estimated between $3–5 million, the damage in Orlando accounting for roughly half of the toll. One person was electrocuted in the downtown area. The Orlando Reporter-Star called the hurricane the Orlando's worst storm in 50 years. At nearby Winter Park, power failures caused the municipal water system to shut down. Many homes in Gotha were roofless from the storm's winds. Between Gotha and Windermere, more than half of the grapefruit trees were stripped of their fruits, as well as 10–20 percent of orange trees and five percent of tangerines.Army to Help City; No Electric Service; Citrus Loss Heavy https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33209712/ June 24, 2019 Orlando Reporter-Star 4739 October 20, 1944 Orlando, Florida 1, 3 Elsewhere in the Florida interior, two hangars at Alachua Army Air Field near Gainesville collapsed. Some trees in Gainesville were toppled onto houses. Severe property damage was noted in Bartow, and roofs were torn from a school and several homes in Williston and Groveland. Damage was limited primarily to crops in the Palatka and Crescent City areas, with only minor losses sustained otherwise. Heavy rains and gusts as high as 75 mph km/h on were recorded in Lakeland, which lost all power during the storm.Damage Light at Lakeland https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33219209/ June 24, 2019 Tampa Morning Tribune 294 October 20, 1944 Tampa, Florida 11 Newspapers.com Elsewhere in the United States thumb|left|upright=1.2|Map of the hurricane's remnants over Chesapeake Bay on October 21|alt=Map depicting isobars and fronts associated with a low-pressure area Total losses in the state of Georgia were estimated at between $250,000–$500,000. Most of the damage occurred before the arrival of the storm's center of circulation. Downed trees blocked streets and highways in several communities. Communication services were scant in some areas as telecommunication and power lines were severed by the storm. Strong winds also damaged the shingles of some buildings to varying degrees. The shipyard in Brunswick, Georgia, was hit particularly hard, several of its buildings and four cranes being damaged. Eastern extents of the city were also inundated by storm surge as far as 1 mi km on inland, prompting the evacuation of affected homes.Knarr A. J. Georgia Section Climatological Data October 1944 48 10 40 National Climatic Data Center Atlanta, Georgia The high wind-swept tides caused coastal inundation throughout the Southeastern U.S. coast, destroying many fishing boats at the Port of Savannah.Sumner 223 The highest tides in Georgia occurred in Fort Pulaski, where the sea rose 5.9 ft m on above mean sea level.NOAA Technical Memorndum Ho Francis P. Storm Tide Frequency Analysis for the Coast of Georgia https://www.nws.noaa.gov/oh/hdsc/Technical_memoranda/TM19.pdf National Weather Service June 30, 2019 Silver Spring, Maryland September 1974 https://web.archive.org/web/20170702120544/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/oh/hdsc/Technical_memoranda/TM19.pdf July 2, 2017 live Water damage on the island of St. Simons forced the evacuation of 1,200 people.4 The hurricane's heaviest rainfall occurred at the Brunswick airport, where 11.4 in mm on was recorded.Schoner R. W. Molansky S. Rainfall Associated with Hurricanes (And Other Tropical Disturbances) Storms in the South Atlantic Coastal Region 3 https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/TM/NHRP_03_1956.pdf National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 23, 2019 Washington, D.C. 196 July 1956 https://web.archive.org/web/20170521100141/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/TM/NHRP_03_1956.pdf May 21, 2017 live Winds reaching 65 mph brought down power and communication lines across the Carolinas, leaving much of Charleston, South Carolina, without electricity.Sumner 223 Tides to 9 ft m on inundated low-lying areas of the city, primarily around The Battery.Hurricane Lashes South Carolina, Moves On https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33213344/ June 24, 2019 St. Petersburg Times Associated Press 88 October 20, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 1, 2 Newspapers.com Trees and signage were downed in Florence, located 70 mi km on from the coast. Several railroad coaches traversing the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad just south of Florence were damaged. Heavy rains throughout South Carolina caused $350,000 in damage to property and crops.South Carolina State Climatology Office Hurricanes and Tropical Storms Affecting South Carolina 1940–1949 http://www.dnr.sc.gov/climate/sco/Tropics/1940s.php Tropical Storms and Hurricanes: 1940–1949 South Carolina Department of Natural Resources June 23, 2019 Columbia, South Carolina https://web.archive.org/web/20190101092349/http://www.dnr.sc.gov/climate/sco/Tropics/1940s.php January 1, 2019 dead In northwestern parts of the state, unpicked cotton crops perished.Heavy S.C. Rainfall Last Week Damaged Unharvested Crops https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33243417/ June 25, 2019 The Index-Journal 243 October 26, 1944 Greenwood, South Carolina 5 Newspapers.com Winds of 30 – 40 mph km/h on damaged corn and lespedeza in North Carolina, constituting most of the $200,000 damage toll wrought by the storm there.Kichline H. E. North Carolina Section Climatological Data October 1944 48 10 37 National Climatic Data Center Raleigh, North Carolina The storm's effects tapered as precipitation and high seas spread north along the U.S. East Coast.Swenson Bennett River Stages and Floods Monthly Weather Review October 1944 72 10 210–211 10.1175/1520-0493(1944)072<0210:RSAF>2.0.CO;2 American Meteorological Society 1944MWRv...72..210S free Widespread rains were reported throughout Virginia. Some flooding occurred around Staunton, blocking some minor roads. High winds downed as many as 30 percent of unharvested apples. Greater Norfolk endured 35 mph on winds and a 2 ft on storm surge.Hurricane Did Little Damage in This State https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33367090/ June 29, 2019 The Evening Leader Associated Press 80 109 October 21, 1944 Staunton, Virginia 1 Newspapers.com In Newport News, the elevated seas rose over the seawall, inundating low-lying areas.Rains, Winds Hit Area but Storm Passes https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33367685/ June 29, 2019 Daily Press 49 286 October 21, 1944 Newport News, Virginia 5 Newspapers.com A Weather Bureau meteorologist characterized the storm's effects in Maryland as "an old-fashioned nor'easter". Minor telecommunication disruptions were reported in Maryland by the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company. Debris buildup in Baltimore blocked some sewage pipes.Storm to End by Noon, Local Bureau Says https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33368161/ June 29, 2019 The Sun 215 136 October 21, 1944 Baltimore, Maryland 16 Newspapers.com Rough surf topped bulkheads damaged by the 1944 Great Atlantic hurricane along the coast of North Jersey, flooding oceanside streets. Similar coastal flooding occurred along the barrier island, Long Beach Island, farther south. Strong winds blew out some windows in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, region.Storm Subsides in Phila. Damage Slight https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33368408/ June 29, 2019 The Philadelphia Inquirer 231 114 October 22, 1944 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1 Newspapers.com Gusts of 50 mph km/h on grounded airplane traffic and yachts in New England.Below-Freezing Predicted in Wake of Heavy Storm https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33368624/ June 29, 2019 The Boston Sunday Globe 146 114 October 22, 1944 Boston, Massachusetts 1, 17 Newspapers.com "Below-Freezing Predicted in Wake of Heavy Storm", p. 1 https://web.archive.org/web/20190629211339/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33368624/the_boston_globe/ June 29, 2019 "Storm", p. 17 https://web.archive.org/web/20191010140821/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36987633/the_boston_globe/ October 10, 2019 1 An empty coal barge was grounded upon Thompson Island, carried by wind-driven seas. One driver in Somersworth, New Hampshire, was killed after losing control of their car on a slick roadway—three passengers were injured. Downed wires in Newton and Quincy, Massachusetts, cut power to roughly 250 homes.17 Aftermath The Daily Gleaner, the Jamaican newspaper, coordinated with the Jamaican Central Storm Relief Committee to organize a storm relief fund for the Cayman Islands.Gleaner Storm Relief Fund The Daily Gleaner 228 October 18, 1944 Kingston, Jamaica 3 NewspaperArchive.com The United States initiated relief operations in Cuba, focusing on augmenting food supplies. A Pan-American Clipper with American government officials onboard was dispatched to survey isolated areas of Cuba, including Pinar del Río.At Least 14 Killed in Cuban Storm https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33218934/ Associated Press June 24, 2019 Tampa Morning Tribune 294 October 20, 1944 Tampa, Florida 5 Newspapers.com Associated Press Cuban Relief is Planned https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33214608/ June 24, 2019 St. Petersburg Times 88 October 20, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 8 Newspapers.com President of Cuba Ramón Grau visited hospitals after the storm's passage to aid relief efforts. In the immediate aftermath, between 5,000 and 7,000 people across Florida were displaced and housed in temporary arrangements; three times as many people required dietary assistance.Winds Still Strong in North Carolina Associated Press https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33221093/ June 24, 2019 The Tampa Daily Times 221 October 20, 1944 Tampa, Florida 1, 3 Newspapers.com The city of Orlando coordinated with the Army Air Forces Tactical Center in debris cleanup operations. Assistance was also provided by line crews from Alabama and Georgia to restore power to the city. In response to the widespread citrus losses, the president of Gentile Bros. Co., a company with significant citrus operations in Florida, petitioned the Florida Citrus Commission to raise ceiling prices on citrus fruits sourced from the state. On behalf of citrus interests, U.S. Senator Claude Pepper of Florida wrote letters to the Office of Price Administration (OPA), the War Food Administration (WFA), and the War Production Board (WPB), requesting their assistance in surveying the damage and to consider both the price ceilings on citrus and restrictions on tin usage; relaxing tin restrictions would allow the salvaging of wind-torn fruits by canning them as juices. Pepper also asked the agencies to consider the price ceilings for vegetables.Associated Press Pepper Asks OPA, WPB Action in Citrus Loss https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33214608/ June 24, 2019 St. Petersburg Times 88 October 20, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 8 Newspapers.com The Texas Agriculture Commissioner, James E. McDonald, asked Texas citrus growers to suspend shipments to allow Florida citrus growers to recover, echoing a similar gesture from Florida citrus growers following a hurricane in 1933.Texas May Halt Citrus Shipments https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33242753/ June 25, 2019 St. Petersburg Times Associated Press 89 October 21, 1944 St. Petersburg, Florida 1 Newspapers.com Officials from the OPA and WFA convened in Lakeland, Florida, on October 27 to discuss the calls to increase ceiling prices for citrus;Decisions on Citrus Prices Still Awaited https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33243615/ June 25, 2019 Tampa Sunday Tribune 303 October 29, 1944 Tampa, Florida 8 Newspapers.com Florida citrus growers contended that the U.S. Department of Agriculture's monthly crop report for October did not accurately reflect the losses caused by the hurricane and sent a delegation to raise the matter in Washington, D.C. in November.Growers of Citrus Ask Higher Prices https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33243843/ Spokane Daily Chronicle Associated Press 36 November 2, 1944 Spokane, Washington 7 Newspapers.com A temporary increase in ceiling prices on citrus fruits was eventually implemented for the state of Florida.Second Hike in Citrus Price Held Possible https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33243977/ June 25, 2019 Orlando Reporter-Star Associated Press 4752 November 4, 1944 Orlando, Florida 1 Newspapers.com The WPB, operating jointly with the Red Cross, made 5000000 ft m on of lumber and 5,000 shingle squares available for repairs and in the Tampa area.Red Cross, WPB Offer Assistance https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33220924/ June 24, 2019 The Tampa Daily Times 221 October 20, 1944 Tampa, Florida 2 Newspapers.com The Federal Housing Administration allowed mortgage loans of $5,400 for residents whose homes were destroyed by the hurricane, based on the agency's assessment that "property damage was limited to roofs and broken glass" in the state.Only Few Homes Storm Wrecked https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33243314/ June 25, 2019 Miami Daily News Associated Press 314 October 21, 1944 Miami, Florida 3–A Newspapers.com See also Tropical cyclones List of Florida hurricanes (1900–1949) 1910 Cuba hurricane – caused extensive damage in western Cuba before affecting much of Florida Hurricane Charley – took a similar path through Cuba and Florida, with a significant core of wind damage spanning central Florida Notes nb References Citations Sources Barnes Jay Florida's hurricane history https://archive.org/details/floridashurrican00barn registration May 2007 The University of North Carolina Press 9780807858097 163–166 2nd Hurricanes in the Sunshine State, 1900–1949 Chapel Hill, North Carolina Barnes Clark Ralph R. The Impact of Hurricane Georges on the Carbonate Beaches of the Florida Keys https://floridadep.gov/sites/default/files/HurricaneGeorgesImpactFloridaKeys.pdf Engineering, Hydrology and Geology Program Florida Department of Environmental Protection June 30, 2019 1998 Clark Sumner H. C. The North Atlantic Hurricane of October 13–21, 1944 Monthly Weather Review November 1944 72 11 221–223 10.1175/1520-0493(1944)072<0221:TNAHOO>2.0.CO;2 https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/072/mwr-072-11-0221.pdf May 11, 2019 American Meteorological Society Washington, D.C. 1944MWRv...72..221S https://web.archive.org/web/20170225124303/https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/072/mwr-072-11-0221.pdf February 25, 2017 Sumner free External links Monthly Weather Review C (1944) 1944 1944 1944 Cuba-Florida Hurricane, 1944 Cuba-Florida Hurricane, 1944 Cuba-Florida Hurricane, 1944 Category:1944 in Florida Category:October 1944 in the United States Category:October 1944 in North America