1924 Užhorod by-election

Election in Czechoslovakia district thumb|Užhorod electoral districtElections for deputies to the Czechoslovak parliament from the Užhorod electoral district (i.e. Subcarpathian Ruthenia) were held on 16 March 1924 (to the assembly elected in the 1920 Czechoslovak parliamentary election).Czechoslovakia Prager Archiv für Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung https://books.google.com/books?id=TngzAQAAMAAJ 2 1920 H. Mercy Sohn 365Collegium Carolinum (Munich, Germany) Karl Bosl Die erste Tschechoslowakische Republik als multinationaler Parteienstaat: Vorträge d. Tagungen d. Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 24.-27. November 1977 u. vom 20.-23. April 1978 https://books.google.com/books?id=OOgJAQAAIAAJ 1979 Oldenbourg 978-3-486-49181-4 231Czechoslovakia. Státní úřad statistický Volby do Poslaneck ̌sn¿movny v listopadu 1925 https://books.google.com/books?id=ig0IAQAAMAAJ 1926 Stt̀n ̕͠¿ad statistickýYeshayahu A. Jelinek The Carpathian Diaspora: The Jews of Subcarpathian Rus' and Mukachevo, 1848-1948 https://books.google.com/books?id=8H4UAQAAIAAJ 2007 East European Monographs 978-0-88033-619-2 156 Nine members of the Chamber of Deputies and four senators were elected. Background As borders in Europe shifted at the end of World War I, the Ruthenian region of north-eastern Hungary was awarded to the new Czechoslovak Republic. Subcarpathian Rus' (also referred to as Carpathian Ruthenia, Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Transcarpathian Ukraine, etc., today constituting the Zakarpattia Oblast of Ukraine) hosted about 3.5% of the population of the Czechoslovak Republic. It was the least economically developed part of the Republic. The concepts of national identity of its Slavic population varied, some saw themselves as Russians, some defined themselves as Ukrainians and some argued that they constituted a separate Ruthenian nation.J. Krejcí P. Machonin Czechoslovakia, 1918-92: A Laboratory for Social Change https://books.google.com/books?id=CvVZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 7 January 2016 Palgrave Macmillan UK 978-0-230-37721-9 9, 11 Some 14% of the population was Jewish.Martin Wein A History of Czechs and Jews: A Slavic Jerusalem https://books.google.com/books?id=cM-hBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT136 11 February 2015 Taylor & Francis 978-1-317-60820-2 136 Elections for representatives to the Czechoslovak parliament from Subcarpathian Rus' had been delayed for some time, as the area had been placed under a joint military-civilian administration.Prague Economic Papers https://books.google.com/books?id=RG62AAAAIAAJ 1993 Institute of Economics, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences 371 Considering chaotic situation in the area with unstable borders, Romanian occupation until mid-1920 of large parts of the area and the lack of a regional assembly, the Czechoslovak government decided to delay voting for parliamentarians from Subcarpathian Rus'.Harvard Ukrainian Studies https://books.google.com/books?id=EDkMAQAAMAAJ 1990 Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute 436 On 16 September 1923 local elections were held in the area.Peter George Stercho Diplomacy of Double Morality: Europe's Crossroads in Carpatho-Ukraine, 1919-1939 https://books.google.com/books?id=kbRBAAAAIAAJ 1971 Carpathian Research Center 100 Transitioning into civilian governance under the Czechoslovak Republic, Dr. Antonín Beskid was appointed governor of Subcarpathian Rus'. On 23 February 1924 the Czechoslovak government reported to the League of Nations was about to be held on 16 March and that the Czechoslovaks would report the results to the League of Nations by June 16 the same year. Parties Thirteen parties participated in the polls.Frank Moore Colby Talcott Williams The New international encyclopædia https://books.google.com/books?id=BjgoAAAAMAAJ 1927 Dodd, Mead and company 350 Communist Party of Czechoslovakia The Communist Party had a strong Jewish following in Subcarpathian Rus'. In the September 1923 village council elections in Subcarpathian Rus' the Communist Party had received less than 10% of the vote.George D. Jackson Comintern and Peasant in East Europe: 1919-1930 https://books.google.com/books?id=NvS5AAAAIAAJ 1966 Columbia University Press 281 For the 1924 by-election Communist Party ran an active campaign in spite of the prevailing repressive climate, with arrests of their agitators and ban on communist meetings.Edward Hallett Carr Socialism in One Country, 1924-1926 https://books.google.com/books?id=X2HvAAAAMAAJ 1958 Macmillan 177 According to government sources the Communist Party held more mass meetings than any of the other parties in the fray. Indigenous Autonomous Party On 19 February 1924 opposition sympathizers held a meeting in Berehove, at which the list for the (Hungarian) Ruthenia Indigenous Autonomous Party was set. For the Chamber of Deputies the meeting nominated (in order on the list) Endre Korláth (Užhorod), Ákos Árky (Užhorod), Miklós Jaczik (Užhorod), István Polchy (Berehove), Lajos Szabó (Mukačevo), Bálint Tóth (Nove Selo), József Eperjessy (Užhorod), Pál Turda (Tekovo), János Földes (Časlovci), Ferenc Nagyidai (Perekresztye) and Zsigmond Boross (Užhorod). For the Senate the candidates nominated were Ferenc Egry (Maloye Geyovtse), Sándor Hatfaludy (Nyizsnyaja Apsa), Gyula Jaross (Perečín), János Spolarits (Veľká Sevljuš), Lajos Ács (Tyachovo) and Mihály Weisz (Verkhniy Koropets).Fedinec, Csilla. A kárpátaljai magyarság történeti kronológiája 1918–1944. MEK Results Chamber of Deputies All in all, parties supporting the Czechoslovak government obtained 40% of the vote.František Němec Vladimír Moudrý The Soviet seizure of Subcarpathian Ruthenia https://books.google.com/books?id=KVYdAAAAMAAJ 1955 Hyperion Press 45Paul R. Magocsi Shaping of a National Identity: Subcarpathian Rus' 1848-1948 https://books.google.com/books?id=4klpAAAAMAAJ 1978 Harvard University Press 978-0-674-80579-8 206 The deputies elected were József Gáti, Josef Kaminský, Endre Korláth, Iván Kurtyák, Iván Mondok, Jaromír Nečas, Andrij Hahatko, Emanuel Safranko, Vaszil Scserecki and Nyikolaj Szedorják.Csilla Fedinec Mikola Vehes Kárpátalja, 1919-2009 https://books.google.com/books?id=TspLAQAAIAAJ 2010 Argumentum 978-963-446-596-6 70 Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 100242 5 Indigenous Autonomous Party 28113 1 Autonomous Agrarian Union 21161 1 Social Democratic Workers' Party in Subcarpathian Rus'–Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers Party 20998 1 Carpatho-Russian Labour Party of Small Peasants and Landless–Czechoslovak Socialist Party 20068 1 Jewish People's Party 17941 0 Carpathian Republican Peasants Party 15058 0 Bread Producers Party 11107 0 Jewish Democratic Party 9914 0 Independent Hungarian Social Democratic Party 2828 0 #F28500 Russian National Party–Czech National Democrats 2780 0 Hungarian Civic Party 2748 0 #00B7EB Smallholders Party 1242 0 #F4C2C2 Collegium Carolinum (Munich, Germany) Karl Bosl Die erste Tschechoslowakische Republik als multinationaler Parteienstaat: Vorträge d. Tagungen d. Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 24.-27. November 1977 u. vom 20.-23. April 1978 https://books.google.com/books?id=OOgJAQAAIAAJ 1979 Oldenbourg 978-3-486-49181-4 238Komunistická revue https://books.google.com/books?id=HYXNAAAAMAAJ 1 1924 Komunistická strana Československa 153–154James A. Rogerson Slovak Republicans and Slovak Populists, 1923-1925 https://books.google.com/books?id=hDQiAQAAIAAJ 1980 University of Chicago 178https://dspace.cuni.cz/bitstream/handle/20.500.11956/112184/120337145.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y 78 Politika a náboženství Podkarpatské Rusi v letech 1919–1929 Sabina Línová 2019 Senate The senators elected were Ivan Bodnar (Communist), Endre Csehy (Communist), Ferenc Egry (Hungarian) and Béla Riskó (AZS). Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 82273 2 Indigenous Autonomous Party 24944 1 Autonomous Agrarian Union 20015 1 Carpatho-Russian Labour Party of Small Peasants and Landless–Czechoslovak Socialist Party 16753 0 Social Democratic Workers' Party in Subcarpathian Rus'–Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers Party 16605 0 Jewish People's Party 15850 0 Carpathian Republican Peasants Party 12242 0 Bread Producers Party 10717 0 Jewish Democratic Party 5918 0 Independent Hungarian Social Democratic Party 2364 0 #F28500 Russian National Party–Czech National Democrats 2358 0 Hungarian Civic Party 2477 0 #00B7EB Aftermath In the rest of Czechoslovakia the key vote bank of the Communist Party was found amongst industrial labourers, but in this region industrial workers were a smaller part of the electorate than in other areas.Ladislav Cabada Zdenek Benedikt Intellectuals and the Communist Idea: The Search for a New Way in Czech Lands from 1890 to 1938 https://books.google.com/books?id=6pYWSk-tRGQC&pg=PA93 14 September 2010 Lexington Books 978-0-7391-4378-0 93 Thus the result reflected wide-spread discontent amongst poor peasants in the area. It also appeared that the party did well amongst the Hungarian and Jewish minorities. In his report to the fifth congress of the Communist International Grigory Zinoviev stated thatHitherto, even in agrarian countries, Communist parties have displayed remarkable inability in the matter of capturing the peasantry. [...] You know the result of the election in Carpathian-Russia. Many Czech comrades, Tausig, Gati, and others, particularly local comrades worked heroically and exposed themselves to great danger. I have the impression, however, that the Czech party on the whole does not appreciate the importance of the peasants' question in Czecho-Slovakia, and this proves the importance of being able to work among the peasants. [...] Instead of concerning themselves with "high politics," most of our Communist parties must be intent on carrying on Communist work among masses, forming Communist factory nuclei and adopting a correct attitude towards national and peasant question.Zinoviev, Gregory. Questions of Tactics. In Daily Worker July 29, 1924. p. 4 In response to the communist election victory, the Czech right-wing press demanded that the election be declared invalid.Wlodzimierz Borodziej Stanislav Holubec Joachim Puttkamer Mastery and Lost Illusions: Space and Time in the Modernization of Eastern and Central Europe https://books.google.com/books?id=dZDnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 15 October 2014 De Gruyter 978-3-11-036431-6 245 Neither of the Jewish parties won any seat, as the Jewish vote was split between two parties.Carpatho-Rusyn American https://books.google.com/books?id=t4QaAQAAMAAJ 17-19 1994 Carpatho-Rusyn Research Center 10 References 1924 Category:1924 elections in Czechoslovakia Category:March 1924 in Europe Category:History of Zakarpattia Oblast