1898 Spanish general election

none 1898 Spanish general election Spain 1785 parliamentary no 1896 Spanish general election 1896 1899 Spanish general election 1899 All 447 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 180 (of 360) seats in the Senate224 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies 27 March 1898 (Congress)10 April 1898 (Senate)"12Apr" The Senate election in the province of Canaries was postponed to 12 April 1898.Royal Decree of 15 March 1898 art. 1. 170x170px Práxedes Mateo Sagasta Liberal Party (Spain, 1880) 1880 Logroño 111 D Congress of Deputies43 S Senate 324 D Congress of Deputies121 S Senate 10px 213 D Congress of Deputies10px 78 S Senate 170x170px Francisco Silvela Conservative (Silvelist) 1892 Piedrahíta 12 D Congress of Deputies2 S Senate 79 D Congress of Deputies36 S Senate 10px 65 D Congress of Deputies10px 34 S Senate 170x170px Nicolás Salmerón Republican Fusion 1898 Gracia 4 D Congress of Deputies3 S Senate 15 D Congress of Deputies1 S Senate 10px 11 D Congress of Deputies10px 2 S Senate 170x170px Carlos O'Donnell Tetuanists 1898 Senator (for life) 307 D Congress of Deputies117 S SenateResults for PLC in the 1896 election. 7 D Congress of Deputies7 S Senate 10px 300 D Congress of Deputies10px 110 S Senate 170x170px Francisco Romero Robledo Liberal Reformist Party (Spain) 1898 Antequera Did not contest 6 D Congress of Deputies1 S Senate 10px 6 D Congress of Deputies10px 1 S Senate 170x170px Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa Carlist 1891 — 10 D Congress of Deputies2 S Senate 6 D Congress of Deputies0 S Senate 10px 4 D Congress of Deputies10px 2 S Senate 1898 Spanish general election (Congress of Deputies).svg x315px Election results by constituency (Congress) Prime Minister Prime Minister after election Práxedes Mateo Sagasta Liberal Party (Spain, 1880) Práxedes Mateo Sagasta Liberal Party (Spain, 1880) A general election was held in Spain on 27 March 1898 (for the Congress of Deputies), and on 10 April 1898 (for the Senate),"12Apr" to elect the members of the 8th es Cortes no under the Spanish Constitution of 1876, during the Restoration period. All 445 seats in the Congress of Deputies—plus two special districts—were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate. Since the Pact of El Pardo, an informal system known as es turno or es turnismo was operated by the monarchy of Spain and the country's two main parties—the Conservatives and the Liberals—to determine in advance the outcome of elections by means of electoral fraud, often achieved through the territorial clientelistic networks of local bosses (the es caciques), ensuring that both parties would have rotating periods in power. As a result, elections were often neither truly free nor fair, though they could be more competitive in the country's urban centres where caciquism was weaker. The election was called amid a period of political unstability, following the assassination in August 1897 of Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo by Italian anarchist Michele Angiolillo, and the brief premiership of Marcelo Azcárraga. Respecting the turno system, Queen Regent Maria Christina appointed a new government under Liberal leader Práxedes Mateo Sagasta on 4 October 1897, tasking them with the formation of a new majority. In the wake of Cánovas's death, the Conservative Party was left in disarray, split between Francisco Silvela's Conservative Union, a faction led by Carlos O'Donnell, Duke of Tetuán, and Francisco Romero Robledo's re-established Liberal Reformist Party. The result of the election was a Liberal majority in both chambers. This would be the last Spanish general election to be held in Cuba and Puerto Rico, as the Spanish–American War, which would start only a few weeks after the election, would lead to the loss of all Spanish colonies in the Caribbean and the Pacific. Background thumb|Public exhibition of the electoral rolls at the Plaza Mayor in Madrid The last government of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1895–1897) had seen an increase in anarchist activity, with the Barcelona Corpus Christi procession bombing on 7 June 1896 and its consequences dominating the political landscape. Those suspect and arrested for the bombing were tried in the military Montjuïc Castle (the Montjuïc trials), amid accusations of forced confessions through torture.Avilés Farré Elizalde Pérez-Grueso Sueiro Seoane 2002 106–107 A new anti-terrorist law was approved that year and applied retroactively against the acquitted prisoners, who were deported out of the country.Avilés Farré Herrerín López 2008 121–131 Cánovas's role in the trials and the political repression following the bombings would ultimately lead to his assassination on 8 August 1897 by anarchist Michele Angiolillo.De la Santa Cinta Joaquín 30 August 2017 https://elcorreodepozuelo.com/2017/08/30/presidentes-del-consejo-ministros-la-regencia-maria-cristina-habsburgo-lorena-antonio-canovas-del-castillo-ultima-vez-marcelo-azcarraga-palmero/ Presidentes del Consejo de Ministros durante la Regencia de María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena: Antonio Cánovas del Castillo por última vez y Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero es El Correo de Pozuelo 4 May 2023 This period also saw the breakout of the Philippine Revolution in August 1896. Following Cánovas's death, Marcelo Azcárraga took the role of prime minister in the interim until power was handed by Queen Regent Maria Christina to Práxedes Mateo Sagasta and his Liberal Party in October that year. This episode threw the Conservative Party into disarray: most party members acknowledged Francisco Silvela as new leader and joined his Conservative Union; others—considering themselves as the true heirs of Cánovas's ideas—joined the Duke of Tetuán's faction; finally, Francisco Romero Robledo re-established his Liberal Reformist Party and broke away in opposition to Silvela's leadership.Maestre Rosa 1973 213 Overview Under the 1876 Constitution, the Spanish es Cortes no were conceived as "co-legislative bodies", forming a nearly perfect bicameral system.Constitution 1876 arts. 18–19 & 41. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate exercised legislative, oversight and budgetary functions, sharing almost equal powers, except in budget laws (taxation and public credit)—whose first reading corresponded to Congress—and in impeachment processes against government ministers, where Congress handled indictment and the Senate the trial.Constitution 1876 arts. 38, 42 & 45.https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/temasclave/historiaconstitucional/index.html Conocer el Senado. Temas clave. El Senado en la historia constitucional española es Senate of Spain 11 October 2025 Date The term of each chamber of the es Cortes no—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier.Constitution 1876 arts. 24 & 30. The previous elections were held on 12 April 1896 for the Congress and on 26 April 1896 for the Senate, which meant that the chambers' terms would have expired on 12 and 26 April 1901, respectively. The monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.Constitution 1876 art. 32; Law of 8 February 1877 art. 11. There was no constitutional requirement for concurrent elections to the Congress and the Senate, nor for the elective part of the Senate to be renewed in its entirety except in the case that a full dissolution was agreed by the monarch. Still, there was only one case of a separate election (for the Senate in 1877) and no half-Senate elections taking place under the 1876 Constitution. The es Cortes no were officially dissolved on 26 February 1898, with the corresponding decree setting election day for 27 March (Congress) and 10 April 1898 (Senate) and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 25 April.Royal Decree of 26 February 1898 arts. 1–3. Electoral system Voting for the Congress of Deputies was based on universal manhood suffrage, comprising all Spanish national males over 25 years of age with full civil rights, provided they had two years of residence in a Spanish municipality and were not enlisted ranks in active duty.Law of 26 June 1890 art. 1.Ortega Álvarez Santaolaya Machetti 1996 88García Muñoz 2002 106–107Carreras de Odriozola Tafunell Sambola 2005 1077 Amendments in 1897 extended universal manhood suffrage to the Spanish West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico).Law of 25 November 1897 art. 1.López Domínguez 1976 543–544Roldán de Montaud 1999 284–285García Muñoz 2002 107 Additional restrictions excluded those deprived of political rights or barred from public office by a final sentence, criminally imprisoned or convicted, legally incapacitated, bankrupt, public debtors, and homeless.Law of 26 June 1890 art. 2; Law of 25 November 1897 art. 2. The Congress of Deputies had one seat per 50,000 inhabitants. Of these, those corresponding to larger urban areas were elected in multi-member constituencies using partial block voting: voters in constituencies electing eight seats or more could choose up to three candidates less than the number of seats at stake; in those with between four and eight seats, up to two less; and in those with between one and four seats, up to one less. The remaining seats were elected in single-member districts by plurality voting and distributed among the provinces of Spain according to population.Constitution 1876 arts. 27–28; Law of 26 June 1890 arts. 21–22Ortega Álvarez Santaolaya Machetti 1996 89 Additionally, universities, economic societies of Friends of the Country and officially organized chambers of commerce, industry and agriculture, had one seat per 5,000 registered voters.Law of 26 June 1890 art. 24. Cuba and Puerto Rico were allocated 30 and 16 seats, respectively.Law of 25 November 1897 arts. 12–13, trans. prov. 4 & annex. (suppl. supplemented by Royal Decree of 18 December 1890 art. 1 and Royal Decree of 27 December 1892 arts. 1–2). As a result of the aforementioned allocation, 331 single-member districts (including two special districts) were established, and each Congress multi-member constituency (a total of 34, electing 116 seats) was entitled the following seats:Seat allocation:Peninsular Spain and archipelagos: Law of 26 June 1890 trans. prov. 1 (suppl. supplemented by Law of 1 January 1871 art. 1 & attached table, and Law of 28 December 1878 arts. 2–3; am. amended by Law of 23 June 1885, Law of 18 January 1887, Law of 10 July 1888, Law of 18 June 1895, and Law of 2 August 1895). Spanish West Indies: Law of 25 November 1897 trans. prov. 4 (suppl. supplemented by Royal Decree of 18 December 1890 art. 1 & attached table and Royal Decree of 27 December 1892 arts. 1–2 & attached table).López Domínguez 1976 499–502 Seats Constituencies 8 Madrid 6 Havana 5 Barcelona, Palma 4 Santa Clara, Seville 3 Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Cartagena, Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, La Coruña, Lugo, Málaga, Matanzas, Mayagüez, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Pinar del Río, Ponce, San Juan Bautista, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Santiago de Cuba, Tarragona, Valencia, Valladolid, Zaragoza Voting for the elective part of the Senate was based on censitary suffrage, comprising Spanish male householders of voting age, residing in a Spanish municipality, with full political and civil rights, who met either of the following:Law of 8 February 1877 arts. 1–3, 12–13, 23 & 25; Law of 25 November 1897 art. 10. Being qualified electors (such as archbishops, bishops and cathedral chapter members, in the archdioceses; full academics, in the royal academies; university authorities and professors, in the universities; or provincial deputies); Being elected as delegates (either by members with three years of seniority (in the economic societies of Friends of the Country; or by major taxpayers for direct taxes and local authorities, in the local councils). 180 Senate seats were elected using indirect, two-round majority voting. Delegates chosen by local councils—each of which was assigned an initial minimum of one delegate, with one additional delegate for every six councillors—voted for senators together with provincial deputies. The provinces of Álava, Albacete, Ávila, Biscay, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Guipúzcoa, Huelva, Logroño, Matanzas, Palencia, Pinar del Río, Puerto Príncipe, Santa Clara, Santander, Santiago de Cuba, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Valladolid and Zamora were allocated two seats each, and the rest three each, for a total of 147. The remaining 33 seats were allocated to special institutional districts (one each), including major archdioceses, royal academies, universities, and economic societies,The following were considered as the major districts in each category:Archdioceses: Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Cuba, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid, and Zaragoza. Royal academies: Spanish; History; Fine Arts of San Fernando; Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences; Moral and Political Sciences; and Medicine. Universities: Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Havana, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid, and Zaragoza. Economic societies of Friends of the Country: Madrid, Barcelona, Havana–Puerto Rico, León, Seville, and Valencia. each elected by their own qualified electors or delegates.Constitution 1876 arts. 20–21; Law of 8 February 1877 arts. 1–2, 21–22, 30–31, 53 & add. art.; Royal Decree of 30 June 1881; Law of 25 November 1897 art. 10 (suppl. supplemented by Law of 9 January 1879 arts. 1–3).Carreras de Odriozola Tafunell Sambola 2005 1083 Another 180 seats consisted of senators in their own right (such as the monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age (16), grandees of Spain with an income of Pts 60,000, certain general officers—captain generals and admirals—the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops, and the heads of higher courts and state institutions"State" These comprised the Council of State, the Supreme Court, the Court of Auditors and the Supreme Council of War and Navy. after two years of service), as well as senators for life directly appointed by the monarch.Constitution 1876 arts. 20–21, 66 & 71. The law provided for by-elections to fill vacant seats during the legislative term. At least two vacancies were required to trigger a by-election in Congress multi-member constituencies.Law of 8 February 1877 arts. 56–59; Law of 26 June 1890 arts. 73–76; Law of 25 November 1897 art. 13 & annex. Candidates Nomination rules For the Congress, secular Spanish males of voting age, with full civil rights, could run for election. Causes of ineligibility applied to those excluded from voting or meeting any of the incompatibility rules for deputies, as well as to:Constitution 1876 art. 29; Law of 26 June 1890 arts. 2–5; Law of 25 November 1897 art. 13 & annex. Public contractors, within their relevant territories; Holders of a number of territorial posts (such as government-appointed positions, not including government ministers and Central Administration employees; local and provincial employees; and provincial deputation members), within their areas of jurisdiction, during their term of office and up to one year afterwards. For the Senate, eligibility was limited to Spanish males over 35 years of age not under criminal prosecution, disfranchisement nor asset seizure, and who either qualified as senators in their own right or belonged (or had belonged) to certain categories:Constitution 1876 arts. 22 & 26; Law of 8 February 1877 art. 4. Provided an income of Pts 7,500: the presidents of the Senate and the Congress; deputies serving in three different congresses or eight terms; government ministers; bishops; grandees of Spain not eligible as senators in their own right; and various senior officials after two years of service (such as certain general officers—lieutenant generals and vice admirals—and members of higher courts and state institutions);"State" heads of diplomatic missions abroad (ambassadors after two years, and plenipotentiaries after four); heads and full academics in the royal academies; chief engineers; and full professors with four years of service; Provided an income of Pts 20,000 or being taxpayers with a minimum quota of Pts 4,000 in direct taxes (paid two years in advance): Spanish nobility; and former deputies, provincial deputies or mayors in provincial capitals or towns over 20,000; Having served as senators before the promulgation of the 1876 Constitution. Other ineligibility provisions for the Senate also applied to a number of territorial officials within their areas of jurisdiction, during their term of office and up to three months afterwards; public contractors; tax collectors; and public debtors.Law of 8 February 1877 arts. 5–6. Incompatibility rules barred representing multiple constituencies simultaneously, as well as combining:Constitution 1876 arts. 25 & 31; Law of 8 February 1877 arts. 5–10; Law of 7 March 1880 arts. 1–4 (am. amended by Law of 31 July 1887 single art.); Law of 26 June 1890 art. 81; Law of 25 November 1897 art. 13 & annex. The role of senator with other legislative roles (deputy, senator and local councillor, except those in Madrid; and provincial deputies within their respective provinces); or with any public post not explicitly permitted under Senate eligibility requirements; The role of deputy with any other civil, military or judicial post, with exceptions—and as many as 40 deputies allowed to simultaneously benefit from these—including a number of specific posts based in Madrid, such as any of the aforementioned ones (provided a public salary of Pts 12,500); senior court officials; university authorities and professors; chief engineers; and general officers. Results Congress of Deputies + ← Summary of the 27 March 1898 Congress of Deputies election results → center|400px Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats Votes % Liberal Party (PL) 324 Conservative Union (UC) 79 Republican Fusion (FR) 15 Tetuanist Conservatives (T) 7 Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) 6 Traditionalist Communion (Carlist) (CT) 6 Independents (INDEP) 10 Total 447 Votes cast / turnout Abstentions Registered voters SourcesLópez Domínguez 1976 546–547, 556–559 & 796–798Armengol i Segú Varela Ortega 2001 655–77628 March 1898 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=62c9dcee-f315-406d-97c3-5f9bd5a797d1 En provincias. Datos oficiales es National Library of Spain El Día 9 September 202228 March 1898 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=3865b5fe-4254-49e9-892e-f97fde2b48e5 Las elecciones en Madrid y en provincias es National Library of Spain La Iberia 9 September 202228 March 1898 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=106aa1ff-16e3-4260-ac38-173291553971&page=2 Datos oficiales es National Library of Spain El Liberal 9 September 202228 March 1898 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=f36de986-4aff-4d06-9171-dd945c352a54&page=2 Las elecciones es National Library of Spain La Izquierda Dinástica 9 September 202228 March 1898 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=7f3ddb4f-6748-4505-81c2-c2e47f88fa6d&page=2 Elecciones es National Library of Spain El Siglo Futuro 9 September 202229 March 1898 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=20e83bf8-94b6-4d1a-b31a-0e66fa6dfd6b&page=2 Las elecciones en Cuba es National Library of Spain La Iberia 9 September 202229 March 1898 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=fba9b9a7-b552-46cf-a558-cdca0c4eeb97 Las elecciones. Más datos oficiales es National Library of Spain El Día 9 September 202229 March 1898 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=13216f4b-66df-456c-8362-a3f5372c6b94 Elecciones. Pormenores oficiales es National Library of Spain El Siglo Futuro 9 September 202229 March 1898 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=2e275541-6440-4677-85e5-abf04e03cccc&page=2 Diputados electos es National Library of Spain El Heraldo de Madrid 11 September 202229 March 1898 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=250992bf-1a54-4dad-a816-6a4ce09e7f80&page=2 Las elecciones es National Library of Spain La Época 13 September 20221 January 1899 http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001809367&page=97 Mes de marzo. Día 27. Elecciones a diputados a Cortes es National Library of Spain El Año Político 16 April 2022 Seats #ddd 550px 500px PL Liberal Party (Spain, 1880) 72.48 UC Conservative Union (Spain) 17.67 FR Republican Fusion 3.36 T Tetuanists 1.57 PLR Liberal Reformist Party (Spain) 1.34 CT Traditionalist Communion 1.34 INDEP Independent politician 2.24 Senate + ← Summary of the 10 April 1898 Senate of Spain election results → center|375px Parties and alliances Seats Liberal Party (PL) 121 Conservative Union (UC) 36 Tetuanist Conservatives (T) 7 Republican Fusion (FR) 1 Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) 1 Integrist Party (PI) 1 Independents (INDEP) 3 Archbishops (ARCH) 10 Total elective seats 180 Sources11 April 1898 http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001206114&page=1 Las elecciones es National Library of Spain El Globo 16 April 202211 April 1898 http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001290245&page=2 Elecciones de senadores es National Library of Spain El Liberal 16 April 202212 April 1898 http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0002062055&page=2 Elecciones de senadores es National Library of Spain La Iberia 16 April 202212 April 1898 http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001206156&page=3 Las elecciones es National Library of Spain El Globo 16 April 202213 April 1898 http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000792897&page=3 Los senadores es National Library of Spain El Imparcial 16 April 202214 April 1898 http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000633559&page=3 Los senadores por Canarias es National Library of Spain La Época 16 April 202223 April 1898 http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0003104195&page=7 Academias, archivos, bibliotecas y museos es National Library of Spain Gaceta de Instrucción Pública 16 April 20221 January 1899 http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001809367&page=136 Mes de abril. Día 10. Elecciones de Senadores es National Library of Spain El año político 16 April 2022 Seats #ddd 550px 500px PL Liberal Party (Spain, 1880) 67.22 UC Conservative Union (Spain) 20.00 T Tetuanists 3.89 FR Republican Fusion 0.56 PLR Liberal Reformist Party (Spain) 0.56 PI Integrist Party 0.56 INDEP Independent politician 1.67 ARCH Nonpartisan 5.56 Maps Distribution by group + Summary of political group distribution in the 8th Restoration Cortes (1898–1899) Group Parties and alliances C Congress of Deputies S Senate Total PL Liberal Party (PL) 285 108 445 Autonomist Liberal Party (PLA) 21 5 Unconditional Spanish Party (PIE) 10 1 Puerto Rican Autonomist Party (PAP) 6 1 Constitutional Union of Cuba (UCC) 1 5 Basque Dynastics (Urquijist) (DV) 1 1 UC Conservative Union (UC) 74 33 115 Constitutional Union of Cuba (UCC) 5 2 Unconditional Spanish Party (PIE) 0 1 FR National Republican Party (PRN) 9 1 16 Independent Possibilists (P.IND) 3 0 Centralist Republican Party (PRC) 2 0 Blasquist Republicans (RB) 1 0 T Liberal Conservative Party (PLC) 7 7 14 PLR Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) 6 1 7 CT Traditionalist Communion (Carlist) (CT) 6 0 6 PI Integrist Party (PI) 0 1 1 INDEP Independents (INDEP) 9 2 13 Independent Catholics (CAT) 1 0 Basque Dynastics (Urquijist) (DV) 0 1 ARCH Archbishops (ARCH) 0 10 10 Total 447 180 627 See also 1898 Puerto Rican general election Notes References Bibliography Legislation 30em y Ley mandando que los distritos para las elecciones de Diputados a Cortes sean los que se expresan en la división adjunta Law 1 January 1871 Madrid Gazette es https://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1871/027/A00217-00232.pdf 21 August 2022 Law of 1 January 1871 y Constitución de la Monarquía Española Constitution 30 June 1876 Madrid Gazette es https://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1876/184/A00009-00012.pdf 19 August 2022 Constitution 1876 y Ley electoral de Senadores Law 8 February 1877 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1877/041/A00373-00375.pdf 19 August 2022 Law of 8 February 1877 y Ley electoral de los Diputados a Cortes Law 28 December 1878 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1878/364/A00885-00890.pdf 19 August 2022 Law of 28 December 1878 y Ley dictando reglas para la elección de Senadores en las islas de Cuba y Puerto Rico Law 9 January 1879 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1879/015/A00137-00137.pdf 19 August 2022 Law of 9 January 1879 y Ley enumerando los empleos con los cuales es compatible el cargo de Diputado a Cortes Law 7 March 1880 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1880/069/A00623-00623.pdf 15 August 2025 Law of 7 March 1880 y Real decreto determinando el número de Senadores que habrán de elegirse en cada una de las provincias con motivo de las próximas elecciones Royal Decree 30 June 1881 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1881/184/A00023-00023.pdf 11 October 2025 Royal Decree of 30 June 1881 y Ley dividiendo la provincia de Guipúzcoa en distritos para la elección de Diputados a Cortes Law 23 June 1885 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1885/175/A00877-00878.pdf 6 May 2023 Law of 23 June 1885 y Ley dividiendo el distrito electoral de Tarrasa en dos, que se denominarán de Tarrasa y de Sabadell Law 18 January 1887 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1887/022/A00211-00211.pdf 6 May 2023 Law of 18 January 1887 y Ley reformando el art. 4º. de la ley de Incompatibilidades Law 31 July 1887 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1887/216/A00347-00347.pdf 15 August 2025 Law of 31 July 1887 y Ley fijando la división de la provincia de Álava en distritos electorales para Diputados a Cortes Law 10 July 1888 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1888/193/A00117-00117.pdf 6 May 2023 Law of 10 July 1888 y Ley electoral para Diputados a Cortes Law 26 June 1890 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1890/180/A00901-00908.pdf 19 August 2022 Law of 26 June 1890 y Real decreto disponiendo que mientras no se publique nueva ley Electoral rija en la isla de Cuba la división en circunscripciones y distritos para la elección de Diputados a Cortes aprobada en el Congreso en la forma que se expresa Royal Decree 18 December 1890 Madrid Gazette es https://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1890/354/A00907-00908.pdf 19 August 2022 Royal Decree of 18 December 1890 y Real decreto declarando subsistente la división territorial para elecciones de Diputados a Cortes en las islas de Cuba y Puerto Rico, establecida por Real decreto de 18 de Diciembre de 1890 Royal Decree 27 December 1892 Madrid Gazette es https://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1892/363/A00964-00964.pdf 19 August 2022 Royal Decree of 27 December 1892 y Ley disponiendo que las primeras y sucesivas elecciones que se verifiquen en la provincia de Zamora se dividirá en siete distritos en la forma que se expresa Law 18 June 1895 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1895/170/A01001-01001.pdf 14 August 2025 Law of 18 June 1895 y Leyes aprobando la división electoral de las provincias de León y Vizcaya Law 2 August 1895 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1895/216/A00457-00458.pdf 6 May 2023 Law of 2 August 1895 y Ley Electoral de 26 de Junio de 1890. Adaptación para las Islas de Cuba y Puerto Rico Law 25 November 1897 Madrid Gazette es https://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1897/330/A00626-00629.pdf 19 August 2022 Law of 25 November 1897 y Real decreto declarando disueltos el Congreso de los Diputados y la parte electiva del Senado, y disponiendo que las Cortes se reúnan en Madrid el 25 de Abril próximo Royal Decree 26 February 1898 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1898/058/A00685-00685.pdf 18 August 2025 Royal Decree of 26 February 1898 y Real decreto disponiendo que las elecciones de Senadores en Canarias se verifiquen el 12 de Abril próximo Royal Decree 15 March 1898 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1898/075/A00889-00889.pdf 4 April 2026 Royal Decree of 15 March 1898 Other 30em Fernández Almagro Melchor 1943 Las Cortes del siglo XIX y la práctica electoral https://www.cepc.gob.es/sites/default/files/2022-01/6973rep009-010430.pdf Madrid Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies es Revista de Estudios Políticos 9–10 383–419 0048-7694 16 December 2020 Maestre Rosa Julio 1973 Francisco Silvela y su liberalismo regeneracionista https://www.cepc.gob.es/sites/default/files/2021-12/9230rep187195.pdf Madrid Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies es Revista de Estudios Políticos 187 191–226 0048-7694 30 August 2022 López Domínguez José María 1976 Elecciones y partidos políticos de Puerto Rico: 1809-1898 https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/54455/1/5327102689.pdf es Puerto Rico Complutense University of Madrid 1 11 September 2022 Calero Antonio María 1987 La prerrogativa regia en la Restauración: teoría y práctica (1875-1902) https://www.cepc.gob.es/sites/default/files/2021-12/16390repne055275.pdf Madrid Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies es Revista de Estudios Políticos 55 273–315 0048-7694 Ortega Álvarez Luis Santaolaya Machetti Pablo 1996 Evolución histórica del sistema electoral español https://revista.cortesgenerales.es/rcg/article/view/784 es Cortes Generales Revista de las Cortes Generales 37 0213-0130 10.33426/rcg/1996/37/784 65–107 free Martorell Linares Miguel Ángel 1997 La crisis parlamentaria de 1913-1917. La quiebra del sistema de relaciones parlamentarias de la Restauración https://www.cepc.gob.es/sites/default/files/2021-12/17089repne096139.pdf Madrid Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies es Revista de Estudios Políticos 96 137–161 0048-7694 Martínez Ruiz Enrique Maqueda Abreu Consuelo De Diego Emilio 1999 Atlas histórico de España. La Regencia de María Cristina (1885-1902) https://books.google.com/books?id=U_RL9S5uSF8C&pg=PA109 es 2 Bilbao Ediciones KAL 109–120 9788470903502 Roldán de Montaud Inés 1999 Política y elecciones en Cuba durante la restauración http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/8781/1/POL%C3%8DTICA%20Y%20ELECCIONES%20EN%20CUBA%20DURANTE.pdf es Revista de Estudios Políticos 104 245–287 19 December 2020 Armengol i Segú Josep Varela Ortega José 2001 El poder de la influencia: geografía del caciquismo en España (1875-1923) https://books.google.com/books?id=QY99T3Mg5ykC es Madrid Marcial Pons 655–776 9788425911521 Avilés Farré Juan Elizalde Pérez-Grueso María Dolores Sueiro Seoane Susana 2002 Historia política de España, 1875-1939 https://books.google.com/books?id=gMkCp_3hL2YC&q=Historia+pol%C3%ADtica+de+Espa%C3%B1a,+1875-1939 es 1 Madrid Ediciones Istmo 9788470903205 García Muñoz Montserrat 2002 La documentación electoral y el fichero histórico de diputados https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/RGID/article/view/RGID0202120093A es Revista General de Información y Documentación 12 1 93–137 1132-1873 13 September 2020 Carreras de Odriozola Albert Tafunell Sambola Xavier 2005 1989 Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/autores.pdf es 1 Bilbao Fundación BBVA 1072–1097 II 84-96515-00-1 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010950/http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/autores.pdf 24 September 2015 dmy-all Avilés Farré Juan Herrerín López Ángel 2008 El nacimiento del terrorismo en Occidente: Anarquía, nihilismo y violencia revolucionaria https://books.google.com/books?id=JJZ7vwEACAAJ es Madrid Siglo XXI de España Editores 9788432315091 Martínez Relanzón Alejandro Political Modernization in Spain Between 1876 and 1923 https://journals.umcs.pl/k/article/view/4152/5068 Madrid Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, Sectio K 24 1 2017 10.17951/k.2017.24.1.145 145–154 159328027 free Category:1898 elections in Spain 1898 Category:March 1898 in Europe Category:April 1898 in Europe