1900 Atlantic hurricane season

none Atl 1900 1900 Atlantic hurricane season summary.png January 17, 1900 October 28, 1900 "Galveston" 125 936 1 10 7 3 2 At least 35.5 8,000-12,000 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902 1900–09 Pacific hurricane seasons 1900 Pacific typhoon season 1900s North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons The 1900 Atlantic hurricane season was a below average yet incredibly devastating hurricane season which featured the Galveston hurricane, the deadliest natural disaster in the United States history. A total of 10 tropical cyclones formed, seven of which intensified into a tropical storm. Three of those made landfall in the United States. The first system was initially observed over the central Atlantic Ocean on January 17, while the final storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 28. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. Every storm of the season except the seventh system existed simultaneously with another tropical cyclone. Of the season's seven tropical storms, three reached hurricane status. Furthermore, two of those three strengthened into major hurricanes, which are Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. The strongest cyclone of the season, the first hurricane, peaked at Category 4 strength with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph (230 km/h). Upon striking Texas shortly after peak intensity, it produced a devastating storm surge in the Galveston area, with extensive damage and at least 8,000 fatalities. Nicknamed the "1900 Galveston hurricane", it remains the deadliest natural disaster in the history of the United States. The hurricane overall caused about $35.5 million (1.9 billion  USD) in damage.All damage figures are in 1900 USD, unless otherwise noted "nb" Impact from other tropical cyclones was generally minor, though the remnants of Tropical Storm Five resulted in one death and at least $100,000 in damage in Atlantic Canada. __TOC__ right Season summary thumb|right|Damage from the 1900 Galveston hurricane in Galveston, Texas Tropical cyclogenesis began with the development of a tropical depression over the central Atlantic on January 17. After the depression transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on the following day, the next system did not develop until June 9, while just north of the Lesser Antilles. This coincided with the formation of a third tropical depression over the northeastern Gulf of Mexico on the same day. The former moved generally north-northwestward for several days until becoming extratropical northeast of the Bahamas on June 17, while the latter made landfall in southeastern Louisiana on June 12, two days before dissipating over Mississippi.http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT Christopher W. Landsea Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration April 26, 2016 Miami, Florida etal However, the season's first such of at least tropical storm intensity did not develop until August 27 while well west of Cape Verde. This was abnormally late, as the average date of development of the first tropical storm between 1944 and 1996 was July 11.http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-hc-canedates,0,7873131.htmlstory May 16, 2001 Average hurricane dates Chicago Tribune July 6, 2013 In comparison, the latest date of the first tropical storm during the satellite era was Hurricane Anita on August 29, 1977.http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/storms/hurricanes/2009-06-30-hurricane-season_N.htm Hurricane season off to a typically slow start Doyle Rice June 30, 2009 USA Today July 6, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20200815192911/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/storms/hurricanes/2009-06-30-hurricane-season_N.htm August 15, 2020 However, this storm, the "Galveston hurricane", was the most intense tropical cyclone of the season, peaking as a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph (230 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 936 mbar inHg on. During the month of September, which is the climatological peak of hurricane season, three additional tropical cyclones formed, two of which were hurricanes. After the third hurricane dissipated on September 23, activity went dormant for nearly two weeks, until the fifth tropical storm formed near the Lesser Antilles on October 4. As it was becoming extratropical, a sixth tropical cyclone developed in the Bay of Campeche on October 10. The final system formed in the eastern Caribbean Sea, crossed Hispaniola, and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone between Bermuda and the East Coast of the United States on October 28. left|thumb|240x240px|Surface weather analysis on September 13, 1900, showing three Atlantic tropical cyclones active simultaneously, with the extratropical remnants of the Galveston hurricane (top) southeast of Newfoundland and moving into the North Atlantic Ocean By far, the storm that caused the most devastation was Hurricane One, nicknamed the "Galveston hurricane". Its storm surge submerged much of Galveston Island in Texas, killing between 6,000 and 12,000 people.http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/12/galveston.1900/ Hurricane destroyed Galveston in 1900 K.C. Wildmoon September 12, 2008 CNN July 6, 2013 Official estimates put the death toll at approximately 8,000. As a result, it is currently the deadliest natural disaster in the history of the United States. At the time, it was also the second deadliest tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin, behind only the Great Hurricane of 1780, which killed at least 22,000 people in the Lesser Antilles. However, the Galveston hurricane was surpassed in 1998 by Hurricane Mitch, which caused more than 11,000 fatalities in Central America.http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/mitch/mitch.html Mitch: The Deadliest Atlantic Hurricane Since 1780 January 23, 2009 National Climatic Data Center August 22, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20170314170456/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/mitch/mitch.html March 14, 2017 The storm was also among the deadliest in Canada, where at least 102 people were killed.http://ec.gc.ca/ouragans-hurricanes/default.asp?lang=En&n=CC8A7AA0-1 Notable Canadian Tropical Cyclones January 30, 2012 Environment Canada July 6, 2013 Few other tropical cyclones during the 1900 Atlantic hurricane season caused any damage or fatalities. However, the extratropical remnants of Tropical Storm Five brought moderate damage to Canada. The storm caused 1 fatality and about $100,000 in losses, mainly to railroads. The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 81. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph km/h on, which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 2019 Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT August 22, 2021 http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/comparison_table.html Miami, Florida Systems Hurricane One The Great Galveston hurricane of 1900 or Great Storm of 1900 or 1900 Storm1900 Galveston hurricane Atl 1900 Galveston hurricane weather map (high quality) (19877020).jpg 1900 Galveston hurricane path.png August 27 September 11 125 936 Early on August 27, a ship encountered the first tropical storm of the season, while located about 1160 mi km on 5 east of the southernmost islands of Cape Verde. It slowly strengthened while moving steadily west-northwestward and entered the northeastern Caribbean on August 30. The storm moved south of Puerto Rico and made landfall in Dominican Republic as a weak tropical storm on September 2. It weakened slightly while crossing Hispaniola, before re-emerging into the Caribbean Sea later that day. On September 3, the cyclone struck modern day Santiago de Cuba Province and then slowly drifted along the southern coast of Cuba. Upon reaching the Gulf of Mexico on September 6, the storm strengthened into a hurricane, while situated near Dry Tortugas. Significant intensification followed and the system peaked as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 145 mph (230 km/h) on September 8. Early on the next day, it made landfall near modern-day Jamaica Beach, Texas, with winds of 140 mph km/h on 5. Around that time, its minimum barometric pressure of 936 mbar inHg on was observed. It weakened quickly after moving inland and fell to tropical storm intensity late on September 9. The storm turned east-northeastward and became extratropical over Iowa on September 11. The extratropical system strengthened while accelerating across the Midwestern United States, Ontario, Quebec, northern New England, and then New Brunswick before reaching the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on September 13. Later that day, the extratropical remnants struck Newfoundland. It then reached the far North Atlantic Ocean and began to weaken, finally dissipating near Iceland on September 15. The storm brought heavy rainfall to Cuba, with up to 12.58 in mm on in a 24‑hour period in the city of Santiago de Cuba. Much of Florida experienced tropical storm force winds, though no damage occurred.Edward B. Garriott West Indian Hurricane of September 1–12, 1900 Monthly Weather Review 28 9 September 1900 371–377 http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1900.pdf 10.1175/1520-0493(1900)28[371b:WIHOS]2.0.CO;2 1900MWRv...28..371G May 22, 2019 free Hurricane-force winds and storm surge inundated portions of southern Louisiana, though no significant damage or fatalities were reported.http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/lahur.pdf Louisiana Hurricane History David M. Roth April 8, 2010 Weather Prediction Center 28 July 6, 2013 In Texas, strong winds were reported in the Galveston area, reaching 120 mph (195 km/h).http://www.history.noaa.gov/stories_tales/cline2.html Special Report On The Galveston Hurricane Of September 8, 1900 Isaac M. Cline September 29, 1900 United States Weather Bureau July 6, 2013 October 26, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20141026070305/http://www.history.noaa.gov/stories_tales/cline2.html dead Storm surge cresting between 8 and 15 ft m on inundated the entirety of Galveston Island.http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/outreach/history/ Hurricanes in History May 30, 2012 National Hurricane Center July 6, 2013 Every house sustained damage, with at least 3,636 destroyed. In Galveston alone, approximately 10,000 were left homeless, out of a total population of 37,000.Kathryn Westcott Flashback: Galveston's great storm BBC September 9, 2008 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4270640.stm September 22, 2005 https://web.archive.org/web/20080915051016/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4270640.stm 15 September 2008 live The actual death toll is unknown, though it is thought to be at least 8,000. Thus, the 1900 Galveston hurricane was the deadliest natural disaster in the history of the United States.Neil F. Frank Chapter 5. The Great Galveston Hurricane of 1900 Hurricane! Coping with Disaster: Progress and Challenges Since Galveston, 1900 129–130 55 American Geophysical Union 2003 http://www.agu.org/pubs/booksales/hurricane/Chapter_05galveston.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20090325121125/http://www.agu.org/pubs/booksales/hurricane/Chapter_05galveston.pdf March 25, 2009 Hoboken, New Jersey 978-0875902975 Property damage from the storm in Galveston alone was estimated at $30 million. Farther north, the storm and its remnants continued to produce heavy rains and gusty winds across the Midwestern United States, Mid-Atlantic, and New England. The storm downed telegraph wires, signs, and trees in several states and caused 15 deaths in Ohio;http://ohioshipwrecks.org/ShipwreckDetail.php?AR=4&Wreck=10 Explore Shipwrecks: John B. Lyon Ohio State University's Sea Grant College Program November 18, 2018 August 31, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024552/http://ohioshipwrecks.org/ShipwreckDetail.php?AR=4&Wreck=10 dead 2 each in Illinois and New York;https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23386841/st_louis_postdispatch/ Chicago Badly Damaged September 12, 1900 St. Louis Post-Dispatch 2 September 3, 2018 Newspapers.com https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27855320/buffalo_courier/ Great Damage By The Storm In Buffalo September 13, 1900 Buffalo Courier 7 January 31, 2019 Newspapers.com City swept by high winds The New York Times https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27960657/the_new_york_times/ 14 February 3, 2019 September 13, 1900 Newspapers.com and 1 each in Massachusetts and Missouri.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31638896/the_boston_globe/ Joseph W. Smith Drowned September 14, 1900 The Boston Globe 7 May 17, 2019 Newspapers.com https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23386427/st_louis_postdispatch/ One Killed at St. Joseph September 12, 1900 St. Louis Post-Dispatch 2 September 3, 2018 Newspapers.com The remnants brought severe impact to Canada. In the province of Ontario, damage reached about $1.35 million, with about $1 million incurred to crops. There were at least 107 deaths in Canada, mostly due to sunken vessels near Newfoundland and the French territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.http://www.ec.gc.ca/Hurricane/default.asp?lang=en&n=A386676E-1 1900-1 November 20, 2009 Environment Canada July 5, 2013 July 3, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130703050926/http://www.ec.gc.ca/hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=A386676E-1 live Hurricane Two Atl Hurricane Two Analysis 1900-09-16.png AL02 1900 path.png September 7 September 19 105 A ship reported strong gales in the vicinity of Cape Verde on September 7. Thus, HURDAT indicates that the second tropical storm of the season formed early on September 7, while located about 220 mi km on 5 west of the southernmost islands of Cape Verde. It quickly strengthened to a strong tropical storm on September 8, but then maintained that intensity for nearly five days. The system was not tracked until being encountered by the steamship Hungaria on September 13, at which time it was already a hurricane.https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/Partagas/1898-1900/1900.pdf Year 1900 Jose F. Partagas and Henry F. Diaz 1996 Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 22, 2021 Miami, Florida Originally, the system was listed as Hurricane Four, it was operationally believed to have developed after the next two tropical cyclones. Later on September 14, it strengthened further into a Category 2 hurricane while moving northwestward. Re-curving northward, the system intensified into a Category 3 hurricane on September 16. At 1800 UTC, the hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph km/h on 5. However, it weakened to a Category 2 hurricane later on September 17. Shortly thereafter, the storm bypassed southeast of Bermuda, bring gusty winds but little impact. It then re-curved northeastward. The system weakened back to a Category 1 hurricane on September 18. Later that day, it weakened to a tropical storm and then to a tropical depression early on September 19. The storm persisted for several more hours, until dissipated about 390 mi km on 5 southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland. Hurricane Three Atl Hurricane Three Analysis 1900-09-13.png AL03 1900 path.png September 8 September 23 85 Ship reports indicates that a tropical storm developed on September 8 at 1200 UTC, while located about 175 mi km on east of the Bissagos Islands, Guinea-Bissau. The storm gradually strengthened as it was heading west-northward. By late on September 9, the system strengthened into a hurricane. It passed southwest of Cape Verde on the following day. The storm then intensified slowly, becoming a Category 2 hurricane early on September 12. Around that time, the hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h). Later on September 12, it re-curved north-northwestward. After turning north-northeast, the storm began executing a small cyclonic loop on September 14. A weakening trend soon occurred, with it weakening to a Category 1 hurricane early on September 15. About four days later, the hurricane completed its cyclonic loop and then headed west-northwestward. The system weakened to a tropical storm early on September 20. During the next few days, the storm decelerated and turned westward. Late on September 22, it weakened to a tropical depression. The depression continued westward, until dissipating at 1800 UTC on September 23, while located about 745 mi km 5 on east-southeast of Bermuda. Tropical Storm Four Atl Tropical Storm Four surface analysis September 13 1900.png AL04 1900 path.png September 11 September 15 45 ≤1005 Weather maps first indicated a tropical storm over the northwestern Caribbean Sea on September 11. Heading northwestward, the system brushed the Yucatán Peninsula as weak tropical storm. Late on September 11, it peaked with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1005 mbar inHg on, while located in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. Early on September 13, the storm re-curved northeastward and began weakening. At 0600 UTC on September 13, it made landfall near Venice, Louisiana, at the same intensity. The storm weakened slightly and briefly moved offshore, before making another landfall near Ocean Springs, Mississippi, with winds of 40 mph km/h on 5. Early on September 14, the storm weakened to a tropical depression. It weakened slowly while moving northeastward across the Deep South, before dissipating near Athens, Georgia, on September 15. Operationally, it was considered the third tropical cyclone of the season. A telegraph from the Weather Bureau headquarters in Washington, D.C. warned vessels to remain in port for portions of the Gulf Coast of the United States. Strong gales were experienced along the coast from eastern Louisiana to western Florida and severely disrupted telegraph services in the region. The winds and tidal inundation exacerbated crop damage caused by an earlier storm along the Mississippi River in southeastern Louisiana. Growing rice was damaged in Cameron Parish but left unaffected in other parts of the state.W. T. Blythe Louisiana Section Climatological Data September 1900 5 9 3 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-2A6B04CF-D06B-4767-B297-B3793255732F.pdf United States Weather Bureau Washington, D.C. https://web.archive.org/web/20190812234605/https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-2A6B04CF-D06B-4767-B297-B3793255732F.pdf August 12, 2019 The remnants brought heavy rains from Virginia to New England. Rough seas along the coast of New Jersey washed the schooner Willie ashore. Tropical Storm Five Atl Tropical Storm Five Analysis 1900-10-09.png AL05 1900 path.png October 4 October 10 60 Observations from a ship indicate that the fifth tropical depression of the season developed at 0600 UTC on October 4, while located about 230 mi km on 5 northeast of Anguilla. Initially, the system remained weak and failed to strengthen into a tropical storm until October 7. It began to execute a cyclonic loop by early on the following day. Further intensification occurred and the storm peaked with winds of 70 mph km/h on early on October 9. Eventually, it accelerated north-northeastward and became extratropical early on October 10. The remnants moved northward and eventually curved northeastward. Late on October 11, the extratropical remnants struck Nova Scotia. It continued rapidly across Atlantic Canada and re-emerged into the Atlantic. By October 14, the remnants dissipated near the southern tip of Greenland. The remnants of Tropical Storm Five brought severe impact to Canada. In Nova Scotia, 13 schooners were grounded, while 2 were destroyed. Strong winds downed telegraph wires in the eastern end of the province, while barns were de-roofed and trees were felled in Bayfield. High tides in New Brunswick inundated portions of Saint John, with some houses having up to 18 in mm on of water. Other low-lying areas were flooded. Washouts disrupted the Canadian Pacific Railway service and swept away portions of the tracks. The cost to repairs the tracks was estimated at $100,000. There was also damage to highways and bridges. A child drowned after attempting to cross a swollen creek. On Prince Edward Island, winds damaged small buildings and knocked chimneys of some houses. Electrical wires were reported down in Charlottetown.http://www.ec.gc.ca/Hurricane/default.asp?lang=en&n=A57787B3-1 1900-5 November 20, 2009 Environment Canada July 6, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130703051251/http://www.ec.gc.ca/hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=A57787B3-1 July 3, 2013 live Tropical Storm Six Atl Tropical Storm Six Analysis 1900-10-11.png AL06 1900 path.png October 10 October 12 40 ≤1008 The sixth tropical storm of the season developed in the Bay of Campeche on October 10. Operationally, it was believed that the storm originated over eastern Cuba. Moving rapidly north-northeastward across the Gulf of Mexico, the storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1008 mbar inHg on early on October 11. The storm re-curved east-northeastward and made landfall near modern-day Horseshoe Beach, Florida, at the same intensity early the next day. It emerged into the Atlantic Ocean late on October 12, shortly before becoming extratropical while located about 35 mi km on 5 east of Jekyll Island, Georgia. The remnants moved along the East Coast of the United States, striking the Outer Banks of North Carolina, Long Island in New York, and New England. It continued inland over Canada, until dissipating over Labrador on October 15. Impact from the storm was generally minor. Rainfall and gusty winds were reported between Florida and the Carolinas. Further north, it brought brisk to strong winds to New Jersey and southern New England. Tropical Storm Seven Atl Tropical Storm Seven Analysis 1900-10-27.png AL07 1900 path.png October 24 October 28 45 Telegraph reports indicate that a tropical depression developed in the eastern Caribbean Sea on October 24. The depression moved northwestward without differentiating in intensity before making landfall near San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic, with winds of 35 mph km/h on 5. It did not weaken while crossing Hispaniola and instead strengthened into a tropical storm shortly after emerging into the Atlantic Ocean near the northwestern tip of Haiti. Late on October 27, the storm re-curved north-northeastward and pass through the eastern Bahamas. Around that time, it peaked with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h). Early on October 28, the storm accelerated and re-curved slightly to the northeast. At 0000 UTC on October 29, it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while located about 310 mi km on 5 northwest of Bermuda. The extratropical remnants persisted until dissipating later on October 29. No impact was reported in either Dominican Republic or Haiti. Much of eastern Cuba reported light rains, particularly in the provinces of Camagüey and Santiago de Cuba. Strong winds were reported throughout the Bahamas, though no damage occurred. As far west as Jupiter, Florida, wind gusts reached 32 mph km/h on. Other systems A trough over the central Atlantic developed into a tropical depression on January 17. The depression moved northeastward and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on January 19 while being absorbed by a frontal system. Historical weather maps indicate that the next tropical depression formed over the Atlantic just north of the Lesser Antilles on June 9. The depression may have intensified into a tropical storm on the following day, based on observations from a nearby ship. Continuing generally north-northwestward, the depression became extratropical after June 17. A third tropical depression also formed on June 9 over the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. The depression initially drifted northeastward and then doubled-back to the southwest. On June 11, the system turned northwestward and made landfall near Grand Isle, Louisiana, early the next day. The depression dissipated over Mississippi by June 14. Season effects This is a table of all of the storms that have formed in the 1900 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1900 USD. center 1900 North Atlantic tropical cyclone center depression Depression January 17–19 Unknown Unknown None None None depression Depression June 9–17 Unknown 1005 None None None depression Depression June 9–14 Unknown 1010 Louisiana, Mississippi None None cat4 One August 27–September 11 145 (230) 936 Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles (Dominican Republic, Cuba), Florida, Gulf Coast of the United States (Texas), Midwestern United States, Northeastern United States, Eastern Canada 35.4 8,000–12,000https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26211580/the_houston_post/ Estimated Losses September 13, 1900 Houston Post 4 February 3, 2019 Newspapers.com cat3 Two September 7–19 120 (195) Unknown Bermuda None None cat2 Three September 8–23 100 (155) Unknown Cape Verde None None storm Four September 11–15 50 (85) 1005 Gulf Coast of the United States (Louisiana), East Coast of the United States Minor None storm Five October 4–10 70 (110) Unknown Atlantic Canada >$100,000 1 storm Six October 10–12 45 (75) Unknown Florida, East Coast of the United States Minor None storm Seven October 24–28 50 (85) Unknown Hispaniola (Dominican Republic), Cuba, Bahamas, Florida, Atlantic Canada Unknown None 10 January 17 – October 28 145 (230) 936 35.5 8,000–12,000 See also Tropical cyclones Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project Tropical cyclone observation 1900–1940 South Pacific cyclone seasons 1900–1950 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons 1900s Australian region cyclone seasons Notes nb References 2 External links Monthly Weather Review 1900 Atlantic hurricane 1900 Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines Category:Meteorological events in 1900 Category:1900 natural disasters