14th Five-Year Plan

China 14th Five-Year Plan 中華人民共和國國徽.svg 14th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development and Long-range Objectives Through the Year 2035 of the People's Republic of China 2025 2021 5.53% CN¥114.924 trillion CN¥140.188 trillion zh:中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要 13th 15th Chinese economic development plan (2021–2025) 14th Five-Year Plan 十四五规划 十四五規劃 Shísìwǔ Guīhuà 中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要 中華人民共和國國民經濟社會發展第十四個五年計畫和2035年遠景目標綱要 Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guómín Jīngjì hé Shèhuì Fāzhǎn dì Shísì gè Wǔ Nián Guīhuà hé 2035 Nián Yuǎnjǐng Mùbiāo Gāngyào no st 14th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development and Long-range Objectives Through the Year 2035 of the People's Republic of China The 14th Five-Year Plan, officially the 14th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development and Long-range Objectives Through the Year 2035 of the People's Republic of China, was a set of Chinese economic development goals designed to strengthen the national economy between 2021 and 2025. It was drafted during the fifth plenum of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) held from 26 to 29 October 2020. The 14th Five-Year Plan was drafted against the backdrop of worsening China–United States relations and the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused China's economy to shrink in the first quarter of 2020 – the first time in 44 years.Hale Thomas Liu Xinning Yang Yuan 17 April 2020 China's economy shrinks for first time in four decades Financial Times https://www.ft.com/content/8f941520-67ad-471a-815a-d6ba649d22ed 30 November 2020 Continuing themes from the prior two five-year plans, the 14th Five-Year Plan seeks to boost the services sector, increase urbanization and expand the social safety net to reduce precautionary savings,Roach Stephen S. Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives 2022 Yale University Press 978-0-300-26901-7 New Haven 1347023475 Stephen S. Roach197 and also emphasizes high-tech innovation and hard science researches.Liu Zongyuan Zoe Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2023 9780674271913 10.2307/jj.2915805 jj.2915805 259402050135 To address the issue of an aging population, the 14th Five-Year Plan seeks to expand healthcare and retirement system initiatives.201 Drafting On 25 November 2019, Premier Li Keqiang chaired a special meeting on the preparation of the 14th Five-Year plan.26 November 2019 李克强主持召开研究部署"十四五"规划编制专题会议 Li Keqiang presided over a special meeting to study and deploy the preparation of the "14th Five-Year Plan" https://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2019-11/26/content_5455849.htm 26 September 2023 State Council of the People's Republic of China In March 2020, the drafting panel for the plan was established, with CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping as its leader and Politburo Standing Committee members Li Keqiang, Wang Huning and Han Zheng as deputy leaders.30 October 2020 习近平总书记担任规划《建议》起草组组长，亲自领导《建议》的制定 General Secretary Xi Jinping served as the leader of the drafting group of the planning "Recommendations" and personally led the formulation of the "Recommendations" Xinhua News Agency https://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2020-10/30/c_1126676883.htm 26 September 2023 The plan was drafted during the fifth plenum of the 19th Central Committee of the CCP held from 26 to 29 October 2020.Tiezzi Shannon 29 October 2020 China's Fifth Plenum: What You Need to Know The Diplomat https://thediplomat.com/2020/10/chinas-fifth-plenum-what-you-need-to-know-2/ 30 November 2020 Han Wenxiu, the deputy director of the Office of the Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission, said Xi Jinping had personally led the drafting process through multiple meetings of the Politburo, its Standing Committee, and the drafting panel that he headed.Wang Orange Zheng William Mai Jun Xie Echo 30 October 2020 Five-year plan: China moves to technology self-sufficiency en South China Morning Post https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3107709/five-year-plan-china-officials-flesh-out-details-plenum 30 November 2020 Goals Economy Broadly outlined in late October 2020, the new plan aims at China becoming a "moderately developed" economy by 2035. It anticipates future growth as largely based on domestic consumption of goods and services, and aims to reduce disparities between urban and rural living standards. The plan includes the "peaceful development" of relations with Taiwan, which China considers to be its territory.Sukri Azhar 30 October 2020 Five questions about China's latest five-year plan Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/10/30/five-questions-about-chinas-latest-five-year-plan 30 October 2020 The Chinese Government also wishes to continue opening up the economy, furthering the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative.12 November 2020 China's 14th Five-Year Plan: A First Look https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11684 30 December 2020 Congressional Research Service The trade war between the United States and China caused Xi to roll out dual circulation, with "internal circulation" and "external circulation" servicing domestic and foreign trade respectively.Kevin Yao 15 September 2020 What we know about China's 'dual circulation' economic strategy https://www.reuters.com/article/china-economy-transformation-explainer/what-we-know-about-chinas-dual-circulation-economic-strategy-idUSKBN2600B5 30 December 2020 Reuters The strategy is designed to keep China open to the world economy while increasing its self-reliance.Jin Keyu The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism 2023 Viking 978-1-9848-7828-1 New York Keyu Jin250 Environment Economists expect the plan's target growth rate for the period to exceed five percent annually. The 2021–2025 plan is anticipated to have aggressive goals on sustainable energy to reach China's announced goals of carbon neutrality by no later than 2060.Myers Steven Lee 25 September 2020 China's Pledge to Be Carbon Neutral by 2060: What It Means en-US The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/23/world/asia/china-climate-change.html 12 October 2020 0362-43317 August 2019 The 14th Five Year Plan: what ideas are on the table? https://chinadialogue.net/en/climate/11434-the-14th-five-year-plan-what-ideas-are-on-the-table/ 12 October 2020 China Dialogue en New Energy Technologies: Xi Jinping has announced that new energy technologies such as car batteries from state-owned enterprises will make it so that half of the vehicles in China be electric or fuel-cell powered, and half hybrid by 2035.January 5, 2021 China's 14th Five-Year Plan: A First Look https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11684 live https://web.archive.org/web/20230924213416/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11684 September 24, 2023 October 6, 2023 Congressional Research Service Develop a plan to achieve peak carbon emissions by the end of the 2020s.Cooper Benjamin 1 April 2021 China's 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) Report https://www.hkstrategies.com/en/chinas-14th-five-year-plan-2021-2025-report/ dead https://web.archive.org/web/20210411055320/https://www.hkstrategies.com/en/chinas-14th-five-year-plan-2021-2025-report/ 11 April 2021 27 May 2021 Hill+Knowlton Strategies Increase the proportion of non-fossil fuel energy use to 20% by 2025, compared to 15% at the end of 2019. Improve water conservation infrastructure.Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) for National Economic and Social Development and Vision 2035 of the People's Republic of China_ News_ 福建省人民政府门户网站 https://www.fujian.gov.cn/english/news/202108/t20210809_5665713.htm 2021-08-19 www.fujian.gov.cn Energy The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan placed increased emphasis on the green transition as essential to China's pursuit of high-quality and sustainable growth.Zhou Weihuan Crochet Victor Wang Haoxue 2025-01-30 Demystifying China's Critical Minerals Strategies: Rethinking ‘De-risking’ Supply Chains https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1474745624000193/type/journal_article World Trade Review en 1–25 10.1017/S1474745624000193 1474-7456 subscription 9 Recommendations regarding the development of up to 60 gigawatts hydropower capacity on the Yarlung Tsangbo.30 November 2020 China eyes 60 GW of hydropower on Tibet's Brahmaputra river – state media en Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/china-hydropower-idINKBN28A11S 11 December 2020 Transport Improve civil aviation, including the construction of 30 new airports.China to add over 30 civil transport airports by 2025 – China.org.cn http://www.china.org.cn/business/2021-03/16/content_77312254.htm 2021-08-19 www.china.org.cn Completion of the "Eight Vertical and Eight Horizontal" high-speed rail network. Focus on improving transportation to Xinjiang and Tibet and improve international border connections. Research and development Made in China 2025 The plan aims to increase China's scientific and technical capabilities.Mallapaty Smriti 11 March 2021 China's five-year plan focuses on scientific self-reliance Nature 591 7850 353–354 2021Natur.591..353M 10.1038/d41586-021-00638-3 33707693 232208744 free China aims to make "major breakthroughs in core technologies" and to prioritize technological self-sufficiency.218 The plan aims to increase R&D spending every year by 7%, with the proportion of that going to basic research increasing from 6% to more than 8%. and aid the development of real-world applications by fostering closer links between business, industry, and academia – historically such links have been weak. Businesses will be encouraged to invest in R&D through tax incentives. The plan aimed to boost quantum information and computing,Bachulska Alicja https://ecfr.eu/publication/idea-of-china/ The Idea of China: Chinese Thinkers on Power, Progress, and People Leonard Mark Oertel Janka 2 July 2024 European Council on Foreign Relations 978-1-916682-42-9 Berlin, Germany EPUB 22 July 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240717120845/https://ecfr.eu/publication/idea-of-china/ 17 July 2024 live95 brain science, semiconductors, seed industry, genetic research, regenerative medicine, biotechnology, clinical medicine and health, and deep space, deep sea and polar exploration. The plan prioritizes development towards an integrated communications system, including earth observation and navigation satellites.Curtis Simon The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order Klaus Ian Yale University Press 9780300266900 New Haven and London 2024 10.2307/jj.11589102 jj.1158910281 Other technological areas emphasized by the plan included photonics and artificial intelligence.Kennedy Andrew B. Rebellious Follower: China's Search for Science, Technology, and Innovation Oxford University Press 2026 9780197824658 10.1093/9780197824689.001.0001 free164 The plan set the goal of building four comprehensive national science centers, to be located in Huairou, Zhangjiang, the Greater Bay Area, and Hefei.Hu Richard Reinventing the Chinese City 2023 Columbia University Press 978-0-231-21101-7 New York123 China still is unable to independently develop advanced semiconductors that match the performance of those made in Taiwan or South Korea.Thomas Christopher A. 2021-01-07 Lagging but motivated: The state of China's semiconductor industry https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/lagging-but-motivated-the-state-of-chinas-semiconductor-industry/ 2022-05-10 Brookings en-USAugust 2026 As of 2026 this is more nuanced Chinese officials, entrepreneurs, and academics have acknowledged this and called for increased research efforts to develop an indigenous semiconductor supply chain.2021-03-08 China's Quest for Self-Reliance in the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan Council on Foreign Relations https://www.cfr.org/articles/chinas-quest-self-reliance-fourteenth-five-year-plan 2026-08-23 www.cfr.org en About a trillion dollars of government funding have been set aside under the technology initiative, part of which will be used by central and local governments to jointly invest in a series of third-generation chip projects, according to people with knowledge of the matter.17 June 2021 Xi Jinping Picks Top Lieutenant to Lead China's Chip Battle Against U.S. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-17/xi-taps-top-lieutenant-to-lead-china-s-chip-battle-against-u-s Bloomberg "For our country, technology and innovation is not just a matter of growth," Liu He told a three-story auditorium packed with China's top scientists in a separate meeting in May 2021. "It's also a matter of survival."27 July 2021 China Is Still Searching for a Chipmaking Advance That Changes the Game https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-27/semiconductor-shortage-china-s-chipmaking-efforts-falter-without-tech-edge 2021-08-19 www.bloomberg.com The government supported cultivation of small and medium enterprises (SME) in niche markets, aiming for 10,000 'little giants', which compete directly with German Mittelstand firms. By 2024, the number of designated SMEs had already far surpassed the goal.Fairless Tom 2026-07-04 China Is Devastating the Last Stronghold of German Industry https://www.wsj.com/economy/china-is-devastating-the-last-stronghold-of-german-industry-c7a98514 2026-08-23 Wall Street Journal en-US 0099-9660China Is Betting Big on Its ‘Little Giants’ https://thediplomat.com/2024/08/china-is-betting-big-on-its-little-giants/ 2026-08-23 en-US2024-12-03 With more than 10,000 ‘little giants’, China beats 2025 goal amid US tech war https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3288996/chinas-strategic-little-giant-firms-quickly-rise-14600-surpass-2025-goal 2026-08-23 South China Morning Post en Urbanization Urbanization in China Urban planning in China The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan sets a target urbanization rate of 65%, as measured by permanent population living in cities (i.e., as opposed to hukou status).206 Lifting of restrictions on Hukou system for cities under 3 million urban residents and relax it for larger cities. All urban residents will obtain full access to basic urban public services, and rural migrants will be able to get urban residency. Development of clusters of large, medium-sized, and small cities. The plan directs the development of more centralized cities and avoiding urban sprawl.114–115 The plan calls for acceleration of urban renewal to develop "human-centric cities."115 The plan's related Climate Change Special Plan emphasizes ecologically oriented urban planning, including through means like urban green rings, public transportation, and bicycle lanes and walking paths.114 Security The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan discusses the holistic national security approach as part of the plan's "Integrated Approach to Security and Development."Borst Nicholas The Bird and the Cage: China's Economic Contradictions 2025 Palgrave Macmillan 978-981-96-3996-0 Singapore123-124 It states that holistic national security "calls for the integration of national security imperatives into every aspect of national development, so as to be better able to implement our national security strategy, safeguard national security, respond effectively to both traditional and non-traditional security threats, and forestall any challenges to China's modernization."134 It describes the strengthening of national security as requiring a holistic examination of "political security, which is of overarching importance, the security of the people, which is the ultimate concern, and economic security, which underpins all other considerations, to military, scientific and technological, cultural, and social perspectives, which reinforce efforts in other areas."124 Key indicators Key indicators of economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period CategoryIndexAttributive20202025Annual average/cumulativeEconomic developmentGross Domestic Product (GDP) growth (%)Indicative2.3—Keep within a reasonable range, and propose suggestions as appropriate each year.Overall labor productivity growth (%)Indicative2.5projection—Higher than GDP growthUrbanization rate of permanent residents (%)Indicative60.6year201965—InnovationGrowth in total social R&D expenditure (%)Indicative——>7. Strive to increase investment intensity higher than the actual level during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period.Number of high-value invention patents per 10,000 people (items)Indicative6.312—The proportion of added value of core digital economy industries to GDP (%)Indicative7.810—People's livelihood and welfareGrowth rate of per capita disposable income of residents (%)Indicative2.1—Basically in sync with GDP growthUrban surveyed unemployment rate (%)Indicative5.2—<5.5Average years of schooling for the working-age population (in years)Binding10.811.3—Number of practicing (assistant) physicians per 1,000 peopleIndicative2.93.2—Basic pension insurance participation rate (%)Indicative9195—Number of childcare facilities for children under 3 years old per 1,000 peopleIndicative1.84.5—Life expectancy (years)Indicative77.3year2019—1cumulativeGreen EcologyEnergy consumption per unit of GDP decreased by (%)Binding——13.5cumulativeReduction in carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP (%)Binding——18cumulativePercentage of days with good or excellent air quality in prefecture-level and above cities (%)Binding87clean-air87.5—The percentage of surface water that meets or exceeds Class III water quality standards (%)Binding83.4clean-air85—Forest coverage rate (%)Binding23.2year201924.1—SecurityComprehensive Grain Production Capacity (100 Million Tons)Binding—>6.5—Comprehensive energy production capacityepc (100 million tons of standard coal equivalent)Binding—>46— lower-greek cumulative Figure is cumulative over five years. year2019 Figure is for 2019. epc Meaning the production capacity for coal, oil, natural gas, and non-fossil energy. clean-air In 2020, the percentage of days with good or excellent air quality, and the percentage of surface water reaching or exceeding Class III water quality in prefecture-level and above cities, were significantly higher than in normal years due to factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic. projection Projected figure. External links Translation: 14th Five-Year Plan for National Informatization – Dec. 2021 References 13th Plan2016 – 2020 14th Five-Year Plan 2021–2025 15th Plan2026–2030 Category:2021 in Chinese politics Category:2022 in Chinese politics Category:2023 in Chinese politics Category:2024 in Chinese politics Category:2025 in Chinese politics Category:2020s in economic history Category:2020s in China 14