1990 Peruvian general election

none June 2026 gov Elecciones generales de Perú de 1990 September 2024 Peru state yes Presidential election presidential 8 April 1990 (first round) 10 June 1990 (second round) 78.27% (first round) 12.32pp 79.52% (second round) 1985 Peruvian general election 1985 1995 Peruvian general election 1995 Visit of Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru, to the CEC (close crop).jpg Alberto Fujimori 4,489,897 62.38% Cambio 90 Máximo San RománCarlos García y García Mario Vargas Llosa Congress NYC (cropped).jpg Mario Vargas Llosa 2,708,291 37.62% Democratic Front (Peru) Eduardo OrregoErnesto Alayza Grundy es Ernesto Alayza 150px150px First round results by department (left) and province (right) 150px150px Second round results by department (left) and province (right) 2 President Alan García American Popular Revolutionary Alliance Alberto Fujimori Cambio 90 yes 8 April 1990 Senate 60 of the 62 seats in the Senate 32 1985 2026Next Senate election; the upper house was abolished in 1993 and restored in 2026 Mario Vargas Llosa Democratic Front (Peru) 8 20 32.06 Alan García American Popular Revolutionary Alliance 32 16 25.09 Andrés Reggiardo Cambio 90 New 14 21.70 United Left (Peru) Henry Pease 15 6 9.77 Socialist Left (Peru) Alfonso Barrantes New 3 5.46 National Front of Workers and Peasants Roger Cáceres es Roger Cáceres Velásquez 1 1 2.03 yes 8 April 1990 Chamber of Deputies All 180 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 90 1985 1995 Mario Vargas Llosa Democratic Front (Peru) 16 62 30.03 Alan García American Popular Revolutionary Alliance 107 53 24.78 Andrés Reggiardo Cambio 90 New 32 16.93 United Left (Peru) Henry Pease 48 16 9.82 Fernando Olivera Independent Moralizing Front New 7 5.95 Socialist Left (Peru) Alfonso Barrantes New 4 5.24 National Front of Workers and Peasants Roger Cáceres es Roger Cáceres Velásquez 1 3 2.42 Loreto Regionalist Movement 0 1 0.48 Tacneñista Front New 1 0.34 Popular Agreement New 1 0.28 General elections were held in Peru on 8 April 1990, with a second round of the presidential elections on 10 June.Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p454 978-0-19-928358-3 This exercise was to elect the President of the Republic, two vice presidents, and the members of Congress. The elections filled 180 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 60 seats in the Senate for the 1990-1995 governmental period. The run-off was between favorite, novelist Mario Vargas Llosa leading a coalition of economically liberal parties collectively known as the Democratic Front and political underdog Alberto Fujimori of the populist and more moderate Cambio 90. Vargas Llosa won the first round with a small plurality, but alienated much of the electorate with a comprehensive privatisation agenda, bolstering the allegedly unelectable Fujimori who had finished second ahead of Luis Alva Castro of the ruling APRA party to enter the run-off against Vargas Llosa. Fujimori eventually won a landslide victory and would remain president for ten years until his forced resignation in November 2000. Background At the time of the 1990 elections the government of Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party (APRA) faced significant public disapproval. This disapproval was due to attempts to nationalize the banking system, purportedly to control rampant inflation that had been uncontrollable since 1987. Garcia's administration was also marred by corruption scandals and a resurgence of terrorist violence, notably from the terrorist organization Shining Path.Outsider Presidents and Neophyte Ministers: Evidence from the Fujimori Example https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/r32071.pdf 21 September 2024 Consequently, it was anticipated that the elections would prompt a significant right-wing response. Presidential candidates Mario Vargas Llosa, a widely recognized writer, ran as the candidate of the tripartite coalition Democratic Front (FREDEMO). Vargas Llosa was initially favored to win decisively, potentially eliminating the need for a runoff, particularly given the perceived weakness of the incumbent APRA party. APRA nominated Luis Alva Castro, its second vice-president, as its candidate. However, as the campaign progressed, Alberto Fujimori, representing the small new party Cambio 90, began to gain increasing support in the polls. Fujimori's rise was attributed to his moderate profile,Schmidt Gregory D Fujimori's 1990 Upset Victory in Peru: Electoral Rules, Contingencies, and Adaptive Strategies Comparative Politics April 1996 28 3 321–354 10.2307/422210 422210 https://www.jstor.org/stable/422210 21 September 2024 subscription which drew support away from the traditional candidates.1990 Elections: Demons and Redeemers in the New Peru http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/laoap/iep/ddtlibro36.pdf 21 September 2024Fujimori's Annunciation: Alan Garcia 1985-1990 http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/laoap/desco/desco00001.pdf 21 September 2024Comas Jose 'Chinito' Fujimori is hot on Vargas Llosa's heels https://elpais.com/diario/1990/04/08/internacional/639525601_850215.html 21 September 2024 el Pais Apr 7, 1990Political Theory and History Journal of Political Science 38 1 https://revcienciapolitica.com.ar/num38art5.php 21 September 2024 Campaign During the presidential runoff Fujimori received endorsements from United Left and Socialist Left, along with a faction of the APRA led by García. Vargas Llosa was supported by Ricardo Belmont, the newly elected mayor of Lima, and Ezequiel Ataucusi, the leader of the Agricultural People's Front. Vargas Llosa also received backing from various media outlets and personalities, including the newspaper Expreso, Panamericana Televisión and television host Augusto Ferrando.Godoy Jose Alejandro Romero Ezequiel The Last Dictator 2021 Penguin 9786124272769 659 https://dokumen.pub/el-ultimo-dictador-9786124272769.html 22 September 2024 Debates A debate between Vargas Llosa and Fujimori took place on 3 June 1990 during the runoff campaign.Comas Jose Side by side in Peru, despite Vargas Llosa's triumph over Fujimori on television https://elpais.com/diario/1990/06/05/internacional/644536817_850215.html 21 September 2024 el Pais June 4, 1990 This was the first televised debate in Peruvian presidential elections.de la Garza Estrada German History of debates in Latin America https://www.excelsior.com.mx/opinion/german-de-la-garza-estrada/historia-de-los-debates-en-america-latina/1234422 21 September 2024 Excelsior25 years after the first presidential debate in Peru http://elcomercio.pe/blog/huellasdigitales/2015/06/a-25-anos-del-primer-debate-presidencial-en-el-peru 21 September 2024 El Comercio June 3, 2015Vargas Llosa Mario Fujimori Alberto The Debate: Complete Version of the Debate Held Between the Candidates for the Presidency of the Republic, at the Civic Center of Lima, on June 3, 1990 http://repositorio.up.edu.pe/handle/11354/399 Repositorio de la Universidad del Pacífico - up November 1990 21 September 2024 Opinion polls President First round PollsterDateVargas LlosaBarrantesAlva CastroPeaseBedoya ReyesOthersNoneApoyo S.A.6 October 2023 2011 Alberto Adrianzén IDEA Internacional Apogeo y crisis de la izquierda peruana. Hablan sus protagonistas. https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/apogeo-y-crisis-de-la-izquierda-peruana.pdfMarch 198934%36% -30%Apoyo S.A.Lynch 1999 Nicolás Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Una tragedia sin héroes: la derrota de los partidos y el origen de los independientes. Perú, 1980-1992. http://www.acuedi.org/ddata/70.pdfApril 198936%27%9% - - - -23%7% - - - -DatumBueno León Eduardo América Latina Hoy El fenómeno Fujimori y la crisis política en el Perú http://www.acuedi.org/ddata/56.pdf 3 (1992): Partidos Políticos y Elecciones (II), Artículos Monográficos16 June 198946%4%8%18% - -20%Mercadeo y OpiniónRuiz Caro 1990 Efraín La Voz La tercera colonización https://es.scribd.com/doc/96334584/La-Tercera-Colonizacion-Efrain-Ruiz-Caro25 June 198938%Imasen26 June 198913.7%18.7%7.9% -5.4%2.1%34.4%Apoyo S.A.27 June 198944%19% - - - - -Apoyo S.A.Tanaka 1998 Martín IEP Los espejismos de la democracia: el colapso del sistema de partidos en el Perú, 1980-1995, en perspectiva comparada https://repositorio.iep.org.pe/bitstream/handle/IEP/610/tanaka_losespejismosdelademocracia.pdf;jsessionid=8A46E6E7A2D2041E7C1032DD06954C05?sequence=2October 198947%14%8%7% - - -Imasen2022-07-12 1989 es Empresa Editora Eusko-Andina Oiga https://books.google.com/books?id=gwBRAAAAYAAJNovember 198952%10.5%4.7%5.4% -2.3% - Results Due to mandatory voting laws voter turnout was high, reaching 78% in the presidential election but notably lower in the legislative elections, with 68% for the Chamber of Deputies and 69% for the Senate. Voter turnout for the presidential runoff was slightly higher than in the first round at 80%. President In the first round Vargas Llosa received 33% of the votes, while Fujimori, who had initially polled at 1%, significantly increased his support to secure second place with 29% of the vote. Alva Castro of the incumbent APRA party finished in third place with 22% of the vote, the first time that the APRA candidate did not finish first or second in a free election. No other candidate exceeded 10% of the vote; the two main left-wing candidates representing United Left and Socialist Left finished in fourth and fifth place with 8% and 5% of the vote respectively. As no candidate received more than 50% of the valid vote in the first round, a runoff was necessary for the first time in Peruvian history. Fujimori achieved a decisive victory with 62% of the vote, making him the first elected president since the restoration of democracy to secure over half of the total vote. Vargas Llosa saw a small increase in support from the first round, receiving 38% of the vote.1990 Elections: Demons and Redeemers in the New Peru http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/laoap/iep/ddtlibro36.pdf 21 September 2024 Although Vargas Llosa had won across the country in the first round, in the runoff he only received a majority of the vote in the department of Loreto. Mario Vargas Llosa Democratic Front 2163323 2708291 Alberto Fujimori Cambio 90 1932208 4489897 Luis Alva Castro American Popular Revolutionary Alliance 1494231 Henry Pease United Left 544889 Alfonso Barrantes Socialist Left 315038 Roger Cáceres es Roger Cáceres Velásquez National Front of Workers and Peasants 86418 Ezequiel Ataucusi Gamonal Agricultural People's Front of Peru 73974 Dora Narrea es Odriist National Union 21962 Nicolás de Pierola Balta Democratic Union 9541 1195532 760044 10013225 10007614 Nohlen Senate File:Peruvian Senate 1990.svg Democratic Front 1772953 20 +7 American Popular Revolutionary Alliance 1387931 16 –14 Cambio 90 1200459 14 New United Left 540620 6 –9 Socialist Left 302110 3 New National Front of Workers and Peasants 112142 1 0 Agricultural People's Front of Peru 63694 0 New Somos Libres 50430 0 New Independent Civic Union 45046 0 New Odriist National Union 16349 0 –1 Hayist Bases Movement 13531 0 New #FFB6C1 Independent Front of Retirees 8994 0 New Democratic Union 7805 0 New National Co-operation 3969 0 New Solidarity Independent Movement 3088 0 New Honorary Confederation of Independent Organised Struggle 1779 0 New Former presidents 2 +1 1336963 +1 10013225 JNE Chamber of Deputies FREDEMO emerged as the largest party in both chambers, securing 20 senators and 62 deputies. Despite its presidential candidate finishing third, the APRA maintained its position as the second-largest party, winning 17 senate seats and 53 deputy seats. Cambio 90 led by Fujimori finished third, capturing 14 Senate seats and 32 in the Chamber of Deputies. File:Peruvian Chamber of Deputies 1990.svg Democratic Front 1561291 62 +40 American Popular Revolutionary Alliance 1288461 53 –54 Cambio 90 879949 32 New United Left 510557 16 –32 Independent Moralizing Front 309263 7 New Socialist Left 272591 4 New National Front of Workers and Peasants 126067 3 +2 Agricultural People's Front of Peru 63450 0 New Independent Civic Union 33819 0 New Loreto Regionalist Movement 24854 1 +1 Tacneñista Front 17642 1 New Popular Agreement Independent List 14547 1 New In Action Independent Movement 12614 0 New Odriist National Union 10413 0 New Democratic Union 7738 0 New Nationalist Independent Front 6106 0 New Hayist Bases Movement 5607 0 New #FFB6C1 National Reconstruction Movement 5588 0 New Independent Democratic Front 4780 0 New Independent Social Movement 4348 0 New Lima Defence Front – Provinces 3739 0 New Independent Front of Retirees 3477 0 New Chavin Region 3416 0 New Democratic Alliance 3204 0 New Democratic Agrarian Front "Atusparia" 3016 0 New Velasquista Movement 2228 0 New National Cooperation 2136 0 New Independent List of Socialist Workers 1942 0 New Amazonense Independent Movement 1459 0 New Renewal Union of Peru 1312 0 New Huascaran 1221 0 New National Democratic Unity 1025 0 New United 1020 0 New Victors of Ayacucho 985 0 New Chalaco Regional Movement 925 0 New Independent Solidarity Movement 913 0 New Integration Movement for the Development of Huanuco 817 0 New Popular Renewal Movement 772 0 New Porteño Renovation Movement 735 0 New Independent Democratic Movement 675 0 New Lambayecano Independent Movement 671 0 New Independent Agreement for National Development 597 0 New North-East Agrarian Movement 578 0 New Andean Nationalist Left 502 0 New Impetu Regional Independent Movement 398 0 New Independent Popular Peruvian Alliance 375 0 New PASOP party 357 0 New Independent Democratic Organisation 342 0 New Advanced Democratic Integration 332 0 New Independent Civic Front Strength and Freedom 157 0 New Independent Democratic Socialist Party 92 0 New 0 CLEA By constituency ConstituencyTotal seatsFREDEMOAPRACambio 90United LeftOthersAmazonas312000Ancash924210Apurimac310020Arequipa932211Ayacucho412010Cajamarca1035011Callao732200Cusco821320Huancavelica320100Huanuco421100Ica622110Junin1041500La Libertad1128100Lambayeque835000Lima 1933210Lima 240146929Loreto531001Madre De Dios100010Moquegua100010Pasco220000Piura1145011Puno811312San Martin321000Tacna210001Tumbes101000Ucayali210001Source: CLEA Aftermath The two chambers of the elected Congress in Peru were unable to complete their constitutional terms due to a self-coup by Fujimori on 5 April 1992, in which he dissolved Congress and intervened in the judiciary,Wills Maria Emma Pinto Maria Teresa Peru's Failed Search for Political Stability (1968-2000) https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/28248/ 22 September 2024 effectively suspending the constitutional governance. Following the coup, Fujimori governed with full powers until the end of 1993, when a Democratic Constituent Congress was inaugurated. Despite the political upheaval, Fujimori completed his term and was re-elected in 1995. This period of governance led to significant constitutional reform, including the abolition of the Senate. As a result, the 1990 elections were the last for the bicameral parliament, until it was restored in time for the 2026 presidential election.Lopez Marina Diego Peru’s Congress approves return to bicameralism after 30 years https://perureports.com/perus-congress-approves-return-to-bicameralism-after-30-years/10363/ Peru Reports Espacio Media 11 June 2026 Notes References Category:Parliamentary elections in Peru Peru General Category:Presidential elections in Peru Category:Election and referendum articles with incomplete results