2012 Ironman World Championship

Triathlon competition The 2012 Ironman World Championship was a long distance triathlon competition held on October 13, 2012 in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. The championship won by Pete Jacobs of Australia and Leanda Cave of England. It was the 36th such Ironman Triathlon World Championship, which has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978, with an additional race in 1982. The championship is organized by the World Triathlon Corporation (WTC). Championship results Men Pos. Time(h:mm:ss) Name Country Split times (h:mm:ss / m:ss)Swim     T1     Bike     T2     RunImage:Gold medal icon.svg 8:18:37 Pete Jacobs 0:51:28 1:49 4:35:15 2:02 2:48:06Image:Silver medal icon.svg 8:23:40 Andreas Raelert 0:55:17 1:53 4:36:34 2:33 2:47:24Image:Bronze medal icon.svg 8:24:09 Frederik Van Lierde 0:51:36 2:01 4:35:25 2:19 2:52:5048:27:08 Sebastian Kienle 0:55:21 1:56 4:33:23 2:05 2:54:2558:28:33 Faris Al-Sultan 0:51:39 1:45 4:35:53 2:27 2:56:5068:30:57 Timo Bracht 0:53:45 2:05 4:37:17 2:15 2:55:3778:31:45 Andy Potts 0:50:32 1:41 4:43:52 2:22 2:53:1888:33:28 Timothy O'Donnell 0:51:37 1:34 4:44:16 2:04 2:53:5998:35:02 David Dellow 0:51:33 1:44 4:40:28 2:16 2:59:03108:36:21 Dirk Bockel 0:52:30 1:48 4:34:17 2:01 3:05:48 Source:http://ironman.com/assets/files/results/worldchampionship/2012.pdf 2012 Ironman World Championship - Official Results Guide World Triathlon Corporation 15 October 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121020232502/http://ironman.com/assets/files/results/worldchampionship/2012.pdf 20 October 2012 dead Women Pos. Time(h:mm:ss) Name Country Split times (h:mm:ss / m:ss)Swim     T1     Bike     T2     RunImage:Gold medal icon.svg 9:15:54 Leanda Cave 0:56:03 2:09 5:12:06 2:25 3:03:13Image:Silver medal icon.svg 9:16:58 Caroline Steffen 0:57:37 1:48 5:06:49 2:37 3:08:09Image:Bronze medal icon.svg 9:21:41 Mirinda Carfrae 1:00:06 1:56 5:12:18 2:19 3:05:0449:22:45 Sonja Tajsich 1:10:36 2:03 5:07:55 2:43 2:59:2759:22:57 Mary Beth Ellis 0:56:06 1:59 5:08:06 6:18 3:10:3069:26:25 Natascha Badmann 1:06:21 2:24 5:06:07 2:15 3:09:1979:28:54 Gina Crawford 0:55:59 2:45 5:21:31 2:25 3:06:1689:32:18 Linsey Corbin 1:02:53 2:06 5:16:55 2:31 3:07:5599:36:18 Caitlin Snow 0:57:43 2:14 5:30:48 2:28 3:03:07109:38:15 Amy Marsh 0:56:08 1:53 5:16:37 3:12 3:20:27 Source: Qualification For entry into the 2012 World Championship race, amateur athletes were required to qualify through a performance at an Ironman or selected Ironman 70.3 race. Entry into the championship race could also be obtained through a random allocation lottery or through the Ironman’s charitable eBay auction. The division of athletes was divided into professional, age group, physically challenged, and hand cycle divisions.http://www.ironman.com/triathlon/events/ironman/world-championship/athletes/qualification.aspx Qualification details for the Ironman World Championship December 21, 2012 World Triathlon Corporation https://web.archive.org/web/20121231150814/http://www.ironman.com/triathlon/events/ironman/world-championship/athletes/qualification.aspx December 31, 2012 dead mdy-all For professional triathletes, the 2012 championship season marked the second year of a point system that determined which professional triathletes would qualify for the championship race. To qualify, points were earned by competing in WTC sanctioned Ironman and Ironman 70.3 events throughout the qualifying year. For the 2012 championship race that period was September 1, 2011 to August 31, 2012. The top 50 male and top 30 female pros in points at the end of the qualifying year qualified to race in Kona. An athlete's five highest scoring races were counted in the point totals. At least one Ironman race must have been completed and only three Ironman 70.3 races could count towards an athlete's overall point total. Prior champions receive an automatic entry for the Championship race for a period of five years after their last championship performance provided that they competed in at least one full-distance Ironman race during the qualifying year. Their entry does not count toward the number of available qualifying spots.http://ironmanpromembership.com/kpr/ IM Qualifying World Triathlon Corporation 22 November 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111204160900/http://ironmanpromembership.com/kpr/ 2011-12-04 deadKrabel Herbert 2011 Kona Pro Qualification Rules http://www.slowtwitch.com/News/2011_Kona_pro_qualification_rules_1457.html Slowtwitch.com 2 December 2010 26 July 2010 The Ironman 2012 series consisted of 28 Ironman races plus the 2011 Ironman World Championship which was itself a qualifier for the 2012 Championship. Qualifying Ironmans Date Event Location2011 Sep 11 Ironman WalesWales Tenby, Pembrokeshire, Wales2011 Sep 11 Ironman Wisconsin USA Madison, Wisconsin2011 Oct 8 Ironman World Championship USA Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 2011 Nov 5 Ironman Florida USA Panama City Beach, Florida2011 Nov 20 Ironman Arizona USA Tempe, Arizona2011 Nov 27 Ironman Cozumel MEX Cozumel, Quintana Roo, Mexico2011 Dec 4 Ironman Western Australia AUS Busselton, Western Australia2012 Mar 3 Ironman New Zealand NZL Taupō, New Zealand2012 Mar 25 Ironman Asia Pacific Championship AUS Melbourne, Australia2012 Apr 22 Ironman South Africa RSA Port Elizabeth, South Africa2012 May 5 Ironman St.George USA St. George, Utah2012 May 6 Ironman Australia AUS Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia2012 May 19 Ironman Lanzarote ESP Puerto del Carmen, Lanzarote, Spain2012 May 19 Ironman Texas USA The Woodlands Township, Texas2012 May 27 Ironman Brazil BRA Florianópolis Island, Brazil2012 Jun 3 Ironman CairnsAUS Cairns, Australia2012 Jun 17 Ironman Regensburg GER Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany2012 Jun 24 Ironman France FRA Nice, France2012 Jun 24 Ironman Coeur d'Alene USA Coeur d'Alene, Idaho2012 Jul 1 Ironman Austria AUT Klagenfurt, Austria2012 Jul 8 Ironman European Championship GER Frankfurt, Germany2012 Jul 15 Ironman Switzerland SUI Zürich, Switzerland2012 July 22 Ironman UK UK Bolton, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom2012 Jul 22 Ironman Lake Placid USA Lake Placid, New York2012 Aug 11 Ironman US Championship USA New York City, New York2012 Aug 18 Ironman Sweden SWE Kalmar, Sweden2012 Aug 19 Ironman Mont-Tremblant CAN Mont-Tremblant, Quebec, Canada2012 Aug 26 Ironman Louisville USA Louisville, Kentucky2012 Aug 26 Ironman Canada CAN Penticton, British Columbia, Canada 2012 Ironman Series results Men Event Gold Time Silver Time Bronze Time ReferenceWales Jérémy Jurkiewicz FRA 9:04:20 Aaron Farlow AUS 9:04:25 Bruno Clerbout BEL 9:07:59http://ironman.com/events/ironman/wales/a-sprint-to-the-finish-nets-jurkiewicz-the-mens-win-in-wales Moeller and Jurkiewicz Take Ironman Wales 11 September 2011 World Triathlon Corporation 22 November 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120508142036/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/wales/a-sprint-to-the-finish-nets-jurkiewicz-the-mens-win-in-wales 8 May 2012 deadWisconsin Ezequiel Morales ARG 8:45:18 Stefan Schmid GER 8:57:51 Mac Brown USA 9:08:14http://ironman.com/events/ironman/wisconsin/?show=tracker&race=wisconsin&year=2011 Wisconsin 2011 World Triathlon Corporation 22 November 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120911233426/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/wisconsin?show=tracker&race=wisconsin&year=2011 11 September 2012 deadWorld Champs 2011Craig Alexander AUS 8:03:56Pete Jacobs AUS 8:09:11Andreas Raelert GER 8:11:07http://ironman.com/events/ironman/worldchampionship/?show=raceresults&year=2011&format=htm#axzz1b8DAmefZ Ford Ironman World Championship World Triathlon Corporation 22 November 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111013144954/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/worldchampionship/?show=raceresults&year=2011&format=htm#axzz1b8DAmefZ 13 October 2011 deadFloridaRonnie Schildknecht SUI 7:59:42Maxim Kriat UKR 8:10:43Justin Daerr USA 8:18:02http://ironman.com/events/ironman/florida/?show=tracker&race=florida&year=2011 Florida 2011 World Triathlon Corporation 22 November 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120921040718/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/florida?show=tracker&race=florida&year=2011 21 September 2012 deadArizonaEneko Llanos ESP 7:59:38Paul Amey GBR 8:01:29Viktor Zyemtsev UKR 8:14:36http://ironman.com/events/ironman/arizona/?show=tracker&race=arizona&year=2011 Arizona 2011 World Triathlon Corporation 22 November 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120921040213/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/arizona?show=tracker&race=arizona&year=2011 21 September 2012 deadCozumelMichael Lovato USA 8:23:52Patrick Evoe USA 8:30:36Alejandro Santamaria ESP 8:32:50http://ironman.com/events/ironman/cozumel/?show=tracker&race=cozumel&year=2011 Cozumel 2011 World Triathlon Corporation 22 November 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120921040611/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/cozumel?show=tracker&race=cozumel&year=2011 21 September 2012 deadWestern AustraliaTimo Bracht GER8:12:39Clayton Fettell AUS8:19:02Jason Shortis AUS8:27:31http://ironman.com/events/ironman/westernaustralia/?show=tracker&race=westernaustralia&year=2011 Western Australia 2011 Results World Triathlon Corporation 4 December 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20120926083736/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/westernaustralia?show=tracker&race=westernaustralia&year=2011 26 September 2012 deadNew Zealand*Marino Vanhoenacker BEL3:55:03Timothy Reed AUS3:55:51Cameron Brown NZL3:56:38http://ironman.com/events/ironman/newzealand/kelloggs-nutri-grain-ironman-new-zealand-run-as-a-70.3-distance-event-due-to-severe-weather#axzz1oBBdbXtr Kessler and Vanhoenacker Take Shortened NZ Race World Triathlon Corporation 4 March 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120706124851/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/newzealand/kelloggs-nutri-grain-ironman-new-zealand-run-as-a-70.3-distance-event-due-to-severe-weather#axzz1oBBdbXtr 6 July 2012 deadAsia PacificCraig Alexander AUS7:57:44Cameron Brown NZL8:00:12Frederik Van Lierde BEL8:01:26http://ironman.com/events/ironman/melbourne/?show=tracker&race=melbourne&year=2012 Ironman Asia-Pacific Championship - Melbourne 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 26 March 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120921221530/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/melbourne?show=tracker&race=melbourne&year=2012 21 September 2012 deadSouth AfricaClemente Alonso-McKernan ESP8:34:45Cyril Viennot FRA8:41:48Mike Aigroz SUI8:46:04http://ironman.com/events/ironman/southafrica/?show=tracker&race=southafrica&year=2012 Ironman South Africa 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 1 May 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120921221643/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/southafrica?show=tracker&race=southafrica&year=2012 21 September 2012 deadSt. GeorgeBen Hoffman USA9:07:04Maik Twelsiek GER9:25:58Axel Zeebroek BEL9:35:33http://ironman.com/events/ironman/st.george?show=tracker&race=st.george&year=2012 Ironman St. George 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 31 May 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120829164055/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/st.george/?show=tracker&race=st.george&year=2012 29 August 2012 deadAustraliaPaul Ambrose AUS8:17:38Tim Berkel AUS8:21:11Jason Shortis AUS8:40:02http://ironman.com/events/ironman/australia?show=tracker&race=australia&year=2012 Ironman Australia 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 31 May 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120921040249/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/australia?show=tracker&race=australia&year=2012 21 September 2012 deadLanzaroteVictor Del Corral ESP8:44:39Stephen Bayliss GBR8:53:37Sérgio Marques POR9:02:58http://ironman.com/events/ironman/lanzarote?show=tracker&race=lanzarote&year=2012 Ironman Lanzarote 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 31 May 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120828131001/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/lanzarote?show=tracker&race=lanzarote&year=2012 28 August 2012 deadTexasJordan Rapp USA8:10:44Justin Daerr USA8:22:15Mathias Hecht SUI8:22:58http://ironman.com/events/ironman/texas?show=tracker&race=texas&year=2012 Ironman Texas 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 31 May 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120817105407/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/texas?show=tracker&race=texas&year=2012 17 August 2012 deadBrazilEzequiel Morales ARG8:22:40Santiago Ascenço BRA8:25:31Igor Amorelli BRA8:27:56http://ironman.com/events/ironman/brazil?show=tracker&race=brazil&year=2012 Ironman Brazil 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 31 May 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120830144726/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/brazil?show=tracker&race=brazil&year=2012 30 August 2012 deadCairnsDavid Dellow AUS8:15:04Cameron Brown NZL8:22:21Jimmy Johnsen DEN8:29:36http://ironman.com/events/ironman/cairns?show=tracker&race=cairns&year=2012 Ironman Cairns 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 19 June 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120825032446/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/cairns?show=tracker&race=cairns&year=2012 25 August 2012 deadRegensburgDirk Bockel LUX8:11:59Michael Raelert GER8:18:53Mike Schifferle SUI8:36:53http://ironman.com/events/ironman/regensburg?show=tracker&race=regensburg&year=2012 Ironman Regensburg 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 19 June 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120828143222/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/regensburg?show=tracker&race=regensburg&year=2012 28 August 2012 deadFranceFrederik Van Lierde BEL8:21:51Paul Amey GBR8:42:48Francois Chabaud FRA8:45:23http://ironman.com/events/ironman/france?show=tracker&race=regensburg&year=2012 Ironman France 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 6 July 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20110914010547/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/france?show=tracker 14 September 2011 deadCoeur d'AleneViktor Zyemtsev UKR 8:32:29Timothy O'Donnell USA8:41:36Matthew Russell USA8:52:00http://ironman.com/events/ironman/coeurdalene?show=tracker&race=coeurdalene&year=2012 Ironman Coeur d'Alene 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 6 July 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120828050406/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/coeurdalene?show=tracker&race=coeurdalene&year=2012 28 August 2012 deadAustriaFaris Al-Sultan GER 8:11:41Daniel Fontana ITA8:20:28Pedro Gomes POR8:26:30http://ironman.com/events/ironman/austria?show=tracker&race=austria&year=2012 Ironman Austria 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 6 July 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120830210941/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/austria?show=tracker&race=austria&year=2012 30 August 2012 deadEuropeanMarino Vanhoenacker BEL 8:03:31Sebastian Kienle GER8:09:55Clemente Alonso-McKernan ESP8:14:04http://ironman.com/events/ironman/germany?show=tracker&race=germany&year=2012 Ironman European Championship 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 9 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120901024538/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/germany?show=tracker&race=germany&year=2012 1 September 2012 deadSwitzerlandRonnie Schildknecht SUI 8:17:13Jan Van Berkel SUI8:32:27Mathias Hecht SUI8:42:08http://ironman.com/events/ironman/switzerland?show=tracker&race=switzerland&year=2012 Ironman Switzerland 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 9 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120910001931/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/switzerland?show=tracker&race=switzerland&year=2012 10 September 2012 deadUKDaniel Halksworth GBR 8:55:11Fraser Cartmell GBR9:07:00Paul Hawkins GBR9:10:50http://ironman.com/events/ironman/uk?show=tracker&race=uk&year=2012 Ironman UK 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 9 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120824120604/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/uk?show=tracker&race=uk&year=2012 24 August 2012 deadLake PlacidAndy Potts USA 8:25:07Peter Jacobs AUS8:56:49Romain Guillaume FRA9:08:57http://ironman.com/events/ironman/lakeplacid?show=tracker&race=lakeplacid&year=2012 Ironman Lake Placid 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 9 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120904024708/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/lakeplacid?show=tracker&race=lakeplacid&year=2012 4 September 2012 deadUnited StatesJordan Rapp USA 8:11:18Maxim Kriat UKR8:24:32Jozsef Major HUN8:27:00http://ironman.com/events/ironman/uschampionship?show=tracker&race=uschampionship&year=2012 Ironman U.S. Championships 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 31 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121004002747/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/uschampionship?show=tracker&race=uschampionship&year=2012 4 October 2012 deadSwedenJan Raphael GER 8:04:01Dorian Wagner GER8:08:06Horst Reichel GER8:10:12http://ironman.com/events/ironman/kalmar?show=tracker&race=kalmar&year=2012 Ironman Sweden 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 31 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121021215123/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/kalmar?show=tracker&race=kalmar&year=2012 21 October 2012 deadMont-TremblantRomain Guillaume FRA 8:40:48Alejandro Santamaria ARG8:46:58Matthew Russell USA8:48:12http://ironman.com/events/ironman/monttremblant?show=tracker&race=monttremblant&year=2012 Ironman Mont-Tremblant 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 31 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121004005325/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/monttremblant?show=tracker&race=monttremblant&year=2012 4 October 2012 deadLouisvillePatrick Evoe USA 8:42:44Chris McDonald AUS8:52:59Thomas Gerlach USA9:02:42http://ironman.com/events/ironman/louisville?show=tracker&race=louisville&year=2012 Ironman Louisville 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 31 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121013042142/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/louisville?show=tracker&race=louisville&year=2012 13 October 2012 deadCanadaMatthew Russell USA 8:48:30Olly Piggin CAN8:54:17Christian Brader GER8:58:59http://ironman.com/events/ironman/canada?show=tracker&race=canada&year=2012 Ironman Canada 2012 World Triathlon Corporation 31 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121004001619/http://ironman.com/events/ironman/canada?show=tracker&race=canada&year=2012 4 October 2012 dead * Event shortened to 70.3 distance. Women Event Gold Time Silver Time Bronze Time ReferenceWalesKristin Moeller GER 10:01:19Anja Ippach GER 10:15:58Stefanie Adam BEL 10:40:58WisconsinJessica Jacobs USA 9:41:03Meredith Kessler USA 9:50:45Whitney Garcia USA 10:03:53World Champs 2011Chrissie Wellington GBR 8:55:08Mirinda Carfrae AUS 8:57:57Leanda Cave GBR 9:03:29FloridaJessica Jacobs USA 8:55:10Mackenzie Madison USA 9:10:21Sofie Goos BEL 9:22:21ArizonaLeanda Cave GBR 8:49:00Linsey Corbin USA 8:54:33Meredith Kessler USA 9:00:14CozumelSimone Benz SUI 9:14:08Sonja Tajsich GER 9:23:15Sophie De Groote BEL 9:26:07Western AustraliaMichelle Bremer NZL 9:25:38Michelle Mitchell AUS 9:28:07Carrie Lester AUS 9:32:44New Zealand*Meredith Kessler USA 4:22:46Kate Bevilaqua AUS 4:30:37Joanna Lawn NZL 4:30:40Asia PacificCaroline Steffen SUI 8:34:51Rachel Joyce GBR 8:46:09Mirinda Carfrae AUS 9:04:00South AfricaNatascha Badmann SUI 9:47:10Simone Brändli SUI 9:52:26Diane Riesler GER 10:01:14St. GeorgeMeredith Kessler USA 10:12:59Jessie Donovan USA 10:37:30Danielle Kehoe USA 10:45:33AustraliaMichelle Mitchell AUS 9:34:57Nicole Ward AUS 9:44:40Hillary Biscay USA 9:58:19LanzaroteMichelle Vesterby DEN 9:58:06Bella Bayliss GBR 10:06:12Heleen bij de Vaate NED 10:17:33TexasMary Beth Ellis USA 8:54:58Kim Loeffler USA 9:01:32Amy Marsh USA 9:04:00BrazilSofie Goos BEL 9:17:42Caitlin Snow USA 9:20:50Vanessa Gianinni BRA 9:23:49CairnsCarrie Lester AUS 9:21:00Belinda Harper NZL 9:22:42Candice Hammond NZL 9:24:45RegensburgHeidi Sessner GER 9:43:52Nicole Bretting GER 9:50:18Maria Lemeseva RUS 9:52:32FranceTine Deckers BEL 9:16:05Gina Crawford NZL 9:26:25Kristin Möller GER 9:37:07Coeur d'AleneMeredith Kessler USA 9:21:44Haley Cooper-Scott USA 10:01:25Whitney Garcia USA 10:01:46AustriaLinsey Corbin USA 9:09:58Erika Csomor HUN 9:12:09Michaela Rudolph AUT 9:44:37EuropeanCaroline Steffen SUI 8:52:33Anja Beranek GER 9:05:41Corinne Abraham GBR 9:21:03SwitzerlandErika Csomor HUN 9:20:16Bella Bayliss GBR 9:25:54Simone Brändli SUI 9:30:58UKEimear Mullan IRE 10:08:44Amanda Stevens USA 10:16:57Annett Kamenz GER 10:21:58Lake PlacidJessie Donavan USA 9:47:39Jennie Hansen USA 9:56:40Jacqui Gordon USA 10:08:28New YorkMary Beth Ellis USA 9:02:48Rebekah Keat AUS 9:13:24Amy Marsh USA 9:15:57SwedenÅsa Lundström SWE 9:13:27Dana Wagner GER 9:22:32Emi Sakai JPN 9:34:36Mont-TremblantJessie Donavan USA 9:30:46Uli Brömme GER 9:42:45Rachel Kiers CAN 9:49:49LouisvilleBree Wee USA 9:36:27Jackie Arendt USA 9:38:14Terra Castro USA 9:53:27CanadaKendra Lee USA 9:44:58Gillian Clayton CAN 9:46:07Karen Thibodeau CAN 9:50:52 * Event shortened to 70.3 distance. References 2 External links Ironman website Professional Triathlete Qualifying Rules Category:Ironman World Championship Ironman Category:Sports competitions in Hawaii Category:2012 in sports in Hawaii Category:Triathlon competitions in the United States