1862 in science

none 1862 science 1862 The year 1862 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy January 31 – Alvan Graham Clark makes the first observation of Sirius B, a white dwarf star, through an eighteen-inch telescope at Northwestern University in Illinois. Biology May 15 – Charles Darwin publishes On the various contrivances by which British and foreign Orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing. Henry Walter Bates publishes "Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidae"Transactions of the Linnean Society (London) 23 pp. 495–566. describing Batesian mimicry. George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker begin publication of Genera plantarum based on the collections of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.Isely Duane 1994 One hundred and one botanists Ames Iowa State University Press John Gwyn Jeffreys begins publication of British Conchology, or an account of the Mollusca which now inhabit the British Isles and the surrounding seas. Chemistry Chemist and composer Alexander Borodin describes the first nucleophilic displacement of chlorine by fluorine in benzoyl chloride.Borodin E. J. Behrman Journal of Chemical Education 2006 83 8 1138 10.1021/ed083p1138.1 2006JChEd..83.1138B free Mineralogist Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois makes the first proposal to arrange the chemical elements in order of atomic weights, although this is largely ignored by chemists.The Periodic Table http://www.3rd1000.com/history/periodic.htm 2011-10-07 Alexander Parkes exhibits Parkesine, one of the earliest synthetic polymers, at the International Exhibition in London. This discovery forms the foundation of the modern plastics industry.Alexander Parkes (1813–1890) People & Polymers Plastics Historical Society http://www.plastiquarian.com/parkes.htm 2007-03-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20070315102347/http://www.plastiquarian.com/parkes.htm 2007-03-15 dead Earth sciences Friedrich Albert Fallou publishes "Pedologie oder allgemeine und besondere Bodenkunde" (Pedology or general and special soil science), founding soil science.Yarilov A. A. 1904 Fr. A'b, Fallu, osnovatel' pedologii Fr. A'b, Fallu, founder of soil science Pochvovedenie 2 125–135 Russian Medicine Maurice Raynaud describes the vasospastic syndrome named after him in his doctoral dissertation.Wigley F. M. Flavahan N. A. Raynaud's Phenomenon. The New England Journal of Medicine 2016-08-11 375 6 556–65 27509103 10.1056/nejmra1507638 Hermann Snellen publishes the Snellen chart for testing visual acuity. Paleontology November 20 – Richard Owen first describes a fossilised bird, Archaeopteryx, to the Royal Society of London.On the archeopteryx of von Meyer, with a description of the fossil remains of a long-tailed species, from the lithographic stone of Solenhofen R. Owen Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London 153 1863 33-47 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstl.1863.0003 2025-10-23 Technology July 8 – Theodore Timby is granted a United States patent for discharging guns in a revolving turret, using electricity. July 22 – Henry O. Peabody is granted a United States patent for the Peabody action for rifles. November 4 – Richard Jordan Gatling is granted a United States patent for the Gatling gun. Brown & Sharpe produce the first Universal Milling machine. David Kirkaldy publishes Results of an Experimental Inquiry into the Comparative Tensile Strength and other properties of various kinds of Wrought-Iron and Steel in Glasgow describing his pioneering work in tensile testing. Awards Copley Medal: Thomas GrahamCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 23 July 2020 en Wollaston Medal for geology: Robert Godwin-Austen Births January 23 – David Hilbert (died 1943), German mathematician February 14 – Agnes Pockels (died 1935), German chemist (in Venice) March 14 – Vilhelm Bjerknes (died 1951), Norwegian physicist and meteorologist May 27 – John Edward Campbell (died 1924), Irish-born mathematician June 7 – Philipp Lenard (died 1947), German physicist June 9 – Ernest William Moir (died 1933), British civil engineer July 2 – William Henry Bragg (died 1942), English winner of the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics August 2 – Paul Bujor (died 1952), Romanian animal morphologist, politician and short story writer October 12 – Theodor Boveri (died 1915), German geneticist October 19 – Auguste Lumière (died 1954), French inventor, film pioneer November 23 - Ernest Guglielminetti (died 1943), Swiss physicianit fr de Heldner Paul Guglielminetti, Ernest http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F14394.php Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse 21 July 2005 13 February 2021 William Hoskins (died 1934), American inventor Deaths January 10 – Samuel Colt (born 1814), American inventor February 3 – Jean-Baptiste Biot (born 1774), French physicist February 7 – Prosper Ménière (born 1799), French physician who first described the symptoms of Ménière's disease February 11 – Luther V. Bell (born 1806), American psychiatric physician March 1 – Peter Barlow (born 1776), English mathematician April 3 – Sir James Clark Ross (born 1800), English explorer of the Polar regions May 6 – Olry Terquem (born 1782), French Jewish geometer October 8 – James Walker (born 1781), Scottish-born civil engineer October 21 – Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet (born 1783), English physiologist December 18 – Lucas Barrett (born 1837), English naturalist (drowned) December 20 – Robert Knox (born 1791), Scottish anatomist December 21 – Karl Kreil (born 1798), Austrian astronomer References Category:1860s in science Category:19th century in science