1990–91 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season

Cyclone season in the Southwest Indian Ocean SWI 1991 1990-91 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season summary.png September 21, 1990 June 16, 1991 Bella 915 115 10 11 11 7 3 88 1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93 1990–91 Australian region cyclone season 1990–91 South Pacific cyclone season The 1990–91 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season was fairly quiet, although activity began early and the final named storm formed at a record late date. There were seven named storms classified by the Météo-France office (MFR) on Réunion, as well as three depressions; an additional depression was classified by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), an unofficial warning agency. The JTWC tracked storms in both September and October, although neither affected land. In late November, another short-lived depression formed in the northeastern portion of the basin. Activity remained minimal until January, when Tropical Storm Alison formed in the eastern portion of the basin. Later in the month, Cyclone Bella became the strongest storm of the season, reaching 10‑minute maximum sustained winds of 155 km/h mph on. It passed near the island of Rodrigues, becoming the worst cyclone there in 20 years and killing half of the population of one endangered species. Bella also likely caused a cargo ship to go missing with 36 people on board. Three storms developed in short succession in the second half of February. Cyclone Cynthia developed rapidly in the Mozambique Channel on February 16 and struck western Madagascar, killing 36 people and ruining local rice harvests. A residual trough after Cynthia dissipated spawned Tropical Storm Debra, which looped in the Mozambique Channel. Toward the end of the month, Tropical Storm Elma exited the basin into the adjacent Australian region, only to re-enter the south-west Indian Ocean and dissipate. Long-lived Cyclone Fatima originated in the Australian basin in late March and changed directions before becoming extratropical. On April 2, a tropical depression struck eastern Madagascar, killing 18 people. The final storm, Gritelle, was named on June 10, the latest on record. Seasonal summary During the season, the Météo-France office (MFR) on Réunion island issued warnings in tropical cyclones within the basin. The agency estimated intensity through the Dvorak technique, and warned on tropical cyclones in the region from the coast of Africa to 90° E, south of the equator. Beginning in November 1990, MFR utilized a high resolution picture transmission station in conjunction with its satellite imagery. This allowed for improved Dvorak ratings, allowing for zooming and adjusting the satellite pictures.Philippe Caroff June 2011 Operational procedures of TC satellite analysis at RSMC La Reunion World Meteorological Organization 2013-04-22 http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/RSMCLaReunionforIWSATC.pdf etal The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), which is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force, also issued tropical cyclone warnings for the southwestern Indian Ocean.Joint Typhoon Warning Center iii, 183–185 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report 2014-01-31 http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1992atcr.pdf 2012-09-15 https://web.archive.org/web/20120915165323/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1992atcr.pdf dead In addition to the named storms, the MFR also tracked four tropical depressions, named A1, A2, A3, and G1.1991 RSMC La Reunion Météo-France Saison Cyclonique 1990-1991 dans le Sud-Ouest de l'Océan Indien 2014-06-05 http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/francais/archives/publications/data/cSaisoncyclonique19901991.pdf French In general, the monsoon was weaker than normal within the basin, which provided less flow across the equator to spawn tropical cyclones.The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1990–1991 Anthony Bannister K. J. Smith 42 111–121 1993-12-04 Australian Meteorological Magazine Australian Bureau of Meteorology http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/1993/bannister.pdf 2014-06-05 4 2012-03-21 https://web.archive.org/web/20120321172120/http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/1993/bannister.pdf dead As a result, there was a marked decrease in overall activity compared to the 1989–90 season. The MFR issued 198 cyclone bulletins during the season, a 40% decrease over the previous year. Many of the storms formed at the edge of satellite coverage. Systems Tropical Depression A2 SWI TD 04S 1990.png A2 1990 path.png December 1 December 4 30 55 997 On November 29, the JTWC tracked a system to the east-southeast of Diego Garcia, which originated in the monsoon trough.1 Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Bureau of Meteorology 9 December 1991 11 Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement 2014-06-09 http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199012.pdf The system moved to the southwest and was classified by MFR as Tropical Disturbance A2 on November 30. On December 2, the disturbance intensified into a tropical depression as it curved to the southeast. On that day, the MFR estimated peak winds of 55 km/h mph on, based on the distinct appearance on satellite imagery. On the next day, the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 04S, and assessed the storm as intensifying to a peak of 100 km/h mph on; the intensification was aided by an anticyclone aloft. However, an increase in wind shear caused marked weakening. The JTWC discontinued advisories on December 4, although the MFR continued tracking the system until December 7, when the depression had curved back to the southwest for a final time.Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 1991 A29091:HSK0491 (1990334S08078) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-06-09 1990334S08078 https://web.archive.org/web/20160305143808/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1990334S08078 2016-03-05 live Severe Tropical Storm Alison SWI Alison jan 15 1991 0840Z.jpg Alison 1991 path.png January 8 January 18 62 65 966 A southward-moving anticyclone influenced the monsoon trough to spawn a tropical disturbance on January 8, located east of Diego Garcia. The system moved to the east without much organization, turning to the southwest on January 11 around a ridge.1 Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Bureau of Meteorology 10 1 January 1991 Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement 2014-06-09 http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199101.pdf 2015-12-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20151222133246/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199101.pdf deadKenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 1991 Alison (1991008S09078) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-06-09 1991008S09078 https://web.archive.org/web/20151222173307/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1991008S09078 2015-12-22 live On the next day, the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 07S, the same day that the MFR upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Alison. Conditions favored further strengthening, and Alison gradually intensified to peak 10‑minute sustained winds of 115 km/h mph on on January 15, according to the MFR. On the same date, the JTWC assessed peak 1‑minute winds of 120 km/h mph on, equivalent to a minimal hurricane. By that time, the storm had turned more to the south-southeast, and began to weaken on January 16. Two days later, Alison weakened to tropical depression status and dissipated. Tropical Cyclone Bella SWI Bella 1991-01-29 2200Z.png Bella 1991 path.png January 18 February 4 115 130 915 Cyclone Bella Similar to Alison, Bella originated on January 18 from a surge in the monsoon trough to the southwest of Sumatra. For several days, the system remained weak as it moved generally west-southwestward. On January 25, it intensified to tropical storm status, but Bella took three more days to intensify to tropical cyclone status, or with 10‑minute maximum sustained winds of 120 km/h mph on. The cyclone attained peak intensity on January 29, officially reaching winds of 155 km/h mph on.Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 1991 Bella (1991013S04096) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-06-09 1991013S04096 https://web.archive.org/web/20151222124211/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1991013S04096 2015-12-22 live The JTWC unofficially estimated winds of 240 km/h mph on, the highest the agency estimated for any storm in the Southern Hemisphere in the year. Bella later turned to the southeast and weakened, passing about 50 km mi on west of Rodrigues on January 31. The storm turned to the south-southwest and back to the southeast again, becoming extratropical on February 4.Patrick Donguy Cyclonic Phenomena in Indian Ocean Watched by Meteosat (Season 1990-1991) Météo-France November 1992 80 http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/b_fdi_49-50/010014451.pdf While passing near Rodrigues, Bella produced strong winds and high tides, the latter of which caused flooding in the capital Port Mathurin. The storm was considered the worst on the island in 20 years.Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide 1900-present August 1993 2014-06-10 http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABP986.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20110718110440/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABP986.pdf dead July 18, 2011 About 1,500 homes were damaged or destroyed, leaving 1,000 people homeless.ReliefWeb 1991-02-08 Mauritius - Cyclone Bella Feb 1991 UNDRO Information Report No. 1 United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs 2014-06-10 https://reliefweb.int/report/mauritius/mauritius-cyclone-bella-feb-1991-undro-information-report-no-1 Bella also severely damaged crops, roads, and the power grid on Rodrigues. The storm killed about half of the Rodrigues flying fox, a critically endangered species.Anthony Cheke Julian P. Hume Lost Land of the Dodo: The Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion and Rodrigues 2008 T & AD Poyser 978-0-7136-6544-4 2014-06-10 https://books.google.com/books?id=OGeENV4exXcC&q=%22cyclone+bella%22+1991&pg=PT451 Elsewhere, Bella was believed to have sunk a Madagascar cargo ship, with its 36 people on board. Tropical Cyclone Cynthia SWI Cynthia Feb 17 1991 0346Z.jpg Cynthia 1991 path.png February 16 February 19 67 50 970 For several days beginning on February 9, an area of convection persisted in the Mozambique Channel off the southeast coast of Mozambique, between the towns of Beira and Quelimane. On February 15, deep convection increased greatly, leading to a tropical disturbance forming at 06:00 UTC the next morning.Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 1991 Cynthia (1991047S16041) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-06-10 1991047S16041 https://web.archive.org/web/20160305143626/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1991047S16041 2016-03-05 live Also on February 16, the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 10S. Moving southeastward, the convection quickly organized around the center, aided by warm sea surface temperatures and convergence. Late on February 16, the system intensified into Tropical Storm Cynthia while it was passing near Juan de Nova Island. Continuing to rapidly intensify, Cynthia attained tropical cyclone status on February 17, reaching peak winds of 125 km/h mph on. Shortly thereafter, the storm made landfall on western Madagascar just north of Morondava. It rapidly weakened over land as it shifted to the south and later southwest. Early on February 19, Cynthia emerged into the Mozambique Channel as a tropical disturbance, and the circulation dissipated shortly thereafter. Making landfall in western Madagascar, Cynthia produced peak winds of 157 km/h mph on at Maintirano, with gusts to 185 km/h mph on. The city also recorded 420.1 mm in on of rainfall. In some locations, the rainfall from Cynthia was heavier than the average annual precipitation. In some villages, the storm destroyed upwards of 98% of houses, leaving 125,000 people homeless nationwide.76–77 Madagascar-Cyclone Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance OFDA Annual Report FY 1991 http://desastres.unanleon.edu.ni/pdf2/2005/julio-agosto/parte3/pdf/eng/doc4299/doc4299-2b.pdfJuly 2021 InternetArchiveBot yes The cyclone also wrecked crops and killed livestock, with over 20,000 tons of rice destroyed that had been readied for harvest. Cynthia destroyed an irrigation canal in Morondava, flooding 10000 ha acre on of rice fields. Flooding washed away or heavily damaged several roads and bridges in southwestern Madagascar. The Morondava River, which empties into the Mozambique Channel at Morondava, eroded greatly during the storm.Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms 1093 Eric C. F. Bird 2014-06-10 Springer 978-1-4020-8638-0 2009 https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfo5TPb7SDsC&q=cyclone+cynthia+1991+madagascar&pg=PA1093 Cynthia killed 36 people, mostly in Toliara. Heavy rains from the storm also spread into Tanzania, causing flooding that destroyed 90 houses and washed away two bridges.Earthweek: A Diary Of The Planet For the week ended March 1, 1991 1991-03-02 The Toronto StarLexisNexis Following the storm, the Malagasy government appealed for international aid. In response, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided US$25,000 toward rebuilding damaged roofs and placing a temporary pontoon bridge where a bridge had been washed out. Due to the damaged rice harvest, the Food for Peace program via USAID provided 15,000 tons of rice to Madagascar at the cost of US$7.5 million. The French government bought 130 tons of rice seed to be distributed to affected farmers. Local governments in Madagascar provided 6,000 farmers with rice seed to replant the ruined crop. In addition, the Swiss government provided money toward a reforestation project to discourage slash-and-burn practices.Notes from Meetings with Donors 29 August 1996 Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance Madagascar Disaster Preparedness Assessment Mission http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnacb915.pdf 2013-12-13 2014-06-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20131213083022/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnacb915.pdf dead Severe Tropical Storm Debra SWI Debra 1991-02-26 1200Z.png Debra 1991 path.png February 22 March 4 62 90 966 After Cynthia dissipated, a residual trough persisted in the Mozambique Channel, spawning a tropical disturbance on February 22 about halfway between Madagascar and Mozambique.Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 1991 Debra (1991053S21040) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-06-11 1991053S21040 https://web.archive.org/web/20151003035908/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1991053S21040 2015-10-03 live The interaction between cool air from the south and warm monsoonal air to the north fueled deep convection. After initially moving to the south, the system turned more to the southwest toward Mozambique on February 24, developing an eye feature in the center. The JTWC initiated advisories that day as Tropical Cyclone 12S, although the MFR initially maintained the system as a subtropical depression. The MFR reported that the subtropical depression attained gales on February 25, by which time the JTWC already estimated winds of 140 km/h mph on. That day, the storm approached the coast of Mozambique within 100 km mi on before turning to the east-northeast. On February 26, the MFR named the system Debra, and later that day estimated peak 10‑minute winds of 115 km/h mph on. In contrast, the JTWC estimated peak 1‑minute winds of 165 km/h mph on. While moving to the northeast, Debra passed within 200 km mi on of Europa Island on February 27. The storm subsequently executed a counterclockwise loop to the south, during which it began weakening. By February 28, Debra had weakened to minimal tropical storm status while accelerating to the southeast, although it briefly re-intensified the next day. On March 4, an approaching cold front absorbed the storm. While near Europa Island, Debra produced gusts of 63 km/h mph on and sustained winds of 48 km/h mph on. Severe Tropical Storm Elma SWI Elma mar 1 1991 0838Z.jpg Elma 1991 path.png February 26 March 5 56 80 966 On February 26, a tropical disturbance formed in the northeastern portion of the basin, well to the east-southeast of Diego Garcia.Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 1991 Elma (1991057S10087) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-06-11 1991057S10087 https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200837/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1991057S10087 2015-09-30 live It originated from the monsoon trough, and moved generally to the south-southeast while quickly intensifying.1 Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Bureau of Meteorology 10 2 February 1991 Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement 2014-06-11 http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199102.pdf Late on February 26, the MFR upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Elma, around the same time the JTWC began tracking it as Tropical Cyclone 17S. On February 27, the JTWC estimated Elma attained peak 1‑minute winds of 110 km/h mph on, before assessing the storm as weakening. In contrast, the MFR estimated Emla continued to slowly intensify to a 10‑minute peak strength of 105 km/h mph on on March 1. Shortly thereafter, the storm crossed 90° E into the Australian region, where the Bureau of Meteorology estimated that Elma entered at tropical cyclone status. Steady weakening commenced due to the influence of a trough and cooler waters.1 Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Bureau of Meteorology 10 3 March 1991 Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement 2014-06-11 http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199103.pdf Elma weakened to the equivalent of tropical depression status by March 3 before turning back to the west. On March 5, the system recrossed 90° E into the south-west Indian Ocean, dissipating shortly thereafter. Tropical Cyclone Fatima SWI Fatima 1991-03-26 0900Z.png Fatima 1991 path.png March 22 (entered basin) April 1 72 90 954 A surge in the monsoon trough spawned what would become Cyclone Fatima to the southwest of Sumatra. On March 21, the MFR identified a tropical disturbance in the Australian region, which crossed into the south-west Indian Ocean on the next day. Also on March 22, the MFR upgraded the storm to Tropical Storm Fatima,Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 1991 Fatima (1991080S06092) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-06-11 1991080S06092 https://web.archive.org/web/20150930151325/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1991080S06092 2015-09-30 live and the JTWC tracked the system as Tropical Cyclone 17S. The storm moved southwestward due to a ridge to the northwest, and gradually intensified. On March 25, the JTWC upgraded Fatima to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, although the MFR only estimated 10‑minute winds of 95 km/h mph on at that time. Due to a break in the ridge, Fatima turned toward the south on March 26, around the time that the JTWC estimated peak 1‑minute winds of 165 km/h mph on. The storm later turned more to the southeast, although it shifted back to the southwest on March 29. On the next day, the MFR upgraded Fatima to tropical cyclone status and estimated peak 10‑minute winds of 135 km/h mph on. Fatima turned back to the southeast on March 31 and accelerated, weakening to tropical storm status due to upper-level wind shear. As it was approaching 90° E, Fatima became extratropical on April 1. Tropical Depression G1 SWI TD_G1_1991.png G1 1991 path.png March 30 April 3 28 998 On March 30, an area of convection spawned a small tropical disturbance about 310 km mi on east of Toamasina off the eastern coast of Madagascar. Classified as Tropical Disturbance G1, the system initially moved to the west-northwest and had poorly-organized convection. On April 1, the disturbance turned back to the southeast and organized more due to an increase in convection. Later that day it turned back to the west toward Madagascar. On April 2, the disturbance intensified into a tropical depression, reaching peak winds of 50 km/h mph on. At 09:00 UTC that day, the system made landfall about 30 km mi on north of Toamasina. It quickly weakened over land, dissipating on April 3.Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 1991 G19091 (1991089S18052) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-06-11 1991089S18052 https://web.archive.org/web/20151002182628/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1991089S18052 2015-10-02 live The depression brought heavy rainfall to eastern Madagascar that resulted in flooding. Toamasina reported 228.2 mm in on of rainfall, as well as wind gusts to 90 km/h mph on. The floods killed 18 people in the country. Moderate Tropical Storm Gritelle SWI Gritelle Jun 10 1991 0941Z.jpg Gritelle 1991 path.png June 5 June 16 44 40 984 On June 5, the near-equator trough spawned a tropical disturbance to the east-southeast of Diego Garcia. The system moved to the southwest and later to the west, influenced by a trough to the south. Initially it failed to intensify much, although an anticyclone provided favorable conditions for development,Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 1991 Gritelle (1991156S07084) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-06-11 1991156S07084 https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111450/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1991156S07084 2015-12-22 live as did warm water temperatures. On June 7, the system passed south of the Chagos Archipelago, and on the next day the JTWC classified it as Tropical Cyclone 22S, the final of the season. When the system reached the MFR area of satellite coverage on June 10, it appeared as a well-developed system; as a result, the agency upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Gritelle, estimating peak 10‑minute winds of 85 km/h mph on. On June 11, Gritelle began weakening due to increased wind shear, deteriorating to tropical depression status on June 12. Over the subsequent two days, the system executed a loop, maintaining its status as a tropical depression or disturbance. On June 15, Gritelle passed about 425 km mi on east of Rodrigues while moving to the south. It accelerated to the southeast, dissipating on June 16. The storm formed was very late in the cyclone season, making Gritelle the strongest June storm in 20 years, as well as the latest in the cyclone year that a storm was properly named. Tropical Depression Fely in 1983 formed later but was wrongly named, and Cyclone Odette in 1971 formed in July when the cyclone year ended on July 31.Subject B3) When was the earliest tropical cyclone named? The latest? http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/faq/FAQ_Ang_B.html Meteo France 2014-06-11 Phillip Carroff The end of the tropical cyclone year shifted from July 31 to June 30 in 2003. Other storms On September 19, the JTWC began monitoring a system near the Chagos Archipelago. The system tracked westward, organizing enough that the JTWC classified it as Tropical Cyclone 01S on September 21. Despite predictions that it would strengthen into a tropical storm, the system failed to intensify beyond winds of 55 km/h mph on, and dissipated on September 25.Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 1991 HSK0191 (1990262S07074) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-06-06 1990262S07074 https://web.archive.org/web/20160305143823/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1990262S07074 2016-03-05 live Similar to the previous system, the JTWC began monitoring a disturbance on October 15. After an initial movement to the southwest, the system turned to the north and later to the west. The JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 02S on October 18, estimating peak winds of 55 km/h mph on. Two days later, the agency declared the system as dissipated.Kenneth R. Knapp Michael C. Kruk David H. Levinson Howard J. Diamond Charles J. Neumann 2010 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data 1991 HSK0291 (1990288S08074) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2014-06-06 1990288S08074 https://web.archive.org/web/20160305143828/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1990288S08074 2016-03-05 live Storm names Within the South-West Indian Ocean basin, tropical systems that attain 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h, (40 mph) are assigned a name by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre on Réunion (RSMC La Réunion). Systems that move into this region from the Australian region are given a second name by Météo-France. New naming lists are used every year so a name is normally used only once, thus no names are retired.1989 Mariners Weather Log 24 June 2026 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Data and Information Science https://books.google.com/books?id=VHmQLYqd3QEC&q=Cyclone+Peni&pg=RA7-PA49#v=onepage&q=Alibera&f=false Alison Bella Cynthia Debra Elma Fatima Gritelle Hazelle Inese Julia Ketsia Lorna Mary Nadege Olivette Prescilla Quincy Rosalie Susan Therese Ursula Valerie Wilna Season effects |- | 1 01S || 0919 September 21 – 25 || bgcolor=#TD|0 Tropical Depression || bgcolor=#TD|055 55 km/h mph on || bgcolor=#TD|999 1000 hPa inHg on || None || 0 None || 0 None || |- | 2 02S || 1018 October 18 – 20 || bgcolor=#TD|0 Tropical Depression || bgcolor=#TD|055 55 km/h mph on || bgcolor=#TD|999 1000 hPa inHg on || None || 0 None || 0 None || |- | 3 A2/04S || 1130 November 30 – December 7 || bgcolor=#STS|2 Severe Tropical Storm || bgcolor=#STS|102 102 km/h mph on || bgcolor=#STS|984 984 hPa inHg on || None || 0 None || 0 None || |- | 4 Alison || 0108 January 8 – 18 || bgcolor=#TC|3 Tropical Cyclone || bgcolor=#TC|139 115 km/h mph on || bgcolor=#TC|968 968 hPa inHg on || None || 0 None || 0 None || |- | 5 Bella || 0118 January 18 – February 4 || bgcolor=#ITC|4 Intense Tropical Cyclone || bgcolor=#ITC|215 215 km/h mph on || bgcolor=#ITC|915 915 hPa inHg on || Rodrigues || 0 Unknown || 36 36 || |- | 6 Cynthia || 0216 February 16 – 19 || bgcolor=#TC|3 Tropical Cyclone || bgcolor=#TC|125 125 km/h mph on || bgcolor=#TC|970 970 hPa inHg on || Madagascar, Juan de Nova Island || 0 Unknown || 36 36 || |- | 7 Debra || 0222 February 22 – March 4 || bgcolor=#STS|2 Severe Tropical Storm || bgcolor=#STS|110 110 km/h mph on || bgcolor=#STS|966 966 hPa inHg on || Mozambique, Europa Island || 0 None || 0 None || |- | 8 Elma || 0226 February 26 – March 5 || bgcolor=#STS|2 Severe Tropical Storm || bgcolor=#STS|110 110 km/h mph on || bgcolor=#STS|965 965 hPa inHg on || None || 0 None || 0 None || |- | 9 Fatima || 0322 March 22 – April 1 || bgcolor=#TC|3 Tropical Cyclone || bgcolor=#TC|130 130 km/h mph on || bgcolor=#TC|954 954 hPa inHg on || None || 0 None || 0 None || |- | 10 G1 || 1129 March 30 – April 3 || bgcolor=#TD|0 Tropical Depression || bgcolor=#TD|055 55 km/h mph on || bgcolor=#TD|998 998 hPa inHg on|| Madagascar || 0 Unknown || 16 16 || |- | 11 Gritelle || 0605 June 5 – 16 || bgcolor=#TS|1 Moderate Tropical Storm || bgcolor=#TS|085 85 km/h mph on || bgcolor=#TS|984 984 hPa inHg on || None || 0 None || |- 11 systems September 21 – June 16 155 km/h mph on 936 hPa inHg on See also Tropical cyclones Tropical cyclones in 1990 and 1991 Atlantic hurricane seasons: 1990, 1991 Pacific hurricane seasons: 1990, 1991 Pacific typhoon seasons: 1990, 1991 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 1990, 1991 References 30em External links Cyclonic Phenomena In Indian Ocean watched by Meteosat (Season 1990-1991) archived at Webcite 1990 y 1990 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone yes Category:South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines