1962 Northern Rhodesian general election

none General elections were held in Northern Rhodesia on 30 October 1962, with by-elections for several seats held on 10 December. Although the United Federal Party won the most seats in the Legislative Council, and Northern Rhodesian African National Congress leader Harry Nkumbula had made a secret electoral pact with the UFP, Nkumbula decided to form a government with the United National Independence Party. Electoral system The elections were carried out under the "15-15-15" system, with 15 seats elected by an upper roll, 15 seats by a lower roll and 15 seats by the national roll; the national roll seats consisted of four 'reserved' two-seat constituencies returning an African and a European member; three two-member 'open' constituencies that would return two members of any race, and one nationwide constituency for Asians.Alexander Grey Zulu (2007) The memoirs of Alexander Grey Zulu, Times Printpak Zambia, p219–221 The initial plan for the reserved and open national roll seats was that candidates would have to receive at least 15% of the vote from both the upper and lower rolls to be elected.David C. Mulford (1964) The Northern Rhodesian General Election 1962, Oxford University Press, p22−23 However, this was fiercely opposed by Prime Minister of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Roy Welensky, as the lower roll was likely to be entirely black, giving his UFP little chance of winning seats.Andrew Sardanis (2011) Africa: Another Side of the Coin: Northern Rhodesia's Final Years and Zambia's Nationhood, I.B.Tauris, pp89−91 The system was later changed to require candidates to receive at least 10% of the vote from each race,Mulford, p29 and at least 20% of the vote from either the upper or lower roll.Mulford, p28 To qualify for the upper roll, voters had to have an income of at least £720 or own at least £1,500 of immovable property. This was reduced to £480/£1,000 for those with a full primary education and £300/£1,000 for those with at least four years of secondary education. Several people were automatically allowed to register as upper roll voters, including chiefs, hereditary councillors, members of native authorities and courts, municipal councils, township housing boards and area housing boards, ministers of religion, members of certain religions with at least two years of secondary education, pensioners, university graduates, holders of an award from the Queen, those with a letter of exemption under the African Exemption Ordinance dated prior to 1 July 1961, or be the wife of a qualified upper roll voter (in polygamous marriages, only the senior wife qualified).Mulford pp50−51 Lower roll voters had to have an income of at least £120 or own immovable property worth at least £250. Certain other people were automatically entitled to be a lower roll voter, including tribal councillors, members of native authorities and courts, municipal councils, township housing boards and area housing boards, headmen, pensioners, members of certain religious bodies, holders of an award from the Queen, or people registered as Individual, Peasant or Improved Farmers for two years prior to their application. The wife (or senior wife) of anyone qualifying to be a lower roll voter also qualified. The upper roll had a total of 37,142 voters, of which 27,893 were European, 7,321 were African and 1,928 were Asian. The lower roll had 91,941 voters, of which 91,913 were African and 28 Asian.Dolf Sternberger, Bernhard Vogel, Dieter Nohlen & Klaus Landfried (1978) Die Wahl der Parlamente: Band II: Afrika, Zweiter Halbband, p1790 In order to vote, voters had to dip their thumbs in red ink, which would remain for two days. In Lusaka two European voters refused to dip their thumbs, and were barred from voting. One, Colin Cunningham, a former leader of the Rhodesian Republican Party, claimed it would be "trespass against his person." Campaign UNIP originally planned to boycott the elections in protest at the failure to move to majority rule. However, the decision was later reversed after the outcome of the Delimitation Commission.Grey Zulu, p217 UNIP leader Kenneth Kaunda spoke at over a hundred meetings during the campaign. In Sweden the Social Democratic Party and the Liberal Party started an appeal for £20,000 to contribute to UNIP's election campaign, calling federal UFP leader Roy Welensky "sabre-rattling" and a "leader of the white Fascists." The campaign raised only £3,700. Conduct On 26 October NRANC official Danwell Kuseka was killed when he was ambushed after an election meeting near Kitwe; three others were injured, one with a broken back. Kaunda called for UNIP members to co-operate with the police in finding the attackers."High Poll, No Violence", East Africa and Rhodesia, 1 November 1962, p202 African candidates for the UFP were reported to have experienced a "living hell of intimidation." Polling day took place largely without incident and saw a high turnout. In the Congolese city of Elisabethville a group of 100 Northern Rhodesians attended the British Consul to vote. However, after they discovered that only 17 of them had registered, they stormed the building and stoned the consul, resulting in him being hospitalised. Congolese police arrested 15 of the group. Results On election day, 14 of the upper roll seats and all 15 lower roll seats were decided, but only five of the 15 national seats; the UFP won 15 seats, UNIP 14 and the NRANC five. By-elections were subsequently held on 10 December for the Livingstone upper roll seats, and for the ten remaining national seats, with the UFP winning in Livingstone, and the NRANC winning the only two national roll seats to have a winner, leaving the UFP with a final total of 16 seats and the NRANC with seven. File:Northern Rhodesia Legislative Council 1962.svg Upper roll Lower roll National Total +/– United National Independence Party 4519 1 59648 12 1 14 New United Federal Party 21558 13 180 0 2 15 +2 Northern Rhodesian African National Congress 1025 0 16268 3 4 7 +6 Liberal Party 1401 0 83 0 0 0 –3 Rhodesia Republican Party 65 0 0 0 New Barotse National Party 134 0 0 0 New Independents 1992 0 0 0 −2 Vacant 1 8 9 – 598 3488 15 45 +25 34527 92255 Mulford, pp189–190 By constituency ConstituencyCandidatePartyVotes%Invalid/blankTotalRegisteredTurnoutUpper rollBroken HillJohn RobertsUnited Federal Party1,801 672,193 2,63483.3Ibrahim NkondeUnited National Independence Party290Alun PriceLiberal Party35ChingolaSamuel MagnusUnited Federal Party1,668 16 2,3302,49293.5C M MorrisIndependent646Eastern RuralEbden CarlisleUnited Federal Party1,243 502,2442,52089.0Harry GardnerUnited National Independence Party555E RandolphNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress201Oliver CarruthersLiberal Party195Kitwe EastJerry SteynUnited Federal Party2,328 432,6102,79493.4G E MushikwaUnited National Independence Party179J PercyLiberal Party60Kitwe WestHugh StanleyUnited Federal Party1,936 502,4002,62491.5U G MwilaUnited National Independence Party311K A MillsLiberal Party103LivingstoneElection postponed due to death of candidateLuanshya-KansenjiCecil Dennistoun BurneyUnited Federal Party1,638 432,2622,45892.0Thakorbhai DesaiUnited National Independence Party390M W WijnbergLiberal Party191Lusaka EastGabriel MusumbulwaUnited Federal Party1,806 152,4602,71390.7R AllardLiberal Party297Alan WateridgeIndependent236L TerryNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress79F J G TriegaardtRhodesia Republican Party27Lusaka WestHugh MitchleyUnited Federal Party1,607 782,5922,86390.5Eric KreftIndependent633G S MwanzaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress152S HuttLiberal Party122MufuliraPieter WulffUnited Federal Party2,224 142,5752,75293.6Alexander StevensIndependent337Ndola EastThomas LawlerUnited Federal Party1,728 382,1982,40191.5T M D NtineUnited National Independence Party221C D SmithLiberal Party211Northern RuralJohn MwanakatweUnited National Independence Party1,172 371,6461,90086.6V A ShonaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress297U J MoffatIndependent140RoanHendrick LiebenbergUnited Federal Party1,564 461,9862,30286.3M K NayootoUnited National Independence Party309W KirbyLiberal Party67Southern RuralJohn BurnsideUnited Federal Party588 611,5161,72687.8Maskekwa NalumangoUnited National Independence Party491G A PatelNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress296R HarveyLiberal Party42C F KirsteinRhodesia Republican Party38Western RuralNorman CoatesUnited Federal Party1,427 402,1462,34891.4Joseph ShawUnited National Independence Party601R E FarmerLiberal Party78Lower rollBangweuluKenneth KaundaUnited National Independence Party4,347 1264,7025,13491.6H KasokolaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress229Barotseland EastArthur WinaUnited National Independence Party1,057 661,1881,46081.4F L SuuBarotse National Party65Barotseland WestMubiana NalilungweUnited National Independence Party688 1519851,27177.5Griffiths MukandeBarotse National Party69Isaac SingulwaniNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress42B M AkombelwaLiberal Party35Copperbelt CentralAlexander Grey ZuluUnited National Independence Party14,371 5616,47419,46084.7L B LombeNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress1,947E M DaimonUnited Federal Party100Copperbelt EastJohn ChisataUnited National Independence Party11,896 44713,17214,93388.2Prise ChandaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress829Copperbelt WestSikota WinaUnited National Independence Party5,217 2985,7406,68385.9N J ChindefuNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress225EasternWesley NyirendaUnited National Independence Party1,655 3052,7833,12089.2Shadrach SokoNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress792N D ChabingaLiberal Party31Lusaka RuralEdward LisoNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress1,606 1992,8943,39985.1Solomon KaluluUnited National Independence Party1,061M J NkabikaUnited Federal Party28MidlandsElijah MudendaUnited National Independence Party7,819 82711,92614,56981.9Job MichelloNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress3,280MuchingaAaron MilnerUnited National Independence Party2,742 1092,9343,21191.4Cuthbert SinyangweNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress55G M KabichiUnited Federal Party28NorthernSimon KapwepweUnited National Independence Party3,840 1244,0754,53489.9Dauti YambaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress87D B LisubuUnited Federal Party24North-WesternSamuel MblishiUnited National Independence Party1,419 831,7831,95391.3C S ChizawuNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress264Y ChikombeLiberal Party17South-EasternReuben KamangaUnited National Independence Party1,468 3202,4762,87286.2Harry ThornicroftNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress688SouthernChiwala BandaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress2,300 1843,9364,44488.6Gwale HabanyamaUnited National Independence Party1,452South-WesternHarry NkumbulaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress3,924 1934,7335,21290.8C S MukandoUnited National Independence Party616Source: Mulford, pp189–190 National seatsConstituencyCandidatePartyVotesNotesEuropean Successful candidates were required to get over 10% of the vote from this rollAfrican Successful candidates were required to get over 10% of the vote from this rollUpper roll Successful candidates were required to get over 20% of the vote from this rollLower roll Successful candidates were required to get over 20% of the vote from this rollVotes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Chambeshi(African)Matthew MwendapoleUnited National Independence Party691.611,28693.677415.010,58193.8Peter ChibuyeUnited Federal Party4,08293.3690.64,09479.6570.5Sykes NdililaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress491.16455.3971.95975.3F M ChitimukuluLiberal Party1734.0580.51803.5510.5Chambeshi(European)Stewart Gore-BrowneUnited National Independence Party551.311,26493.475614.710,56393.6John MitchellUnited Federal Party4,15294.96695.54,20781.86145.4R L MoffatLiberal Party1663.81251.01823.51091.0Kabompo (2 seats)M. ChamululuLiberal PartyNo candidate achieved the vote share requiredT.G. MacKayLiberal PartyK.T. LewisNorthern Rhodesian African National CongressR. ManganguNorthern Rhodesian African National CongressP. ByrneUnited Federal PartyI.H. NkolomaUnited Federal PartyAndrew SardanisUnited National Independence PartyWilliam NkanzaUnited National Independence PartyKafubu(African)D C MwiingaUnited National Independence Party651.212,08192.976712.711,37993.1Ernest KapotaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress4,76290.78086.24,82880.07426.1Z J Kafulubiti Liberal Party4228.01110.94387.3950.8Kafubu(European)Merfyn TempleUnited National Independence Party651.212,03093.268811.611,40793.4Rodney MalcomsonUnited Federal Party4,85392.57696.04,91082.67125.8L B S EscourtLiberal Party3296.31110.93435.8970.8Lower Kafue(African)Robinson PutaUnited National Independence Party932.76,76971.868316.06,17971.4Francis ChembeNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress3,25293.32,57027.23,44280.62,38027.5ElectedI E KalimaLiberal Party1424.1941.01463.4901.0Lower Kafue(European)A TidderUnited National Independence Party752.26,69971.066715.66,10770.6A H DuffNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress190.52132.3400.91922.2Jack EatonUnited Federal Party3,16690.82,30424.43,31477.62,15624.9ElectedG PercyLiberal Party1594.61081.11724.0951.1H J ButlerRhodesia Republican Party682.01091.2781.8991.1Luangwa(African)Isaac MumpanshyaUnited National Independence Party1484.25,41863.876717.64,79962.5Philemon ZindanaUnited Federal Party2,76978.21,64519.42,86065.61,55420.3ElectedAlfred GondweLiberal Party62417.61,42916.873216.81,32117.2Luangwa(European)James John SkinnerUnited National Independence Party1263.65,28562.271716.44,69461.2Charles CousinsNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress2,71176.62,92934.52,90366.62,73735.7ElectedJohn MoffatLiberal Party52514.82092.555312.71812.4A DahlRhodesia Republican Party1795.1690.81864.3620.8Luapula (2 seats)R.H. HorwardLiberal PartyNo candidate achieved the vote share requiredLakement NganduLiberal PartyFrancis StubbsNorthern Rhodesian African National CongressB.C. ChisunkaNorthern Rhodesian African National CongressA.E. BeechUnited Federal PartyA.M.T. MubangaUnited Federal PartyWilson ChakulyaUnited National Independence PartyCharles ThornicroftUnited National Independence PartyZambezi (2 seats)G.B.M. ChalingaBarotse National PartyNo candidate achieved the vote share requiredHarry FranklinLiberal PartyE.N. KamitondoLiberal PartyW.J. CurtisNorthern Rhodesian African National CongressJ.M. MayandaNorthern Rhodesian African National CongressG.A. SmithRhodesia Republic PartyMaurice RabbUnited Federal PartyJ.S.S. AndersonUnited National Independence PartyNakatindi Yeta NgangaUnited National Independence PartySpecial NationalConstituencyKashibhai PatelIndependent (UNIP)1,07162.3 ElectedJ D NaikNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress51930.2I M BagasIndependent1297.5Source: Gray Zulu, Mulford, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Newsletter By-elections Upper rollConstituencyCandidatePartyVotes%NotesLivingstoneJames MacMillanUnited Federal Party1,58472.8ElectedR.V.NayeeUnited National Independence Party41719.2N. MabutweNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress1768.1Invalid/blank votes88–Total2,265100Source: Northern Rhodesia Elections OfficeNorthern Rhodesia – Legislative Council by-elections – December 10, 1962: Analysis of results, Northern Rhodesia Elections Office National seatsConstituencyCandidatePartyVotesNotesEuropean Successful candidates were required to get over 10% of the vote from this rollAfrican Successful candidates were required to get over 10% of the vote from this rollVotes%Votes%Chambeshi (African)D C MwiingaUnited National Independence Party1102.810,32192.2No candidate electedL B LombeNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress3,30284.67426.6H LunguUnited Federal Party49412.61371.2Chambeshi (European)Stewart Gore-BrowneUnited National Independence Party1012.610,56794.3No candidate electedJohn MitchellUnited Federal Party 97.4 5.7Kabompo (2 seats)William NkanzaUnited National Independence Party1404.811,43993.9No candidate electedAndrew SardanisUnited National Independence Party1394.711,36393.2P ByrneUnited Federal Party2,69691.8610.5A H DuffNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress1,22341.66095.0I H NkolomaUnited Federal Party1,58854.12031.7R ManganguNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress883.06935.7Kafubu(African)T D MtineUnited National Independence Party2375.211,00191.9No candidate electedG M KabichiUnited Federal Party4,08490.31461.2J M MayandaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress2014.58276.9Kafubu(European)Joseph ShawUnited National Independence Party1673.711,02692.1No candidate electedRodney MalcomsonUnited Federal Party4,27894.61641.3L TerryNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress771.77846.6Luapula (2 seats)Matthew MwendapoleUnited National Independence Party502.19,76187.0Not electedCharles ThornicroftUnited National Independence Party602.69,69286.5A E BeechUnited Federal Party2,15192.21010.9Francis StubbsNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress62826.91,39012.4ElectedM T MubangaUnited Federal Party1,67271.61361.1Not electedC E KapotaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress1074.61,35212.1Zambezi (2 seats)Job MichelloNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress76434.75,50658.0ElectedMerfyn TempleUnited National Independence Party482.23,58937.8Not electedW J CurtisNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress1336.05,34565.2Nakatindi Yeta NgangaUnited National Independence Party492.23,87840.8Maurice RabbUnited Federal Party1,98390.12072.2G B MapaniBarotse National Party 92442.02362.5G A SmithRhodesia Republican Party31714.41611.7W E BarretIndependent1868.4810.8Source: East Africa and Rhodesia,"U.N.I.P.–A.N.C. Coalition Government for Northern Rhodesia", East Africa and Rhodesia, 20 December 1962, p345 Gray Zulu Aftermath With almost all candidates losing their deposits, the three Liberal Party ministers (John Moffat, Harry Franklin and Alfred Gondwe) resigned immediately after the elections."Northern Rhodesia's First Slide-Rule General Election", East Africa and Rhodesia, 8 November 1962, pp217–218 In mid-November the party announced that it was disbanding, with members advised to join or support UNIP instead."Legislative Council Boycott Threat", East Africa and Rhodesia, 15 November 1962, p243 Nkumbula held talks with both Kaunda and Roberts about the formation of a coalition government, saying he would consider a coalition with UNIP "if Kaunda and his henchmen made a statement unreservedly condemning Communism and the use of violence and intimidation.", and a coalition with the UFP if "thy stated that they wanted to see the end of political federation and its replacement with only an economic association". Kaunda subsequently released a statement stating "I believe that both Mr. Nkumbula and myself should forget the bitterness of the past and do what we can to establish majority rule in this country. On 14 December Governor Evelyn Hone announced the formation of a coalition government by UNIP and the NRARNC. MinisterPartyPositionKenneth KaundaUnited National Independence PartyMinister of Local Government and Social WelfareSimon KapwepweUnited National Independence PartyMinister of African AgricultureHarry NkumbulaNorthern Rhodesian African National CongressMinister of African EducationTrevor GardnerEx officioMinister of FinanceReuben KamangaUnited National Independence PartyMinister of Labour and MinesCharles CousinsNorthern Rhodesian African National CongressMinister of Land and Natural ResourcesBrian Andre DoyleEx officioMinister for Legal Affairs and Attorney GeneralFrederick ThomasEx officioMinister of Native AffairsFrancis StubbsNorthern Rhodesian African National CongressMinister of Transport and WorksRichard LuytEx officioChief SecretarySource: East Africa and Rhodesia See also List of members of the Legislative Council of Northern Rhodesia (1962–1964) References General Category:Parliamentary elections in Zambia Northern Rhodesia Category:Northern Rhodesia Northern Rhodesia Northern Rhodesia