1510 influenza pandemic

none 1500 map by Juan de la Cosa-North up.jpg The 1510 flu pandemic was the first to be chronicled across continents. Influenza Asia, Africa, and Europe Early Summer to Fall of 1510 Unknown, death rate ~1% { "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "1. Sicily & Southern Italy", "description": "First European outbreaks recorded (May 1510)", "marker-symbol": "circle", "marker-color": "#d9534f" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [14.0, 37.5] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "2. Central & Northern Italy", "description": "Rome, Florence, Venice affected (June 1510)", "marker-symbol": "circle", "marker-color": "#f0ad4e" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [12.5, 41.9] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "3. France & Spain", "description": "Rapid transmission across Western Europe (July–August 1510)", "marker-symbol": "circle", "marker-color": "#f0ad4e" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [2.35, 48.85] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "4. Britain & Northern Europe", "description": "Outbreaks recorded in England and the Baltic (Autumn 1510)", "marker-symbol": "circle", "marker-color": "#5bc0de" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [-0.12, 51.5] } } ] } In 1510, an acute respiratory disease emerged in Asia before spreading through North Africa and Europe during the first chronicled, inter-regional flu pandemic generally recognized by medical historians and epidemiologists.Ghendon Youri 1994 Introduction to Pandemic Influenza through History on European Journal of Epidemiology 10 4 451–453 10.1007/BF01719673 3520976 7843353 2258464 freeMorens David Taubengerger Jeffrey Folkers Gregory Fauci Anthony 15 December 2010 Pandemic Influenza's 500th Anniversary Clinical Infectious Diseases 51 12 1442–1444 10.1086/657429 21067353 3106245FORBES JOHN https://books.google.com/books?id=7OQEAAAAQAAJ&q=Coqueluche+in+France+1510&pg=PA108 The British and Foreign Medical Review of Quarterly Journal of Practical Medicine and Surgery 1839 108 enMorens David M. Taubenberger Jeffery K. 27 June 2011 Pandemic influenza: certain uncertainties Reviews in Medical Virology 21 5 262–284 10.1002/rmv.689 1052-9276 3246071 21706672 Influenza-like illnesses had been documented in Europe since at least Charlemagne, with 1357's outbreak the first to be called influenza, but the 1510 flu pandemic is the first to be pathologically describedTrafzer Clifford E. https://books.google.com/books?id=a1QJN9xo3JUC&q=flu+of+1510&pg=PA109 Forgotten Voices: Death Records of the Yakama, 1888-1964 McCoy Robert R. 2009-03-20 Scarecrow Press (Rowman & Littlefield) 978-0-8108-6648-5 Lanham, Maryland 109 enhttps://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101112141130.htm Scientists explore 1510 influenza pandemic and lessons learned ScienceDaily en 2020-03-25 following communication advances brought about by the printing press. Flu became more widely referred to as coqueluche and coccolucio in France and Sicily during this pandemic,https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FLAAAAYAAJ&q=L%27epidemie+de+1510+mezeray&pg=PA332 Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales 1877 Asselin 332 fr 2021-09-09 2020-11-07 https://web.archive.org/web/20210909172120/https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FLAAAAYAAJ&q=L%27epidemie+de+1510+mezeray&pg=PA332 live variations of which became the most popular names for flu in early modern Europe. The pandemic caused significant disruption in government, church, and society with near-universal infectionSchweich Heinrich https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_hZAAAAcAAJ&q=die+epidemie+die+jahres+1510 Die Influenza. Ein historischer und ätiologischer Versuch ... Mit einer Vorrede von ... J. F. C. Hecker Heckler Justus Friedrich Carl 1836 57 de and a mortality rate of around 1%. Asia The 1510 flu is suspected of originating in East Asia, possibly China. Gregor Horst writes in Operum medicorum tombus primus (1661) that the disease came from Asia and spread along trade routes before attacking the Middle East and North Africa. German medical writer Justus Hecker suggested the 1510 influenza most likely came from Asia because of the historical nature of other influenzas to originate there in more recent pandemics. thumb|353x353px|Influenza had spread in North Africa before arriving in Europe. Africa It is generally understood that the 1510 influenza had spread in Africa before Europe. Influenza was likely widespread in North Africa before crossing continents through the Mediterranean, arriving in MaltaStedman Thomas Lathrop https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=DqEwAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&pg=GBS.PA11 Twentieth Century Practice: Infectious diseases 1898 W. Wood New York 11 en 2021-09-09 2020-04-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20210909172116/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=DqEwAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&pg=GBS.PA11 live where British medical historian Thomas Short believed that the "island of Melite in Africa" became the 1510 flu's springboard into Europe.Short Thomas https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=hTMqAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA203 A General Chronological History of the Air, Weather, Seasons, Meteors, &c. in Sundry Places and Different Times: More Particularly for the Space of 250 Years : Together with Some of Their Most Remarkable Effects on Animal (especially Human) Bodies and Vegetables 1749 T. Longman ... and A. Millar London 203 en thumb|146x146px|The disease came to Malta on crews infected in Africa.|left Europe Europe's internationally traveled cities and flu's highly contagious nature enabled its spread through European populations. The 1510 flu disrupted royal courts, church services, and social life across Europe. Contemporary chroniclers and those who have read their accounts observed how entire populations were attacked at once, which is how the disease first received the name influenza (from the belief that such outbreaks were caused by influences like stars or cold).A. Mir Shakil December 2009 History of Swine Flu https://www.proquest.com/openview/774f5d6553eeae3107b5b114f055b64f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=54966 JK Science PG Department of Pharmacology, Govt Medical College, Srinagar 8 163 ProQuest Turin professor Francisco Vallerioli (aka Valleriola) writes that the 1510 flu featured "Constriction of breathing, and beginning with a hoarseness of voice and... shivering. Not long after that there being a cooked humor which fills the lungs." Physicians like Valleriola described the 1510 flu as more fatal to childrenVaughan Warren Taylor https://books.google.com/books?id=Lhc6AQAAMAAJ Influenza: An Epidemiologic Study 14 June 2013 1921 American journal of hygiene 9780598840387 Baltimore, Maryland 157 en and those who were bled. Lawyer Francesco Muralto noted that "the disease killed 10 people out of a thousand in one day," supporting a fatality rate of around 1%. Sicily and the Italian Kingdoms thumb|Flu arrived in Sicily from Malta, and quickly spread along the Italian coast. The first cases of influenza began to appear in Sicily around JulyAlibrandi Rosamaria When early modern Europe caught the flu. A scientific account of pandemic influenza in sixteenth century Sicily Medicina Historica 2 19–25 after the arrival of infected merchant ships from Malta.Parkin John https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=9RcDAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA35 Epidemiology; or, The remote cause of epidemic diseases in the animal and in the vegetable creation 1880 J. and A. Churchill enhttps://books.google.com/books?id=Xbo0AQAAMAAJ&q=La+coqueluche+de+1510&pg=PA220 Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales: publié sous la direction de MM. les docteurs Raige-Delorme et A. Dechambre 1882 P. Asselin, S' de Labé, V. Masson et fils 220 fr In Sicily it was commonly called coccolucio for the hood (resembling a coqueluchon - a kind of monk's cowl) the sick often wore over their heads.Potter C. W. 2001 A history of influenza Journal of Applied Microbiology en 91 4 572–579 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x 11576290 26392163 1365-2672 freeBeveridge W.I.B 1991 The Chronicle of Influenza Epidemics History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 13 2 223–234 1724803Thomson Theophilus https://books.google.com/books?id=INc0AQAAMAAJ Annals of Influenza or Epidemic Catarrhal Fever in Great Britain 1852 The Sydenham Society Instituted 3–4 14 March 2020 Influenza quickly spread out along the Mediterranean coasts of Italy and southern France via merchant ships leaving the island. In Emilia-Romagna, Tommasino de' Bianchi recorded the recovery of Modena's first cases on 13 July 1510, writing that in the city "there appears an illness that lasts three days with a great fever, and headache and then they rise... but there remains a terrible cough that lasts maybe eight days, and then they recover."Morens David North Michael Taubenberger Jeffrey 4 December 2011 Eyewitness accounts of the 1510 influenza pandemic in Europe Lancet 367 9756 1894–1895 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62204-0 21155080 3180818 This data would indicate that the first cases of flu, which has an incubation period of one to four days, began to fall ill in the Emilia-Romagna region around late June or early July. Pope Julius II attributed the outbreaks in Rome and the Holy See to God's wrath. Central Europe thumb|Achilles Gasser mentions an epidemic of "catarrhal fever" in upper Germany.|alt=|259x259px Flu spread over the Alps into Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire. In Switzerland it is documented as being called das Gruppie by the Mellingen chronicler Anton Tegenfeld,Karsten Gustaf https://books.google.com/books?id=VF-qD7s4txoC&pg=PA513 The Journal of English and German Philology University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 1920 Urbana-Champaign 513 the flu nickname then preferred by German-speaking Europeans. A respiratory illness seemed to have menaced the Canton of Aargua in June, with the population falling ill with sniffling, coughing, and fatigue.Schindler Wolfgang https://books.google.com/books?id=3OetxIToFvIC&q=das+gruppie+1510+coqueluche&pg=PA344 Grippe, Kamm und Eulenspiegel: Festschrift für Elmar Seebold zum 65. Geburtstag Untermann Jürgen Walter de Gruyter 1999 978-3-11-015617-1 244 de German physician Achilles Gasser recorded a deadly epidemic spreading over the Holy Roman Empire's upper kingdoms, branching into the cities and the "whole mankind:" Mira qua edam Epidemia mortales per urbes hanc totamque adeo superiorem Germaniam corripiebat, qua aegri IV vel V ad summum dies molestissimis destillationibus laborabant ac ration privati instar phrenicorum furebant, atque inde iterum convalescebant, paucissimis ad Gorcum demissis. André de Burgo's letters dated 24 August 1510 indicate Margaret of Austria had to intervene at a royal assembly between her father, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and Louis XII of France because the King of France was too sick with "coqueluche" to be spoken to.Louis X. I. I. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=7b2c3BKPPVgC&pg=GBS.PA287 Lettres du roi Louis XII et du cardinal Georges d'Amboise: depuis 1504 à 1514 Godefroy 1712 Foppens 287–288 fr Influenza spread out from the Holy Roman Empire towards Northern Europe, the Baltic states, and west towards France and England. France thumb|It quickly spread to France's southern port cities first, then westward from the Alps to Paris.|left Arriving aboard infected sailors from Sicily, influenza struck the Kingdom of France through the ports of Marseille and Nice and spread through the international crowds of the shipyards. Merchants, pilgrims, and other travelers from the south and east spread the virus throughout the western Mediterranean in July. It was referred to as "cephalie catarrhal" among French physicians, but more commonly just called coqueluche.Katona Mihaly https://books.google.com/books?id=CapNAAAAcAAJ Abhandlung über die Grippe (Influenza) in Wien in dem Jahre 1833 1833 Edl. v. Schmid 25–27 deDesruelles Henry-Marie-Joseph https://books.google.com/books?id=Go9fAAAAcAAJ&q=coqueluche+de+1510&pg=PA22 Traite De La Coqueluche, d'apres les Principes de la Doctrine Physiologique J. B. Bailliere 1827 Paris 22 fr Historian François Eudes de Mézeray traced the etymology of "coqueluche" to an outbreak during the 1410s during which sufferers wore hoods resembling coqueluchons, a kind of monk's cowl.Doyen Guillaume Le https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=wz5wdUawOpoC&pg=GBS.PP1 Annalles et chronicques du pais de Laval et parties circonvoisines depuis l'an de Nostre Seigneur Ihesu-Crist 1480 jusqú à l'année 1537, avec un préambule retrospectif du temps anticque jadis 1857 H. Godbert 134 fr French surgeon Ambroise Paré described the outbreak as having been a "rheumatic affliction of the head...with constriction of the heart and lungs." By August it had appeared in Tours and after it had propagated itself throughout France over summer, sickening the entire country by September.Corradi Alfonso https://books.google.com/books?id=EMFdvvQlL4AC&q=Influenza+de+1510+spain&pg=PA20 Annali delle epidemie occorse in Italia dalle prime memorie fino al 1850 scritti da Alfonso Corradi: Dal 1501 a tutto il 1600 con una tavola delle cose piu memorabili si della 1. che della 2. parte 1867 Tipi Gamberini e Parmeggiani 19 it French poet and historian Jean Bouchet, employed by King Louis XII's Royal Court, wrote that the epidemic "appeared in the entire Kingdom of France, as much in the towns as in the countryside." Coqueluche filled up the hospitals in France.https://books.google.com/books?id=Ze3I8lnlJAQC&q=l%27epidemie+de+1510 La Revue Mondial Harvard University 1919 Cambridge, MA 262 King Louis XII's National Assembly of Bishops, Prelates, and university professors scheduled for September 1510 was delayed because of the intensity of the flu in Paris. Jean Fernel (aka Fernelius), physician to Henry III of France, compares the 1557 influenza to the 1510 epidemic which attacked everyone with fever, a heaviness in their head, and profound coughing.https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=DqEwAAAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA11 Twentieth Century Practice: An International Encyclopedia of Modern Medical Science by Leading Authors of Europe and America W. Wood 1898 Stedman Thomas 15 New York 11 Up to 1000 Parisians per day were dying at the height of the "1510 peste."https://books.google.com/books?id=7yzFlQ-YzTsC&q=1000+personnes+chaque+jour+peste+1510 Quintessence de l'économie politique transcendante à l'usage des électeurs et des philosophes par le baron de Münster 1842 Dutertre 72 fr Mézeray mentions that it disrupted judicial proceedings and colleges, and that the 1510 flu was more widespread and deadly in France than in other countries.Bergeron Georges https://books.google.com/books?id=i_--syugmU8C Des Caractèrs Généraux des Affections Catarrhals Aigues 1874 A. Delahaye 35 fr thumb|François Eudes de Mézeray had access to original documents describing the influenza of 1510. Cardinal Georges d'Amboise, a close friend and advisor to the King of France, is sometimes believed to have died of influenza since his health sharply declined after arriving in Lyons in May 1510.Wright Thomas https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=XstBAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA612 The History of France: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time 1856 London Print. and Publishing Company London A.D. 1510 en The cardinal, also known as Monseigneur le Ledat, made his final testimony and recited Sacraments around 22 MayLouis X. I. I. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=7b2c3BKPPVgC&pg=GBS.PA233 Lettres du roi Louis XII et du cardinal Georges d'Amboise: depuis 1504 à 1514 Godefroy 1712 Foppens 233 fr before he died on the 25th. His sudden decline in health and flu's arrival in Europe around early summer have created uncertainty as to whether he died of gout or influenza, but "coqueluche" is not mentioned in French royal correspondence that year until August. England and Ireland British medical historian Charles Creighton claimed there is one foreign account of the 1510 flu in England,Creighton Charles https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=CyoJAAAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA399 A History of Epidemics in Britain ... 1891 The University Press Cambridge, UK 399–400 en but did not elaborate. Fernel and Paré suggested that the 1510 influenza "spread to almost all countries of the world" (not concerning Spain's territories in the New World). An epidemiological study of past influenza pandemics reviewing previous medical historians' data has found England was affected in 1510https://books.google.com/books?id=x7SJoXpeUrAC The American Journal of Hygiene: Monographic series 1921 Johns Hopkins Press 7 en and there were reports of symptoms like "gastrodynia" and noteworthy murrain among cattle.Kilbourne E. D. https://books.google.com/books?id=ybkpBgAAQBAJ&q=1510+influenza&pg=PA6 Influenza 2012-12-06 Springer Science & Business Media 978-1-4684-5239-6 New York 6 en The 1510 flu is also recorded to have reached Ireland. Spain and Portugal thumb|left|Influenza spread to Spain and Portugal around the same time it reached the Alps.|302x302px Influenza reached the Iberian Peninsula early after Italy, due to the highly interconnected trade and pilgrimage routes between Spain, Portugal, and the Italian kingdoms. Cases began to appear in Portugal around the same time the disease entered the Holy Roman Empire. Spanish cities were reportedly "dispopulated" by the 1510 flu.Ryan Jeffrey R. https://books.google.com/books?id=t13C_eWhOX4C&q=spanish+cities+were+dispopulated&pg=PA16 Pandemic Influenza: Emergency Planning and Community Preparedness 2008-08-01 CRC Press 978-1-4200-6088-1 16 en The Americas thumb|Influenza previously attacked the Island of Santo Domingo in 1493 with severe consequences. |322x322px thumb|Graph of population decline in central Mexico caused by successive epidemics Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas There are no records of influenza affecting the New World in 1510,Morens David North Michael Taubenberger Jeffrey 4 December 2011 Eyewitness accounts of the 1510 influenza pandemic in Europe Lancet 367 9756 1894–1895 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62204-0 3180818 21155080 even though Spain was sending fleets of ships across the Atlantic. The first recorded flu outbreak in the New World had afflicted the Isle of Santo Domingo (Now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) in 1493.Guerre, M.D. Francisco Fall 1988 The Earliest American Epidemic: The Influenza of 1493 Social Science History 12 3 305–325 10.1017/S0145553200018599 11618144 46540669 Medicine and treatment Blistering on the back of the head and shoulders was one form of treatment prescribed in Europe for the flu. Paré regarded the common treatments of bloodletting and purgation to be especially dangerous to 1510's flu patients. Supraorbital pain and vision problems were symptoms of coqueluche, so sufferers may have felt tempted to wear hoods due to light sensitivity. Short describes some medicinal treatments for the 1510 flu including "Bole Armoniac, oily lintus, pectoral troches, and decoctions." Origin of 1510 influenza Justus Hecker and John Parkin presumed the 1510 influenza originated from East Asia because of the historical nature of other influenza pandemics to originate there,Hecker Justus Friedrich Carl https://books.google.com/books?id=Xf5CAQAAIAAJ&q=1510 The epidemics of the middle ages Babington Benjamin Guy 1859 Trübner & co. London 202–205 enGordon Sir Charles Alexander https://books.google.com/books?id=KC0AAAAAQAAJ&q=history+of+epidemics+in+china+1510&pg=PA348 An Epitome of the Reports of the Medical Officers to the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service, from 1871 to 1882: With Chapters on the History of Medicine in China, Materia Medica, Epidemics, Famine, Ethnology, and Chronology in Relation to Medicine and Public Health 1884 Baillière, Tindall, and Cox London 348 en while in 1661 Gregor Horst wrote that the 1510 flu spread along trade routes from East Asia to Africa before reaching Europe. Influenza viruses sometimes leap from Asia's migratory water fowl after massive migrations congregate near water sources for humans and domesticated animals, in which cross-species infections trigger antigenic shift and create new strains of flu human beings have little immunity to.http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/PH709_Influenza/PH709_Influenza4.html The Origin of New Flu Strains sphweb.bumc.bu.edu en 2020-03-25 2015-02-15 https://web.archive.org/web/20150215045255/http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/PH709_Influenza/PH709_Influenza4.html live European chroniclers noticed that the 1510 influenza did appear in North Africa before Europe, which has led some medical historians to suggest it may have developed thereBray R. S. https://books.google.com/books?id=cRHbDwAAQBAJ&q=1510+influenza+pandemic+asia&pg=PA196 Armies of Pestilence: The Impact of Disease on History ISD LLC 1996 978-0-7188-4816-3 Cambridge, England 196–197 en (parts of North Africa also lie along migratory bird ways, specifically the east Africa-West Asia and Black Sea-Mediterranean routes, that make it vulnerable to spontaneous reassortment of pandemic flu viruses).Baghi Hossein Bannazadeh Soroush Mohammad Hossein 2018-05-01 Influenza: the role of the Middle East and north Africa? The Lancet Infectious Diseases en 18 5 498 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30213-5 1473-3099 29695361 free Debunking suggestions of whooping cough The 1510 "coqueluche" has been recognized as influenza by modern epidemiologists and medical historians.Dunglison, M.D. Robley https://books.google.com/books?id=wj1DAQAAIAAJ&q=1557+influenza&pg=PA278 The Practice of Medicine: A Treatise on Special Pathology and Therapeutics 2 March 2011 1848 Lea and Blanchard Philadelphia, PA 278 9780608426761 enVaughan Warren Taylor https://books.google.com/books?id=Lhc6AQAAMAAJ&q=AUgust+hirsch+influenza&pg=PA4 Influenza: An Epidemiologic Study 14 June 2013 1921 American journal of hygiene 978-0-598-84038-7 4 en Suggestions that the 1510 coqueluche was whooping cough have been doubtedhttps://books.google.com/books?id=lB5KAQAAMAAJ&q=whooping+cough+epidemics&pg=PA3 Whooping Cough: Essential Facts Concerning Whooping Cough, Its Prevention and Treatment with Appropriate Vaccines 1920 Eli Lilly & Company Indianapolis, Indiana 3 en because adult sufferers often experienced "precipitous" symptoms described by contemporaries like Tommasino de Bianchi or Valleriola as high fever for 3 days, headache, prostration, loss of sleep and appetite, delirium, a cough most severe on the 5th to 10th days,https://books.google.com/books?id=P9dNAQAAMAAJ&q=coqueluche+of+1510&pg=PA542 Encyclopedia of Practical Medicine: Variolla, Vaccination, Vericella, Cholera, Erysipelas, Whooping Cough, Hay Fever 1902 Saunders 542 enDecember 21, 1918 Stedman Thomas Paris Epidemics of the XVI Century https://books.google.com/books?id=Kt0yAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1076 Medical Record M.M. Wood & Co. 94 1076 lung congestion, and slow recovery beginning on the second week. Adults with pertussis will usually cough for weeks before becoming gradually more ill then recovering over a period of months.https://foundation.chestnet.org/patient-education-resources/pertussis/ Pertussis CHEST Foundation en-US 2020-04-04https://books.google.com/books?id=IcQkAQAAIAAJ&q=holland+whooping+cough+epidemic+1746&pg=PA120 American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality: Transactions of the Annual Meeting - Milwaukee, October 19-21, 1916 Franklin Printing Company 1917 Baltimore 126 en The coqueluche of 1510 is considered to be influenza by experts because of its sudden symptoms, explosive spread, and timelines of sickness to recovery. The first outbreak of whooping cough to be agreed on by most medical historians is Guillaume de Baillou's description of an outbreak in Paris in 1578. References Category:1510s disasters Category:1510 in health Category:16th-century disease outbreaks Category:1510 in Europe Category:Influenza pandemics Category:16th-century epidemics Category:Pope Julius II Category:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor