100% renewable energy

Exclusively using renewable resources for all energy August 2026 thumb|The Shepherds Flat Wind Farm is an 845 megawatt (MW) wind farm in the U.S. state of Oregon. thumb|The 550 MW Desert Sunlight Solar Farm in California thumb|The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River, China thumb|The Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Plant in Þingvellir, Iceland thumb|The 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility in California: The facility's three towers. thumbnail| Construction of the Salt Tanks, which provide efficient thermal energy storageWright, Matthew; Hearps, Patrick; et al. Australian Sustainable Energy: Zero Carbon Australia Stationary Energy Plan https://web.archive.org/web/20151124173114/http://media.bze.org.au/ZCA2020_Stationary_Energy_Report_v1.pdf 24 November 2015 , Energy Research Institute, University of Melbourne, October 2010, p. 33. Retrieved from BeyondZeroEmissions.org website. so that output can be provided after the sun goes down, and output can be scheduled to meet demand requirements.Innovation in Concentrating Thermal Solar Power (CSP), RenewableEnergyFocus.com website. The 280 MW Solana Generating Station is designed to provide six hours of energy storage. This allows the plant to generate about 38 percent of its rated capacity over the course of a year. http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2013/10/solana_10_facts_you_didnt_know.php Solana: 10 Facts You Didn't Know About the Concentrated Solar Power Plant Near Gila Bend Ray Stern Phoenix New Times 10 October 2013 thumb|Comparing trends in worldwide energy use. The growth of renewable energy to 2015 is the green line.Statistical Review of World Energy, Workbook (xlsx), London, 2016 100% renewable energy is the goal of using fully renewable resources for all electric energy consumption. 100% renewable energy for electricity, heating, cooling and transport is motivated by greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and other environmental issues, as well as economic and energy security concerns. Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system, since most of today's energy is derived from non-renewable fossil fuels. Research into this topic is fairly new, with few studies published before 2009, but has gained increasing attention in recent years. A cross-sectoral, holistic approach is seen as an important feature of 100% renewable energy systems and is based on the assumption "that the best solutions can be found only if one focuses on the synergies between the sectors" of the energy system such as electricity, heat, transport or industry.Hansen Kenneth etal 2019 Status and perspectives on 100% renewable energy systems Energy 175 471–480 10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.092 The great majority of all publications highlights the technical feasibility and economic viability of 100% RE systems. free 2019Ene...175..471H Feasibility No uniform definition for 100% renewable energy systems has been adopted across the published literature. Recent studies show that a global transition to 100% renewable energy across all sectors – power, heat, transport and desalination well before 2050 is feasible.Bogdanov Dmitrii Gulagi Ashish Fasihi Mahdi Breyer Christian 2021-02-01 Full energy sector transition toward 100% renewable energy supply: Integrating power, heat, transport and industry sectors including desalination Applied Energy en 283 116273 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116273 0306-2619 free 2021ApEn..28316273B https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2 Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals 2019 10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2 978-3-030-05842-5 198078901 Teske Sven Cheap, safe 100% renewable energy possible before 2050, says Finnish uni study https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/cheap_safe_100_renewable_energy_possible_before_2050_says_finnish_uni_study/10736252 2021-06-18 Yle Uutiset 12 April 2019 enGulagi Ashish Alcanzare Myron Bogdanov Dmitrii Esparcia Eugene Ocon Joey Breyer Christian 2021-07-01 Transition pathway towards 100% renewable energy across the sectors of power, heat, transport, and desalination for the Philippines Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews en 144 110934 10.1016/j.rser.2021.110934 1364-0321 free 2021RSERv.14410934G According to a review of the 181 peer-reviewed papers on 100% renewable energy that were published until 2018, "[t]he great majority of all publications highlights the technical feasibility and economic viability of 100% RE systems." A review of 97 papers published since 2004 and focusing on islands concluded that across the studies 100% renewable energy was found to be "technically feasible and economically viable."Meschede Henning Bertheau Paul Khalili Siavash Breyer Christian 2022-06-24 A review of 100% renewable energy scenarios on islands WIREs Energy and Environment 11 6 e450 en 10.1002/wene.450 250061841 2041-8396 free 2022WIREE..11E.450M A 2022 review found that the main conclusion of most of the literature in the field is that 100% renewables is feasible worldwide at low cost.Breyer Christian Khalili Siavash Bogdanov Dmitrii Ram Manish Oyewo Ayobami Solomon Aghahosseini Arman Gulagi Ashish Solomon A. A. Keiner Dominik Lopez Gabriel Østergaard Poul Alberg Lund Henrik Mathiesen Brian V. Jacobson Mark Z. Victoria Marta Teske Sven Pregger Thomas Fthenakis Vasilis Raugei Marco Holttinen Hannele Bardi Ugo Hoekstra Auke Sovacool Benjamin K. On the History and Future of 100% Renewable Energy Systems Research IEEE Access 2022 10 78176–78218 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3193402 2169-3536 free 2022IEEEA..1078176B 50px Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. News article: Shakeel Fatima The World Can Achieve A 100% Renewable Energy System By 2050, Researchers Say https://wonderfulengineering.com/renewable-energy-systems-could-be-possible-by-2050/ 23 August 2022 Wonderful Engineering 12 August 2022 University press release: Researchers agree: The world can reach a 100% renewable energy system by or before 2050 - Oxford Brookes University https://www.brookes.ac.uk/about-brookes/news/researchers-agree--the-world-can-reach-a-100--renewable-energy-system-by-or-before-2050/ 1 September 2022 Oxford Brookes University Existing technologies, including storage, are capable of generating a secure energy supply at every hour throughout the year. The sustainable energy system is more efficient and cost effective than the existing system.Ram M. http://energywatchgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/EWG_LUT_100RE_All_Sectors_Global_Report_2019.pdf Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy – Power, Heat, Transport and Desalination Sectors Bogdanov D. Aghahosseini A. Gulagi A. Lappeenranta University of Technology Energy Watch Group 2019 978-952-335-339-8 2243-3376 Ram et al. 2019 11 March 2021 1 April 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210401183622/http://energywatchgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/EWG_LUT_100RE_All_Sectors_Global_Report_2019.pdf The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated in their 2011 report that there is little that limits integrating renewable technologies for satisfying the total global energy demand. Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy program, says that producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible, and that existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050.Jacobson Mark Z. Delucchi Mark A. Cameron Mary A. Coughlin Stephen J. Hay Catherine A. Manogaran Indu Priya Shu Yanbo Krauland Anna-Katharina von 20 December 2019 Impacts of Green New Deal Energy Plans on Grid Stability, Costs, Jobs, Health, and Climate in 143 Countries One Earth en 1 4 449–463 2019AGUFMPA32A..01J 10.1016/j.oneear.2019.12.003 2590-3330 free Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic".Koumoundouros Tessa 27 December 2019 Stanford Researchers Have an Exciting Plan to Tackle The Climate Emergency Worldwide https://www.sciencealert.com/stanford-researchers-have-a-plan-to-tackle-the-climate-emergency live https://web.archive.org/web/20200310161932/https://www.sciencealert.com/stanford-researchers-have-a-plan-to-tackle-the-climate-emergency 10 March 2020 5 January 2020 ScienceAlert en-gb Jacobson says that energy costs today with a wind, solar, and water system should be similar to today's energy costs from other optimally cost-effective strategies.Delucchi Mark A Jacobson Mark Z 2011 Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part II: Reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies Energy Policy 39 3 1170–90 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.045 2011EnPol..39.1170D The main obstacle against this scenario is the lack of political will.Armaroli Nicola Nicola Armaroli Balzani Vincenzo Vincenzo Balzani 2011 Towards an electricity-powered world Energy and Environmental Science 4 9 3193–3222 [3216] 10.1039/c1ee01249e 1752800 His conclusions have been disputed by other researchers.Scientists Sharply Rebut Influential Renewable-Energy Plan https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608126/in-sharp-rebuttal-scientists-squash-hopes-for-100-percent-renewables/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20200225034102/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608126/in-sharp-rebuttal-scientists-squash-hopes-for-100-percent-renewables/ 25 February 2020 26 June 2020 Jacobson published a response that disputed the piece point by pointFrew Bethany A. Cameron Mary A. Delucchi Mark A. Jacobson Mark Z. 27 June 2017 The United States can keep the grid stable at low cost with 100% clean, renewable energy in all sectors despite inaccurate claims Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences en 114 26 E5021–E5023 2017PNAS..114E5021J 10.1073/pnas.1708069114 0027-8424 5495290 28630350 free and claimed that the authors were motivated by allegiance to energy technologies that the 2015 paper excluded. Jacobson says that energy costs today with a wind, solar, and water system should be similar to today's energy costs from other optimally cost-effective strategies and he has rebutted their criticisms.Delucchi Mark A Jacobson Mark Z 2011 Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part II: Reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies https://archive.org/details/sim_energy-policy_2011-03_39_3/page/1170 Energy Policy 39 3 1170–90 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.045 2011EnPol..39.1170D https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/19/151141/in-sharp-rebuttal-scientists-squash-hopes-for-100-percent-renewables/ Scientists Sharply Rebut Influential Renewable-Energy Plan MIT Technology Review A followup paper was published by Jacobson and others in 2022, in which paths to 100% renewable energy by 2035 and 2050 were developed for 145 countries.Jacobson Mark Z. von Krauland Anna-Katharina Coughlin Stephen J. Dukas Emily Nelson Alexander J. H. Palmer Frances C. Rasmussen Kylie R. 2022 Low-cost solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy insecurity for 145 countries http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D2EE00722C Energy & Environmental Science en 15 8 3343–3359 10.1039/D2EE00722C 1754-5692 250126767 subscription The study concluded that a wind-water-solar (WWS) based system "requires less energy, costs less, and creates more jobs than business as usual". The cost reduction was primarily due to the substantial (-56.4%) decrease in overall energy demand thanks to the increased efficiency of relying on renewable electricity for all energy needs. In 2014, renewable sources such as wind, geothermal, solar, biomass, and burnt waste provided 19% of the total energy consumed worldwide, with roughly half of that coming from traditional use of biomass. Armaroli Nicola Nicola Armaroli Vincenzo Balzani Balzani Vincenzo 2016 Solar Electricity and Solar Fuels: Status and Perspectives in the Context of the Energy Transition Chemistry – A European Journal 22 1 32–57 10.1002/chem.201503580 26584653 The largest sector in terms of energy consumption is electricity with a renewable share of 22.8%, most of it coming from hydropower with a share of 16.6%, followed by wind with 3.1%. 2018, according to REN21, transformation is picking up speed in the power sector, but urgent action is required in heating, cooling and transport.Renewables Global Status Report http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/ REN21 15 May 2019 There are many places around the world with grids that are run almost exclusively on renewable energy below. At the national level, at least 30 nations already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of the energy supply.Ritchie Hannah Hannah Ritchie Roser Max Max Roser 2020-12-17 Renewable Energy https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy Our World in Data Renewable energy use has grown more quickly than even advocates anticipated. 2019, however, it needs to grow six times faster to limit global warming to 2 C-change F-change 1. Global energy transformation: A roadmap to 2050 (2019 edition) https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Apr/Global-energy-transformation-A-roadmap-to-2050-2019Edition 21 April 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190418182733/https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Apr/Global-energy-transformation-A-roadmap-to-2050-2019Edition 18 April 2019 Energy transition 100% renewable energy is an energy system where all energy use is sourced from renewable energy sources. The endeavor to use 100% renewable energy for electricity, heating/cooling and transport is motivated by global warming, pollution and other environmental issues, as well as economic and energy security concerns. Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system, since most of today's energy is derived from non-renewable fossil fuels. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. Renewable energy use has grown more quickly than even advocates anticipated.Paul Gipe 4 April 2013 100 Percent Renewable Vision Building http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/04/100-percent-renewable-vision-building live https://web.archive.org/web/20141010022631/http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/04/100-percent-renewable-vision-building 10 October 2014 26 June 2020 Renewable Energy World 2019, however, it needs to grow six times faster to limit global warming to 2 C-change F-change 1.Global energy transformation: A roadmap to 2050 (2019 edition) https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Apr/Global-energy-transformation-A-roadmap-to-2050-2019Edition https://web.archive.org/web/20190418182733/https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Apr/Global-energy-transformation-A-roadmap-to-2050-2019Edition 18 April 2019 21 April 2019 100% renewable energy in a country is typically a more challenging goal than carbon neutrality. The latter is a climate mitigation target, politically decided by many countries, and may also be achieved by balancing the total carbon footprint of the country (not only emissions from energy and fuel) with carbon dioxide removal and carbon projects abroad. 2018 according to REN21 transformation is picking up speed in the power sector, but urgent action is required in heating, cooling and transport.Renewables Global Status Report http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20190614215814/http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/ 14 June 2019 15 May 2019 REN21 There are many places around the world with grids that are run almost exclusively on renewable energy. At the national level, at least 30 nations already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of the energy supply.Aggarwal T. M. Environmental Control in Thermal Power Plants CRC Press 2021 978-1-003-17546-9 1st 195 Energy and Environment 10.1201/9781003175469 According to a review of the 181 peer-reviewed papers on 100% renewable energy published until 2018, "[t]he great majority of all publications highlights the technical feasibility and economic viability of 100% RE systems." While there are still many publications that focus on electricity only, there is a growing number of papers that cover different energy sectors and sector-coupled, integrated energy systems. This cross-sectoral, holistic approach is seen as an important feature of 100% renewable energy systems and is based on the assumption "that the best solutions can be found only if one focuses on the synergies between the sectors" of the energy system such as electricity, heat, transport or industry.Hansen Kenneth etal 2019 Status and perspectives on 100% renewable energy systems Energy 175 471–480 10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.092 free 2019Ene...175..471H Stephen W. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow of Princeton University have developed a series of "climate stabilization wedges" that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change, and "renewable energy sources", in aggregate, constitute the largest number of their "wedges".Pacala S Socolow R 2004 Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies Science 305 5686 968–72 2004Sci...305..968P 10.1126/science.1100103 15310891 2203046 Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that "sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security, and the escalation of energy costs ... Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand."National Research Council http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12619 Electricity from Renewable Resources: Status, Prospects, and Impediments 2010 National Academies of Science 978-0-309-13708-9 4 26 June 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20140327124031/http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12619 27 March 2014 live The main barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low-carbon energy strategies are political rather than technological. According to the 2013 Post Carbon Pathways report, which reviewed many international studies, the key roadblocks are: climate change denial, the fossil fuels lobby, political inaction, unsustainable energy consumption, outdated energy infrastructure, and financial constraints.John Wiseman etal April 2013 Post Carbon Pathways https://cpd.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Post-Carbon-Pathways-Report-2013_Revised.pdf live https://web.archive.org/web/20200524130823/https://cpd.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Post-Carbon-Pathways-Report-2013_Revised.pdf 24 May 2020 26 June 2020 University of Melbourne Studies have shown that Southeast Asia countries could achieve almost 100% renewable elecitricity based on solar, wind, and off-river pumped hydro energy storage at a competitive LCOE of around US$55–115/MWh.Lu Bin Andrew Blakers Stocks Matt Do Thang Nam Low-cost, low-emission 100% renewable electricity in Southeast Asia supported by pumped hydro storage Energy 2021 236 December 2021, 121387 121387 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121387 free 2021Ene...23621387L 1885/296681 free History #Recent developments Using 100% renewable energy was first suggested in a paper in Science Bent Sørensen Bent Sørensen (physicist) A plan is outlined according to which solar and wind energy would supply Denmark's needs by the year 2050 https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1975-07-25_189_4199/page/255 25 July 1975 Science 189 4199 255–260 10.1126/science.189.4199.255 17813696 1975Sci...189..255S 220099848 0036-8075 published in 1975 by Danish physicist Bent Sørensen, which was followed by several other proposals. In 1976, energy policy analyst Amory Lovins coined the term "soft energy path" to describe an alternative future where energy efficiency and appropriate renewable energy sources steadily replace a centralized energy system based on fossil and nuclear fuels.https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/07/the-elusive-green-economy/7554/ The Elusive Green Economy Green, Joshua July–August 2009 The Atlantic thumb|Timeline of selected key milestones of 100% renewable energy systems research In 1998, the first detailed analysis of scenarios with high shares of renewables were published. These were followed by the first detailed 100% scenarios. In 2006, a PhD thesis was published by Czisch in which it was shown that in a 100% renewable scenario energy supply could match demand in every hour of the year in Europe and North Africa. In the same year, Danish Energy professor Henrik Lund published a first paper Lund Henrik Henrik Lund (academic) 2006 Large-scale integration of optimal combinations of PV, wind and wave power into the electricity supply Renewable Energy 31 4 503–515 10.1016/j.renene.2005.04.008 2006REne...31..503L in which he addresses the optimal combination of renewables, which was followed by several other papers on the transition to 100% renewable energy in Denmark. Since then, Lund has been publishing several papers on 100% renewable energy. After 2009, publications began to rise steeply, covering 100% scenarios for countries in Europe, America, Australia and other parts of the world. thumb|Development of peer-reviewed journal articles based on 100% RE system analyses for concrete geographic entities Even in the early 21st century, it was extraordinary for scientists and decision-makers to consider the concept of 100% renewable electricity. However, renewable energy progress has been so rapid that things have totally changed since then: Solar photovoltaic modules have dropped about 75 percent in price. Current scientific and technological advances in the laboratory suggest that they may become less expensive than the cost of installation of a photovoltaic system on residential or commercial buildings. On-shore wind power is spreading over all continents and is economically competitive with fossil and nuclear power in several regions. Concentrated solar thermal power (CST) with thermal storage has moved from the demonstration stage of maturity to the limited commercial stage and still has the potential for further cost reductions of about 50 percent. http://reneweconomy.com.au/2013/another-myth-busted-on-the-road-to-100-renewable-electricity-52178 Another Myth Busted on the Road to 100% Renewable Electricity Mark Diesendorf 4 April 2013 Reneweconomy.com.au Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates had anticipated. Wind turbines generate 39 Elproduktion https://www.energinet.dk/DA/KLIMA-OG-MILJOE/Miljoerapportering/Termisk-produktion/Sider/Termisk-produktion.aspx energinet.dk 21 February 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160302062337/https://www.energinet.dk/DA/KLIMA-OG-MILJOE/Miljoerapportering/Termisk-produktion/Sider/Termisk-produktion.aspx 2 March 2016 percent of Danish electricity, and Denmark has many biogas digesters and waste-to-energy plants as well. Together, wind and biomass provide 44% of the electricity consumed by the country's six million inhabitants. In 2010, Portugal's 10 million people produced more than half their electricity from indigenous renewable energy resources. Spain's 40 million inhabitants meet one-third of their electrical needs from renewables.http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/04/100-percent-renewable-vision-building 100 Percent Renewable Vision Building Paul Gipe 4 April 2013 Renewable Energy World Renewable energy has a history of strong public support. In America, for example, a 2013 Gallup survey showed that two in three Americans want the U.S. to increase domestic energy production using solar power (76%), wind power (71%), and natural gas (65%). Far fewer want more petroleum production (46%) and more nuclear power (37%). Least favored is coal, with about one in three Americans favouring it.http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/04/americans-want-more-emphasis-on-solar-wind-natural-gas Americans Want More Emphasis on Solar, Wind, Natural Gas Dennis Jacobe 9 April 2013 Renewable Energy World REN21 says renewable energy already plays a significant role and there are many policy targets that aim to increase this: At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond, and some 120 countries have various policy targets for longer-term shares of renewable energy, including a binding 20% by 2020 target for the European Union. Some countries have much higher long-term policy targets of up to 100% renewables. Outside Europe, a diverse group of 20 or more other countries target renewable energy shares in the 2020–2030 time frame that range from 10% to 50%.https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/REN21_GFR_2013.pdf Renewables Global Futures Report 2013 2013 REN21, Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies Supporters of 100% renewable energy do not consider nuclear power as renewable or sustainable due to perceived risks of disasters and high-level waste management, and consider carbon capture and storage to have limited safe storage potential.10.1002/wene.128 74–97 Trends toward 100% renewable electricity supply in Germany and Europe: A paradigm shift in energy policies Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment 4 2015 Hohmeyer Olav H Bohm Sönke 1 2015WIREE...4...74H 109863320 These constraints have also led to an interest in 100% renewable energy. A well established body of academic literature has been written over the past decadeNovember 2019, evaluating scenarios for 100% renewable energy for various geographical areas. In recent yearsNovember 2019, more detailed analyses have emerged from government and industry sources.10.1016/j.enpol.2013.03.038 270–82 Least cost 100% renewable electricity scenarios in the Australian National Electricity Market Energy Policy 59 2013 Elliston Ben MacGill Iain Diesendorf Mark 2013EnPol..59..270E The incentive to use 100% renewable energy is created by global warming and ecological as well as economic concerns, post peak oil. The first country to propose 100% renewable energy was Iceland, in 1998.http://www.rio02.com/proceedings/pdf/031_Gissuarson.pdf Implementation of Green Bookkeeping at Reykjavik Energy Rio02.com 1 November 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120617131226/http://www.rio02.com/proceedings/pdf/031_Gissuarson.pdf 17 June 2012 Proposals have been made for Japan in 2003,http://www.energyrichjapan.info/en/welcome.html Energy Rich Japan Energyrichjapan.info 1 November 2012 and for Australia in 2011.http://media.beyondzeroemissions.org/ZCA2020_Stationary_Energy_Report_v1.pdf Zero Carbon Australia Stationary Energy Plan 1 November 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120523064256/http://media.beyondzeroemissions.org/ZCA2020_Stationary_Energy_Report_v1.pdf 23 May 2012 Albania, Iceland, and Paraguay obtain essentially all of their electricity from renewable sources (Albania and Paraguay 100% from hydroelectricity, Iceland 72% hydro and 28% geothermal).US EIA, International energy statistics data for 2011. Norway obtains nearly all of its electricity from renewable sources (97 percent from hydropower).US EIA, Norway, updated 2014. Iceland proposed using hydrogen for transportation and its fishing fleet. Australia proposed biofuel for those elements of transportation not easily converted to electricity. The road map for the United States,http://ieer.org/projects/carbon-free-nuclear-free/ A Roadmap for U.S. Energy Policy Ieer.org 13 March 2012 1 November 2012http://www.ecocivilization.info/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/CarbonFreeNuclearFree.pdf A Road Map for U.S. Energy Policy 1 November 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120913062255/http://www.ecocivilization.info/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/CarbonFreeNuclearFree.pdf 13 September 2012 commitment by Denmark,Carrasco Alicia http://www.emeter.com/smart-grid-watch/2012/denmark-commits-to-100-renewable-energy/ Denmark commits to 100% renewable energy Emeter.com 9 April 2012 1 November 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120613182905/http://www.emeter.com/smart-grid-watch/2012/denmark-commits-to-100-renewable-energy/ 13 June 2012 and Vision 2050 for Europe set a 2050 timeline for converting to 100% renewable energy,http://www.inforse.org/europe/Vision2050.htm Vision 2050 Inforse.org 2 December 2010 1 November 2012 later reduced to 2040 in 2011.http://www.inforse.org/europe/VisionEU27.htm EU Sustainable Energy Vision 2040 Inforse.org 2 December 2010 1 November 2012 Zero Carbon Britain 2030 proposes eliminating carbon emissions in Britain by 2030 by transitioning to renewable energy.http://www.zerocarbonbritain.org/zcb-world Zero Carbon World Zerocarbonbritain.org 9 November 2011 1 November 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121017081557/http://www.zerocarbonbritain.org/zcb-world 17 October 2012 In 2015, Hawaii enacted a law that the Renewable Portfolio Standard shall be 100 percent by 2045. This is often confused with renewable energy. If electricity produced on the grid is 65 GWh from fossil fuel and 35 GWh from renewable energy and rooftop off grid solar produces 80 GWh of renewable energy, then the total renewable energy is 115 GWh and the total electricity on the grid is 100 GWh. Then the RPS is 115 percent.http://www.ililani.media/2015/06/heco-asserts-hawaiis-renewable-energy.html HECO asserts Hawaii's renewable energy requirement can exceed 100% Cities like Paris and Strasbourg in France, planned to use 100% renewable energy by 2050.Un plan climat met Paris sur la voie de la neutralité carbone https://www.lemonde.fr/climat/article/2018/03/22/un-plan-climat-met-paris-sur-la-voie-de-la-neutralite-carbone_5274533_1652612.html Le Monde.fr 21 March 2018 Roger SimonL'Eurométropole de Strasbourg dévoile son plan climat 2030 https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/climat-environnement/l-eurometropole-de-strasbourg-devoile-son-plan-climat-2030-1509993398 6 November 2017 Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that "sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security, and the escalation of energy costs ... Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand."http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12619 Electricity from Renewable Resources: Status, Prospects, and Impediments National Research Council 2010 4 National Academies of Science 978-0-309-13708-9 It is estimated that the world will spend an extra $8 trillion over the next 25 years to prolong the use of non-renewable resources, a cost that would be eliminated by transitioning instead to 100% renewable energy.http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2010/11/101109-peak-oil-iea-world-energy-outlook/ https://web.archive.org/web/20101111155014/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2010/11/101109-peak-oil-iea-world-energy-outlook/ 11 November 2010 Has the World Already Passed "Peak Oil"? News.nationalgeographic.com 9 November 2010 1 November 2012 Research that has been published in Energy Policy suggests that converting the entire world to 100% renewable energy by 2050 is both possible and affordable, but requires political support.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320934766 Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy - Power Sector ResearchGate en 19 February 2019https://news.stanford.edu/2018/02/08/avoiding-blackouts-100-renewable-energy/ Avoiding blackouts with 100% renewable energy 8 February 2018 Stanford News en 19 February 2019 It would require building many more wind turbines and solar power systems but wouldn't utilize bioenergy. Other changes involve use of electric cars and the development of enhanced transmission grids and storage. Jacobson Mark Z. Delucchi Mark A. 2011 Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials https://archive.org/details/sim_energy-policy_2011-03_39_3/page/1154 Energy Policy 39 3 1154–1169 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.040 2011EnPol..39.1154J Delucchi Mark A. Jacobson Mark Z. 2011 Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part II: Reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies https://archive.org/details/sim_energy-policy_2011-03_39_3/page/1170 Energy Policy 39 3 1170–1190 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.045 2011EnPol..39.1170D As part of the Paris Agreement, countries periodically update their climate change targets for the future, by 2018 no G20 country had committed to a 100% renewable target.https://www.climate-transparency.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Brown-to-Green-Report-2018_rev.pdf Brown to Green Report 2018, p. 21 Until 2018, there were 181 peer-reviewed papers on 100% renewable energy. In the same year, 100% renewable energy was also mentioned in the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C as a potential means to "expand the range of 1.5 °C pathways", if the findings can be corroborated. As of 2021, wind and solar were consistently increasing their share worldwide, but still represented just 5% of global primary energy consumption, albeit far more of useful energy consumption. A report by J.P. Morgan Asset Management (the biggest lender to fossil fuels in the world) analyzed renewable energy forecasts made by eight scientists and research bodies (including Bent Sorensen, Mark Z. Jacobson, Amory Lovins) between 1970 and 2020 and claimed that all of them were unrealistically optimistic as they ignored "energy density, intermittency and the complex realities of incumbent energy systems".Cembalest Michael 2021 2021 Annual Energy Paper https://am.jpmorgan.com/content/dam/jpm-am-aem/global/en/insights/eye-on-the-market/future-shock-amv.pdf live https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201101/https://am.jpmorgan.com/content/dam/jpm-am-aem/global/en/insights/eye-on-the-market/future-shock-amv.pdf 2021-06-24 2021-06-16 J.P. Morgan Asset Management Alt URLJPMorgan Chase promises to shift portfolio away from fossil fuels https://www.ft.com/content/e1be8a23-1c80-43dd-be7b-18636ff61c46 12 September 2021 Financial Times 6 October 2020 Nauman Billy Places with near 100% renewable electricity List of countries by renewable electricity production The following places meet 90% or more of their average yearly electricity demand with renewable energy (incomplete list): Albania: Hydroelectric American Samoa Tau: ~100% solar power, with battery backuphttps://www.engadget.com/2016/11/22/tesla-runs-island-on-solar-power/ Tesla runs an entire island on solar power 22 November 2016 Australia Tasmania: Hydropower supplies 100 percent of Tasmania's electricity. (Pending legislation plans for %200 renewable power by 2040, with the remainder to be sent to mainland Australia via submarine power cables)https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/12/tasmania-renewable-energy-sustainable-hydropower/ Tasmania is now powered entirely by renewable energy weforum.org en 9 December 2020 11 January 2021https://reneweconomy.com.au/morrison-steps-in-to-take-majority-stake-in-marinus-link-project-23287/ Morrison steps in to take majority stake in Marinus Link project reneweconomy.com.au 15 December 2020 11 January 2021 Austria Lower Austria: 63% hydroelectricity, 26% wind, 9% biomass, 2% solarhttp://cleantechnica.com/2015/11/11/lower-austria-claims-100-renewable-electricity/ Lower Austria Claims 100% Renewable Electricity - CleanTechnica cleantechnica.com 11 November 2015 Bhutan: Largely hydroelectricity; exports 70% of its production due to excess energy generated; no fossil fuel power plants.2016-02-25 Bhutan: a proactive sustainability and renewable energy leader • BiogasWorld en-US BiogasWorld http://www.biogasworld.com/news/bhutan-a-proactive-sustainability-and-renewable-energy-leader/ 2018-08-04 Canada British Columbia: 97% hydroelectric2021-03-17 Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles – British Columbia https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/energy-markets/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles-british-columbia.html 2021-06-23 Canada Energy Regulatorhttps://www.bchydro.com/content/dam/BCHydro/customer-portal/documents/corporate/accountability-reports/financial-reports/annual-reports/bc-hydro-annual-report-2014.pdf BC Hydro Annual Report 2014 2014 BC Hydro for Generations, British Columbia 30 10 August 2021 Manitoba: 97% hydroelectricity, 3% wind, <1% petroleum (diesel in four off-grid communities), <1% natural gas2018 Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles – Manitoba https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/energy-markets/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles-manitoba.html 2021-02-28 Canada Energy Regulator Newfoundland and Labrador: 95% hydroelectricityhttps://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/nrg/ntgrtd/mrkt/nrgsstmprfls/nl-eng.html Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles – Newfoundland and Labrador 8 April 2020 Government of Canada Quebec: 99% renewable electricity is the main energy used in Quebec (41%), followed by oil (38%) and natural gas (10%)http://www.hydroquebec.com/sustainable-development/pdf/energy-supplies-and-air-emissions-2013.pdf Hydro-Québec's Electricity Facts: Energy Supplies and Air Emissions Hydro-Québec 2013 30 January 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160306031755/http://www.hydroquebec.com/sustainable-development/pdf/energy-supplies-and-air-emissions-2013.pdf 6 March 2016 Yukon: 94% hydroelectricityhttps://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/nrg/ntgrtd/mrkt/nrgsstmprfls/yt-eng.html Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles – Yukon 8 April 2020 Government of Canada Costa Rica: 99% renewable electricity. Hydroelectric (90%), geothermal, wind (and others) Costa Rica Is 99% Powered By Renewable Energy - MetaEfficient http://www.metaefficient.com/renewable-power/costa-rica-is-99-powered-by-renewable-energy.html MetaEfficient 23 November 2015 8 April 2008 Democratic Republic of the Congo: Almost 100% hydro, but only 9% have access to electricity.2020-04-16 Power Africa in Democratic Republic of the Congo Power Africa https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/democratic-republic-congo https://web.archive.org/web/20160519032712/https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/democratic-republic-congo 19 May 2016 2021-06-23 USAID enDemocratic Republic of the Congo - Countries & Regions https://www.iea.org/countries/democratic-republic-of-the-congo 2021-06-23 IEA en-GB Denmark Samsø: Net greater than 100% wind power and biomass, connected to mainland for balance and backup powerDenmark's Wind of Change http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1881646,00.html https://archive.today/20130105055817/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1881646,00.html 5 January 2013 14 November 2013 TimeKolbert Elizabeth https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/07/07/080707fa_fact_kolbert?currentPage=all The Island in the Wind 30 June 2008 Newyorker.com 14 November 2013 Ethiopia: Mostly hydroelectricity (>90%). Smaller quantities of wind, solar, and geothermal. 45% of the population has access to electricity 2018, and there is a 100% access target set in 2017 for 2025.2021-05-26 POWER AFRICA IN ETHIOPIA Power Africa https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/ethiopia https://web.archive.org/web/20150906111003/https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/ethiopia 6 September 2015 2021-09-20 USAID en Germany Aller-Leine Valley: 63.5% wind, 30% biogas, 10.7% hydro, 3.1% solarhttp://www.kommunal-erneuerbar.de/energie-kommunen/energie-kommunen/aller-leine-tal.html Aller-Leine-Tal Kommunal Erneuerbar August 2012http://www.go100percent.org/cms/index.php?id=99 Cort-Brün Voige, Aller Leine Tal Go 100% Renewable Energy 7 February 2020 6 July 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220706134353/http://www.go100percent.org/cms/index.php?id=99 Wildpoldsried, Bavaria: 500% wind, solar, hydrohttp://on.ft.com/18o8CH5 Germany's renewable energy experiment comes at a cost Financial Times 15 September 2013 Greece Tilos: 100% wind and solar power, with battery backuphttps://www.businessinsider.com/ap-renewable-resort-greek-island-to-run-on-wind-solar-power-2018-8 A small Greek island will become the first in the Mediterranean to run solely on wind and solar power after its businesses have been hindered by blackouts Iliana Mier Business Insider 19 August 2018 5 April 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230405010127/https://www.businessinsider.com/ap-renewable-resort-greek-island-to-run-on-wind-solar-power-2018-8 Iceland: 72% hydroelectricity, 28% geothermal, wind, and solar power, less than 0.1% combustible fuel (off-grid diesel)International Energy Agency, December 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20180731213417/http://www.iea.org/statistics/relatedsurveys/monthlyelectricitysurvey/ 31 July 2018 , Monthly electricity statistics, data for January through December 2014. Norway: 96% hydroelectricity, 2% combustible fuel, 2% geothermal, wind, and solar New Zealand South Island: 98.2% hydroelectricity and 1.6% wind. Around one-fifth of generation is exported to the North Island. Energy in New Zealand 2015 http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/sectors-industries/energy/energy-data-modelling/publications/energy-in-new-zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment 23 February 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160215114526/http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/sectors-industries/energy/energy-data-modelling/publications/energy-in-new-zealand/ 15 February 2016 Tokelau: 93% solar power, with battery backup and 7% coconut biofuelhttps://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20233754 Tokelau islands shift to solar energy BBC News 7 November 2012Coconuts and sunshine will power South Pacific islands New Scientist, published 2011-09-13, accessed 14 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232425/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20901-coconuts-and-sunshine-will-power-south-pacific-islands.html 12 May 2014 Paraguay: Electricity sector in Paraguay is 100% hydroelectricity, about 90% of which is exported, remaining 10% covers domestic demand 'IRENA (2015), Renewable Energy Policy Brief: Paraguay; IRENA, Abu Dhabi'. http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_RE_Latin_America_Policies_2015_Country_Paraguay.pdf 16 September 2017 16 September 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170916095320/http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_RE_Latin_America_Policies_2015_Country_Paraguay.pdf Tajikistan: Hydropower supplies nearly 100 percent of Tajikistan's electricity.https://www.hydropower.org/country-profiles/tajikistan Tajikistan International Hydropower Association hydropower.org en 16 November 2018 United Kingdom Scotland: 97% of electricity (2020) produced from renewables, mainly wind followed by hydroelectric.25 March 2021 Renewables met 97% of Scotland's electricity demand in 2020 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-56530424 2021-03-26 BBC News United States Kodiak Island, Alaska: 80.9% hydroelectricity, 19.8% wind power, 0.3% diesel generatorKodiak Electric Association, Statistics https://web.archive.org/web/20150722103159/http://www.kodiakelectric.com/generation.html 22 July 2015 , accessed 21 July 2015. Palo Alto, California: 50% hydro, rest a combination of solar, wind and biogashttp://reneweconomy.com.au/palo-alto-switches-to-100-renewable-effective-immediately-21373/ Palo Alto switches to 100% renewables – at a cost of $3 a year 23 July 2013 Aspen, Colorado: Hydroelectric, wind and solar and geothermalAspen is third U.S. city to reach 100% renewable energy http://www.aspentimes.com/news/17972193-113/aspen-is-third-us-city-to-reach-100 https://web.archive.org/web/20150905053306/http://www.aspentimes.com/news/17972193-113/aspen-is-third-us-city-to-reach-100 5 September 2015 6 September 2015 The Aspen Times Greensburg, Kansas: 100% - wind balanced with grid connectionhttp://blog.rmi.org/blog_2013_09_10_high_renewables_tomorrow_today_greensburg_kansas A High-Renewables Tomorrow, Today: Greensburg, Kansas Guevara-Stone Laurie RMI Outlet 10 September 2013 6 September 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150906140015/http://blog.rmi.org/blog_2013_09_10_high_renewables_tomorrow_today_greensburg_kansas 6 September 2015 Georgetown, Texas: 100% - 154MW solar and wind balanced with grid connectionhttps://georgetown.org/2018/06/29/georgetowns-energy-100-percent-renewable-with-solar-plant/ Georgetown's energy 100 percent renewable with solar plant – City of Georgetown Texas 6 November 2018 4 April 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230404130201/https://georgetown.org/2018/06/29/georgetowns-energy-100-percent-renewable-with-solar-plant/ dead Burlington, Vermont: 35.3% hydro, 35.3% wood, 27.9% wind, 1.4% solar photovoltaichttps://www.burlingtonelectric.com/our-energy-portfolio Our Energy Portfolio Burlington Electric Department Washington Centralia: 90.6% hydro, 7.9% nuclearOctober 2019 Washington State Electric Utility Fuel Mix Disclosure Reports For Calendar Year 2018 https://www.commerce.wa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2018-Preliminary-Disclosure-Data-03122019.pdf 30 January 2020 Washington State Department of Commerce Chelan County: 100% renewable energy made up of 99.98% hydroelectric and 0.02% wind power.2020 Fuel Mix Disclosure https://www.chelanpud.org/my-pud-services/rates-and-policies/fuel-mix-disclosure 18 October 2022 Douglas County: 100% hydro Pend Oreille County: 97.1% hydro Seattle: 86% hydroelectricity, 7% wind, 1% biogashttp://www.seattle.gov/light/FuelMix/ Seattle City Light Power Mix seattle.gov 31 July 2018 13 September 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160913040701/http://www.seattle.gov/light/FuelMix/ dead Tacoma: 85% hydro, 6% wind Uruguay: 94.5% renewable electricity; wind power (and biomass and solar power) is used to stretch hydroelectricity reserves into the dry seasonhttps://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/03/uruguay-makes-dramatic-shift-to-nearly-95-clean-energy Uruguay makes dramatic shift to nearly 95% electricity from clean energy Jonathan Watts 3 December 2015 The Guardian Some other places have high percentages, for example the electricity sector in Denmark, 2014 y, is 45% wind power, with plans in place to reach 85%. The electricity sector in Canada and the electricity sector in New Zealand have even higher percentages of renewables (mostly hydro), 65% and 75% respectively, and Austria is approaching 70%.http://qz.com/543177/austrias-largest-state-now-gets-100-of-its-electricity-from-renewables/ Austria's largest state now gets 100% of its electricity from renewables Cassie Werber 6 November 2015 2015, the electricity sector in Germany sometimes meets almost 100% of the electricity demand with PV and wind power, and renewable electricity is over 25%.https://reneweconomy.com.au/renewables-cover-almost-100-of-german-demand-68831/ Renewables cover almost 100% of German demand 26 August 2015 RenewEconomyhttp://www.bdew.de/internet.nsf/id/20120726-pi-erneuerbare-energien-liefern-mehr-als-ein-viertel-des-stroms-de/$file/Strom_Erneuerbaren_Energien_1_Halbjahr_2012.pdf Electricity – Renewable Energies in the first half of 2012 1 September 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20121010174909/http://www.bdew.de/internet.nsf/id/20120726-pi-erneuerbare-energien-liefern-mehr-als-ein-viertel-des-stroms-de/$file/Strom_Erneuerbaren_Energien_1_Halbjahr_2012.pdf 10 October 2012 Albania has 94.8% of installed capacity as hydroelectric, 5.2% diesel generator; but Albania imports 39% of its electricity.Albania, CIA World Factbook.https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Electricity_production,_consumption_and_market_overview Electricity production, consumption and market overview - Statistics Explained ec.europa.eu In 2016, Portugal achieved 100% renewable electricity for four days between 7 and 11 May, partly because efficient energy use had reduced electricity demand.Embrace the change, Editorial, Nature Energy, 7 June 2016. France and Sweden have low carbon intensity, since they predominantly use a mixture of nuclear power and hydroelectricity. In 2018 Scotland met 76% of their demand from renewable sources.https://www.scottishrenewables.com/our-industry/statistics Renewable Energy Facts & Statistics Scottish Renewables scottishrenewables.comhttps://www.power-technology.com/news/scotland-renewable-energy-record/ Scotland renewable energy generation reaches record levels power-technology.com 29 March 2019 Although electricity is currently around a quarter of world energy supply and consumption; primary energy use is expected to decrease with renewable energy deployment as electricity use increases, as it is likely to be combined with some degree of further electrification. Jacobson Mark Z. 97348845 Mark Z. Jacobson etal 2015 100% clean and renewable wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy roadmaps for the 50 United States Energy and Environmental Science 8 7 2093–2117 10.1039/c5ee01283j Vad Mathiesen Brian Brian Vad Mathiesen etal 2015 Smart Energy Systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions. In Applied Energy 145 139–154 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.075 2015ApEn..145..139M For example, electric cars achieve much better fuel efficiency than fossil fuel cars, and another example is renewable heat such as in the case of Denmark, which is proposing to move to greater use of heat pumps for heating buildings to provide multiple kilowatts of heat per kilowatt of electricity. 100% clean electricity Renewable portfolio standard Other electricity generating sources are considered clean, though not necessarily renewable, as they also do not emit carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases and air pollutants. The largest of these is nuclear energy, which produces no emissions. Some argue that transitioning to 100% renewable energy would be too slow to limit climate change, and that closing down nuclear power stations is a mistake.2021-03-06 Nuclear power must be well regulated, not ditched The Economist https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/03/06/nuclear-power-must-be-well-regulated-not-ditched 2022-01-31 0013-0613McDonnell Tim Germany's exit from nuclear energy will make its power dirtier and more expensive https://qz.com/2108729/germany-just-closed-half-of-its-nuclear-power-plants/ 2022-01-31 Quartz 3 January 2022 en Carbon capture and storage projects may still use coal or natural gas but capture carbon dioxide for storage or alternative uses. Pathways to eliminate greenhouse gases may include these in addition to renewable energy to save money,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/943714/Modelling-2050-Electricity-System-Analysis.pdf Modelling 2050: Electricity System Analysis "the additional renewable capacity required to replace unabated gas generation during periods of low renewable output either increases systems costs more than using additional nuclear and/or gas CCUS to do the same thing, or is not achievable within the build limits used in this modelling" Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy or to avoid shutting down existing plants and allow for flexibility in designing a carbon-free electric grid. In 2018, California passed SB 100, which mandates 100% clean, carbon-free by 2045, including a 60% renewable electricity goal by 2030.https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/california-100-percent-clean-energy-grid-de-leon California Assembly Passes Historic 100% Carbon-Free Electricity Bill Spector Julian 29 August 2018 greentechmedia.com 4 February 2019https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/8/31/17799094/california-100-percent-clean-energy-target-brown-de-leon California just adopted its boldest energy target yet: 100% clean electricity Roberts David 31 August 2018 Vox 4 February 2019 2019 legislation in Washington also requires 100% clean electricity by 2045, eliminating coal by 2025.https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/inslee-wants-100-percent-clean-energy-in-washington-by-2045/281-622645039 Inslee wants 100 percent clean energy in Washington by 2045 KING 10 December 2018 4 February 2019 Further states and territories to require 100% carbon-free electricity are Hawaii, Maine, Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Virginia, Puerto Rico, and Washington, DC.https://news.energysage.com/states-with-100-renewable-targets/ 100 Percent Renewable Energy Targets by State EnergySage 2 May 2019 Solar News en-US 20 October 2019 According to a study by Global Energy Monitor, China is expected to generate 1,200 gigawatts of renewable energy (wind and solar) by 2025.Magee Caolán 2023-06-29 China is set to shatter its wind and solar target five years early, new report finds https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/29/asia/china-solar-wind-energy-coal-climate-intl/index.html 2023-07-19 CNN Obstacles Politics of global warming According to Mark Z. Jacobson, the most significant barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low carbon energy strategies, at the pace required to prevent runaway climate change, are primarily political and not technological.https://www.sciencealert.com/stanford-researchers-have-a-plan-to-tackle-the-climate-emergency Stanford Researchers Have an Exciting Plan to Tackle The Climate Emergency Worldwide Koumoundouros Tessa 27 December 2019 ScienceAlert en-gb 5 January 2020statement based on a single article by Jacobson based on controversial assumptions. No wide consensus in scientific community April 2020 According to the 2013 Post Carbon Pathways report, which reviewed many international studies, the key roadblocks are:https://cpd.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Post-Carbon-Pathways-Report-2013_Revised.pdf Post Carbon Pathways John Wiseman April 2013 University of Melbourne etal Climate change denial Efforts to impede renewable energy by the fossil fuel industry Political paralysis Unsustainable consumption of energy and resources Path dependencies and outdated infrastructure Financial and governance constraints In 2011, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, some of the world's leading climate researchers selected by the United Nations, said "as infrastructure and energy systems develop, in spite of the complexities, there are few, if any, fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet a majority share of total energy demand in locations where suitable renewable resources exist or can be supplied". IPCC scenarios "generally indicate that growth in renewable energy will be widespread around the world".http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_SPM.pdf Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation IPCC 2011 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA 22 4 July 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20140111081913/http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_SPM.pdf 11 January 2014 The IPCC said that if governments were supportive, and the full complement of renewable energy technologies were deployed, renewable energy supply could account for almost 80% of the world's energy use within forty years. Rajendra Pachauri, chairman of the IPCC, said the necessary investment in renewables would cost only about 1% of global GDP annually. This approach could contain greenhouse gas levels to less than 450 parts per million, the safe level beyond which climate change becomes catastrophic and irreversible.Harvey Fiona Fiona Harvey 9 May 2011 Renewable energy can power the world, says landmark IPCC study https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/may/09/ipcc-renewable-energy-power-world The Guardian London Stephen W. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow have developed a series of "climate stabilization wedges" that can allow societies to maintain their quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change, and "renewable energy sources", in aggregate, constitute the largest number of their "wedges".10.1126/science.1100103 15310891 968–72 Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies Science 305 5686 2004 Stephen W. Pacala Pacala S Socolow R 2004Sci...305..968P 2203046 Lack of urgency and coordination Climate change mitigation#Enaction of a state of emergency Policy Lester R. Brown founder and president of the Earth Policy Institute, a nonprofit research organization based in Washington, D.C., says a rapid transition to 100% renewable energy is both possible and necessary. Brown compares with the U.S. entry into World War II and the subsequent rapid mobilization and transformation of the US industry and economy. A quick transition to 100% renewable energy and saving of our civilization is proposed by Brown to follow an approach with similar urgency.http://www.earth-policy.org/images/uploads/book_files/pb4book.pdf Plan B 4.0, Mobilizing to Save Civilization Lester R. Brown 2009 Earth Policy Institute Required minerals Environmental aspects of the electric car According to World Bank the "below 2 °C" climate scenario requires 3 billions of tonnes of metals and minerals by 2050. Supply of mined resources such as zinc, molybdenum, silver, nickel, copper must increase by up to 500%.Bromby Robin 2 June 2020 Needed by 2050: 3 billion tonnes of metals to generate clean energy https://smallcaps.com.au/needed-by-2050-world-bank-metals-generate-clean-energy/ 19 June 2020 Small Caps en-US A 2018 study analysed the metal requirements to transition the global energy system up to 2060. Currently used battery technologies and known reserves are not compatible with the transition scenario as a result of insufficient cobalt and lithium reserves. Batteries containing less or no cobalt are feasible. Lithium is much more difficult to replace with maintained performance and cost.Månberger André Stenqvist Björn 1 August 2018 Global metal flows in the renewable energy transition: Exploring the effects of substitutes, technological mix and development Energy Policy en 119 226–241 10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.056 0301-4215 free 2018EnPol.119..226M Institutional inertia A review suggests large institutions are prone to resisting "the challenge of 100% RE scenarios based on the dogma that the world cannot do without fossil fuels and nuclear energy". Institutions that have received extensive criticism include the International Energy Agency and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with the latter also being criticized for not including studies on 100% RE systems in their IPCC reports. Manufacturing concentration in China Renewable energy in China A report found that China is about to produce "almost 95% of the world's polysilicon and the ingots and wafers" of the solar panel supply chain, with this level of concentration in any global supply chain "would represent a considerable vulnerability".Binnie Isla IEA warns global solar supply chains are too concentrated in China https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/iea-warns-global-solar-supply-chains-are-too-concentrated-china-2022-07-07/ 1 September 2022 Reuters 7 July 2022 en Intermittency #Grid integration simulation One of the main obstacles to 100% renewable energy is the intermittency or variability of renewable energy sources – such as times when sufficient amounts of energy can be generated neither via wind nor via solar power ("Dunkelflauten"). Proposed notable options to manage this intermittency by the time the first transitional period to 100% renewable energy is completed include: certain forms of (flexible) dispatchable generation such as biomass (including forms of pellet fuel, woodchips, algae fuel/bioreactors, and biomass grown on land formerly used for meat-production) or hydroelectricity diversification of (nonsynchronous) renewablesCrespo Diego STE can replace coal, nuclear and early gas as demonstrated in an hourly simulation over 4 years in the Spanish electricity mix AIP Conference Proceedings SOLARPACES 2018: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems 25 July 2019 2126 1 130003 10.1063/1.5117645 2019AIPC.2126m0003C 201317957 0094-243X free super gridsMcPherson Madeleine Karney Bryan A scenario based approach to designing electricity grids with high variable renewable energy penetrations in Ontario, Canada: Development and application of the SILVER model Energy 1 November 2017 138 185–196 10.1016/j.energy.2017.07.027 2017Ene...138..185M en 0360-5442 Several flexibility options have been proposed to facilitate VRE integration, including interconnecting geographically dispersed resources, interconnecting different VRE types, building flexible and dispatchable generation assets, shifting flexible loads through demand response, shifting electricity generation through storage, curtailing excess generation, interconnections to the transport or heating energy sectors, and improving VRE forecasting methodologies (Delucchi and Jacobson 2011). Previous VRE integration studies have considered different combinations of balancing options, but few have considered all flexibility options simultaneously.Benasla Mokhtar Hess Denis Allaoui Tayeb Brahami Mostefa Denaï Mouloud The transition towards a sustainable energy system in Europe: What role can North Africa's solar resources play? Energy Strategy Reviews 1 April 2019 24 1–13 10.1016/j.esr.2019.01.007 169342098 en 2211-467X free 2019EneSR..24....1B 2299/21546 free (due to foreign unique capacities/resources for generation and storage) and strengthening interconnections and larger grids in general (due to differences in weather or daytime) curtailing excess generation and power-to-X (e.g. producing green hydrogen immediately when there is abundant energy) Geothermal energy to reduce energy storage needsKulasekara Hasal Seynulabdeen Vaithehi 2019 5th International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE) A Review of Geothermal Energy for Future Power Generation September 2019 223–228 10.1109/ICAEE48663.2019.8975470 978-1-7281-4934-9 210992606 or potentially as dispatchable energy via in-reservoir storageBrahambhatt Rupendra In a world first, scientists propose geothermal power plants that also work as valuable clean energy reservoirs https://interestingengineering.com/science/geothermal-power-plants-clean-energy-reservoirs 20 October 2022 interestingengineering.com 9 September 2022Ricks Wilson Norbeck Jack Jenkins Jesse The value of in-reservoir energy storage for flexible dispatch of geothermal power Applied Energy 1 May 2022 313 118807 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118807 247302205 https://zenodo.org/record/6385742 en 0306-2619 free 2022ApEn..31318807R 1976851 University press release: Waters Sharon Study shows geothermal could be an ideal energy storage technology https://techxplore.com/news/2022-09-geothermal-ideal-energy-storage-technology.html 20 October 2022 Princeton University via techxplore.com en oversizing solar and wind capacities flexible energy demand- and supply-regulating smart grids Demand response technologies Vehicle-to-grid uses a vehicle's battery to supply the grid when needed2021-06-08 UK vehicle-to-grid trial finds economic potential but 'hardware costs still too high' https://www.energy-storage.news/uk-vehicle-to-grid-trial-finds-economic-potential-but-hardware-costs-still-too-high/ 2021-12-24 Energy Storage News en-US2021-09-04 Electric cars: Ofgem plans easier way for drivers to sell energy back to grid http://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/sep/04/electric-cars-ofgem-plans-easier-way-for-drivers-to-sell-energy-back-to-grid 2021-12-24 The Guardian en Smart schedulingScheduling energy a key to the smart grid https://www.engr.ncsu.edu/news/2015/10/06/scheduling-energy-a-key-to-the-smart-grid/ College of Engineering 25 January 2022Smart scheduling for big computing tasks cuts emissions up to a third https://www.newscientist.com/article/2295330-smart-scheduling-for-big-computing-tasks-cuts-emissions-up-to-a-third/ 25 January 2022 New Scientist Monitoring and/or controlling energy use that is noncritical during periods of peak power consumption, and returning their function during nonpeak hours, such as for residential devices (like washing machines)Sayed K. Gabbar H. A. Chapter 18 - SCADA and smart energy grid control automation Smart Energy Grid Engineering 1 January 2017 481–514 10.1016/B978-0-12-805343-0.00018-8 Academic Press 978-0-12-805343-0 en Optimizing the interaction between electricity, heat, transport, and industry technologies and options for energy storageArbabzadeh Maryam Sioshansi Ramteen Johnson Jeremiah X. Keoleian Gregory A. The role of energy storage in deep decarbonization of electricity production Nature Communications 30 July 2019 10 1 3413 10.1038/s41467-019-11161-5 free 31363084 6667472 2019NatCo..10.3413A en 2041-1723Ayodele T. R. Ogunjuyigbe A. S. O. Mitigation of wind power intermittency: Storage technology approach Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 1 April 2015 44 447–456 10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.034 2015RSERv..44..447A en 1364-0321McPherson Madeleine Tahseen Samiha Deploying storage assets to facilitate variable renewable energy integration: The impacts of grid flexibility, renewable penetration, and market structure Energy 15 February 2018 145 856–870 10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.002 2018Ene...145..856M en 0360-5442 For example: Batteries Thermal energy storageHunt Julian David Zakeri Behnam Nascimento Andreas Garnier Bruno Pereira Márcio Giannini Bellezoni Rodrigo Augusto de Assis Brasil Weber Natália Schneider Paulo Smith Machado Pedro Paulo Bezerra Ramos Dorel Soares High velocity seawater air-conditioning with thermal energy storage and its operation with intermittent renewable energies Energy Efficiency 1 December 2020 13 8 1825–1840 10.1007/s12053-020-09905-0 225063420 en 1570-6478 free 2020EnEff..13.1825H 10453/145488 free Gils Hans Christian Balancing of intermittent renewable power generation by demand response and thermal energy storage 2015 10.18419/opus-6888 doctoralThesis Li Gang Zheng Xuefei Thermal energy storage system integration forms for a sustainable future Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 1 September 2016 62 736–757 10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.076 2016RSERv..62..736L en 1364-0321 AmmoniaMacFarlane Douglas R. Cherepanov Pavel V. Choi Jaecheol Suryanto Bryan H. R. Hodgetts Rebecca Y. Bakker Jacinta M. Ferrero Vallana Federico M. Simonov Alexandr N. A Roadmap to the Ammonia Economy Joule 17 June 2020 4 6 1186–1205 10.1016/j.joule.2020.04.004 218945723 en 2542-4351 free 2020Joule...4.1186M Green hydrogenOliveira Alexandra M Beswick Rebecca R Yan Yushan A green hydrogen economy for a renewable energy society Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 1 September 2021 33 100701 10.1016/j.coche.2021.100701 en 2211-3398 free List of energy storage projects In 2013, Smil analyzed proposals to depend on wind and solar-generated electricity including the proposals of Jacobson and colleagues, and writing in an issue of Spectrum prepared by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, he identified numerous points of concern, such as cost, intermittent power supply, growing NIMBYism, and a lack of infrastructure as negative factors and said that "History and a consideration of the technical requirements show that the problem is much greater than these advocates have supposed."http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/nuclear_power/2013/01/nuclear_energy_and_climate_change_environmentalists_debate_how_to_stop_global.html Nuclear energy and climate change: Environmentalists debate how to stop global warming. Slate Magazine 14 January 2013https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/renewables/a-skeptic-looks-at-alternative-energy/0 A Skeptic Looks at Alternative Energy Vaclav Smil IEEE 28 June 2012 4 July 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20190320153801/https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/renewables/a-skeptic-looks-at-alternative-energy/0 20 March 2019 Smil and Hansen are concerned about the variable output of solar and wind power. According to Amory Lovins the electricity grid alone can compensate for variability, just as it routinely backs up nonworking coal-fired and nuclear plants with working ones.http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137246/amory-b-lovins/a-farewell-to-fossil-fuels A Farewell to Fossil Fuels March/April 2012 Amory Lovins March–April 2012 Foreign Affairs 329 1292–1294 10.1126/science.1195449 20829473 2010Sci...329.1292H 206529026 subscription In November 2014 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change came out with their fifth report, saying that in the absence of any one technology (such as bioenergy, carbon dioxide capture and storage, nuclear, wind and solar), climate change mitigation costs can increase substantially depending on which technology is absent. For example, it may cost 40% more to reduce carbon emissions without carbon dioxide capture. (Table 3.2)http://www.ipcc.ch/ IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ipcc.ch According to a 2018 study, "in the absence of firm low-carbon [dispatchable] resources, the cost of decarbonizing power generation rises rapidly as the emissions limit approaches zero" and a renewable-only generation (with batteries) results in energy prices 42-163% higher in regions with lower VRE availability, and 11-105% higher in regions with higher VRE availability. The study introduced the term "firm low-carbon energy source" (e.g. nuclear, geothermal), which is intended to operate along "fast-burst" sources (e.g. batteries) and "fuel saving" (VRE).2018-11-21 The Role of Firm Low-Carbon Electricity Resources in Deep Decarbonization of Power Generation Joule en 2 11 2403–2420 10.1016/j.joule.2018.08.006 2542-4351 free Sepulveda Nestor A. Jenkins Jesse D. De Sisternes Fernando J. Lester Richard K. 2018Joule...2.2403S The International Energy Agency says that there has been too much attention on issue of the variability of renewable electricity production. The issue of intermittent supply applies to popular renewable technologies, mainly wind power and solar photovoltaics, and its significance depends on a range of factors that include the market penetration of the renewables concerned, the balance of plant and the wider connectivity of the system, as well as the demand side flexibility. Variability is rarely a barrier to increased renewable energy deployment when dispatchable generation such as hydroelectricity or solar thermal storage is also available. But at high levels of market penetration it requires careful analysis and management, and additional costs may be required for back-up or system modification.http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/so_contribution.pdf Contribution of Renewables to Energy Security 20 April 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20190502230748/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/so_contribution.pdf 2 May 2019 Renewable electricity supply in the 20-50+% penetration range has already been implemented in several European systems, albeit in the context of an integrated European grid system:Amory Lovins (2011). Reinventing Fire, Chelsea Green Publishing, p. 199. Seasonal energy storage Hydropower is currently the only large scale low-carbon seasonal energy storage. In countries with high variation in energy demand by season (for example the UK uses far more gas for heating in the winter than it uses electricity) but lacking hydropower electrical interconnectors to countries with lots of hydropower (e.g. UK - Norway), electricity from hydropower is likely to be insufficient and development of a hydrogen economy would likely be needed: this is being trialled in the UK and 8 TWh of inter-seasonal hydrogen energy storage has been proposed.Engineers publish £22bn blueprint for UK to take global lead on hydrogen heating https://www.thechemicalengineer.com/news/engineers-publish-22bn-blueprint-for-uk-to-take-global-lead-on-hydrogen-heating/ The Chemical Engineer 27 November 2018 In Australia, as well as storing renewable energy as hydrogen, it is also proposed to be exported in the form of ammonia.What would Australia look like powered by 100% renewable energy? https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jan/28/what-would-australia-look-like-powered-by-100-renewable-energy The Guardian 27 January 2019 28 January 2019 This project has been cancelled. Cost McKinsey estimates that it will cost 7.5% of global domestic product between 2021 and 2050 to achieve net zero (not 100% renewable, which will be more expensive).Krishnan Mekala Samandari Hamid Woetzel Lola Smit Sven Pacthod Daniel Pinner Dickon Nauclér Tomas Tai Humayun Farr Annabel Wu Weige Imperato Danielle Six characteristics define the net-zero transition McKinsey & Company 2022-01-25 https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/sustainability/our-insights/six-characteristics-define-the-net-zero-transition 2025-08-09 Current spending is just over half of this. Open research questions A review identified major gaps and neglected aspects – open research questions – in the 100% RE literature. These include: thumb|A multi-scalar policy mix for reducing vulnerability to low-carbon transitionsSovacool Benjamin K. Turnheim Bruno Hook Andrew Brock Andrea Martiskainen Mari Dispossessed by decarbonisation: Reducing vulnerability, injustice, and inequality in the lived experience of low-carbon pathways World Development 1 January 2021 137 105116 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105116 225023245 en 0305-750X free Coupling of energy system models and integrated assessment models Holistic analysis of material criticality for 100% RE systems, with consideration of recycling Impact of inter-annual resource variations and respective inter-annual storage demand District heating and cooling in transition scenarios Increased geo-spatial resolution and coverage of global 100% RE system analyses Including off-grid solutions or a transition of off-grid and on-grid solutions in comprehensive energy system transition pathways Societal risks and issues of the transition, including linking it to energy security and consequences for peace and stability, and maximum area availability in societies Model intercomparisons of analyses Various questions for design particulars of intermittency management Issues of equity, environmental issues, community wellbeing, energy justice, social acceptance, and good governance – research on how to make RE technologies more equitable, accountable, and just, which may help to both contextualize and manage this potential barrier (including policy mechanisms) Plans and models +Name of PlanOrganizationRegional ScalePublication (year)Warming TargetTimescaleTotal InvestmentsNumber of JobsTotal CO2 Emissions (gt CO2)Primary Energy Supply (GW)Final Energy Demand (GW)Energy Sources at End of TimelineSolarWindBiomassHydroOtherProject DrawdownElectricity @ProjectDrawdown https://www.drawdown.org/sectors/electricity Project Drawdown en 5 February 2020May 2023 Cited page indicates that Project Drawdown considers nuclear to be an option. So does this page: https://drawdown.org/solutions/nuclear-power . (Global)Project DrawdownGlobalLiving1.5-2CN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/APrinceton Net-Zero by 2050Larson Eric 15 December 2020 Net-Zero America: Potential Pathways Infrastructure and Impacts https://environmenthalfcentury.princeton.edu/sites/g/files/toruqf331/files/2020-12/Princeton_NZA_Interim_Report_15_Dec_2020_FINAL.pdf live 29 March 2021 2 March 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210302020910/https://environmenthalfcentury.princeton.edu/sites/g/files/toruqf331/files/2020-12/Princeton_NZA_Interim_Report_15_Dec_2020_FINAL.pdf (USA)PrincetonUSA2020N/A2020-205059108.5 million7820465.2912114582.0910429%53%17%1%0%Carbon-Neutral Pathways for the United States: CentralWilliams James H. Jones Ryan A. Haley Ben Kwok Gabe Hargreaves Jeremy Farbes Jamil Torn Margaret S. 2021 Carbon-Neutral Pathways for the United States AGU Advances en 2 1 e2020AV000284 10.1029/2020AV000284 2021AGUA....200284W 2576-604X free (USA)University of San Francisco / UC BerkeleyUSA20212, 1.5, 1Cno targetDecarbonization: 600/Yr0015190034%64%0%2%0%Carbon-Neutral Pathways for the United States: 100% RE (USA)University of San Francisco / UC BerkeleyGlobal20212C, 1.5C, and 1C20700.2-1.2% of annual GDP074.81519000%Several different scenarios clearly laid out in SI0%0%0%Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-energy GHG Pathways for +1.5 °C and +2 °C (Global)University of Technology Sydney - Institute for Sustainable FuturesUSA20191.5 C by 20502020-205063500 (total investments from 2015 to 2020)47.8 million4501144447027732%17%14%2%0%Designing a Model for the Global Energy System—GENeSYS-MOD: An Application of the Open-Source Energy Modeling System (OSeMOSYS)Löffler Konstantin Hainsch Karlo Burandt Thorsten Oei Pao-Yu Kemfert Claudia Von Hirschhausen Christian October 2017 Designing a Model for the Global Energy System—GENeSYS-MOD: An Application of the Open-Source Energy Modeling System (OSeMOSYS) Energies en 10 10 1468 10.3390/en10101468 free 10419/200750 free (Global)Workgroup for Infrastructure and Policy, TU BerlinGlobal2017650 Gt of CO2 (compared to the predicted 550-1300 emitted between 2011 and 2050) / 1.5-2 C (section 3.5)2020-2050N/AN/A519N/A9757523%36%32%8%0%Global Energy System Based on 100% Renewable EnergyApril 2019 Global Energy System Based on 100% Renewable Energy http://energywatchgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/EWG_LUT_100RE_All_Sectors_Global_Report_2019.pdf live 29 March 2021 1 April 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210401183622/http://energywatchgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/EWG_LUT_100RE_All_Sectors_Global_Report_2019.pdfLUT UniversityGlobal2019net-zero emissions by 20502050720035 million11514118913401872%18%6%3%0%Energy System Model (GENeSYS-MOD)Sarmiento Luis Burandt Thorsten Löffler Konstantin Oei Pao-Yu January 2019 Analyzing Scenarios for the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources in the Mexican Energy System—An Application of the Global Energy System Model (GENeSYS-MOD) Energies en 12 17 3270 10.3390/en12173270 free 10419/208381 free (Mexico)DIW Berlin, Cide MexicoMexico2019Full decaronization of the energy system by 2050.n/an/a7.16 for renewable target and 12 for national target. P. 15n/a320.73 GW for national target, 842.89, GW 100% renewables78%22%0%<1%0%Energy System Model (GENeSYS-MOD) - 100% RE ScenarioDIW Berlin, Cide MexicoMexicoFull decaronization of the energy system by 2050.N/AN/A7.16N/A8835.91415358%27%15%1%0%Transformation towards a Renewable Energy System in Brazil and Mexico—Technological and Structural Options for Latin AmericaSimon Sonja Naegler Tobias Gils Hans Christian Transformation towards a Renewable Energy System in Brazil and Mexico—Technological and Structural Options for Latin America Energies April 2018 11 4 907 10.3390/en11040907 en free Mexico201870-95% emissions reductionN/A00000%0%0%0%0%Advanced Energy [r]evolutionEnergy [R]evolution 2015 https://issuu.com/greenpeaceinternational/docs/energy-revolution-2015-full-hr 2021-03-30 Issuu 20 September 2015 en 19 January 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210119232641/https://issuu.com/greenpeaceinternational/docs/energy-revolution-2015-full-hr liveGreenpeaceGlobal2021>2 degrees48000149722.22232%32%1%1%34%Basic Energy [r]evolutionGreenpeaceGlobal>2 degrees64.600080277.777816%30%4%10%38%100% Clean and Renewable Wind, Water, and Sunlight All-Sector Energy Roadmaps for 139 Countries of the WorldJacobson Mark Z. Delucchi Mark A. Bauer Zach A.F. Wang Jingfan Weiner Eric Yachanin Alexander S. 6 September 2017 100% Clean and Renewable Wind, Water, and Sunlight All-Sector Energy Roadmaps for 139 Countries of the World https://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/CountriesWWS.pdf live Elsevier Inc 30 March 2021 28 March 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210328013707/https://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/CountriesWWS.pdfStanfordGlobal/intern.2017Net Zero by 205012470024262122N/AN/AN/A58%37%0%4% -36%Full energy sector transition towards 100% renewable energy supply: Integrating power, heat, transport and industry sectors including desalinationBogdanov Dmitrii Gulagi Ashish Fasihi Mahdi Breyer Christian Full energy sector transition towards 100% renewable energy supply: Integrating power, heat, transport and industry sectors including desalination Applied Energy 1 February 2021 283 116273 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116273 229427360 en 0306-2619 free 2021ApEn..28316273B LUT UniversityGlobal2020Net Zero by 20502050Zero air pollution and zero carbon from all energy at low cost and without blackouts in variable weather throughout the U.S. with 100% wind-water-solar and storageJacobson Mark Z. von Krauland Anna-Katharina Coughlin Stephen J. Palmer Frances C. Smith Miles M. Zero air pollution and zero carbon from all energy at low cost and without blackouts in variable weather throughout the U.S. with 100% wind-water-solar and storage Renewable Energy 1 January 2022 184 430–442 10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.067 2022REne..184..430J 244820608 en 0960-1481 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148121016499 subscriptionStanfordUSA2021Net Zero by 20502050 thumb|Solar PV and wind electricity generation in (TWh per yr) in global 100% RE scenarios in the year 2050 thumb|Global 100% RE system analyses Recent developments List of renewable energy topics by country Renewable energy by country The Fourth Revolution: Energy is a German documentary film released in 2010. It shows the vision of a global society, which lives in a world where the energy is produced 100% with renewable energies, showing a complete reconstruction of the economy to reach this goal. In 2011, Hermann Scheer wrote the book The Energy Imperative: 100 Percent Renewable Now, published by Routledge. Reinventing Fire is a book by Amory Lovins released in October 2011. Lovins claims that combining reduced energy use with energy efficiency gains would result in a $5 trillion saving and a faster-growing economy. This can all be done with the profitable commercialization of existing energy-saving technologies, through market forces, led by business.http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2012/03/16/amory-lovins-reinventing-fire-convergence-and-innovation?page=full Amory Lovins on 'Reinventing Fire' with convergence and innovation Adam Aston 16 March 2012 Greenbiz 6 July 2013 18 June 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120618070544/http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2012/03/16/amory-lovins-reinventing-fire-convergence-and-innovation?page=full dead Former US president Bill Clinton says the book is a "wise, detailed and comprehensive blueprint".http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/27/fossil-fuels-as-the-whale-oil-of-the-future/ Fossil Fuels as the Whale Oil of the Future Matthew Wald 27 October 2011 The New York Times The first paragraph of the preface says: Imagine fuel without fear. No climate change. No oil spills, dead coal miners, dirty air, devastated lands, lost wildlife. No energy poverty. No oil-fed wars, tyrannies, or terrorists. Nothing to run out. Nothing to cut off. Nothing to worry about. Just energy abundance, benign and affordable, for all, for ever.https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainability-with-john-elkington/reinventing-transforming-capitalism-barriers Nine barriers to reinventing capitalism John Elkington 21 March 2012 The Guardian The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. In a 2011 review of 164 recent scenarios of future renewable energy growth, the report noted that the majority expected renewable sources to supply more than 17% of total energy by 2030, and 27% by 2050; the highest forecast projected 43% supplied by renewables by 2030 and 77% by 2050.http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_SPM.pdf Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation IPCC 2011 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA 17 4 July 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20140111081913/http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_SPM.pdf 11 January 2014 In 2011, the International Energy Agency has said that solar energy technologies, in its many forms, can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces:http://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/solar2011SUM.pdf Solar Energy Perspectives: Executive Summary The development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries' energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared. In 2011, the refereed journal Energy Policy published two articles by Mark Z. Jacobson, a professor of engineering at Stanford University, and research scientist Mark A. Delucchi, about changing the energy supply mix and "Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power". The articles analyze the feasibility of providing worldwide energy for electric power, transportation, and heating/cooling from wind, water, and sunlight (WWS), which are safe clean options. In Part I, Jacobson and Delucchi discuss WWS energy system characteristics, aspects of energy demand, WWS resource availability, WWS devices needed, and material requirements.http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/JDEnPolicyPt1.pdf Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials Mark Z. Jacobson Mark A. Delucchi amp 2011 39 3 Energy Policy 1154–1169 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.040 2011EnPol..39.1154J They estimate that 3,800,000 5 MW wind turbines, 5350 100 MW geothermal power plants, and 270 new 1300 MW hydroelectric power plants would be required. In terms of solar power, an additional 49,000 300 MW concentrating solar plants, 40,000 300 MW solar photovoltaic power plants, and 1.7 billion 3 kW rooftop photovoltaic systems would also be needed. Such an extensive WWS infrastructure could decrease world power demand by 30%. In Part II, Jacobson and Delucchi address variability of supply, system economics, and energy policy initiatives associated with a WWS system. The authors advocate producing all new energy with WWS by 2030 and replacing existing energy supply arrangements by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Energy costs with a WWS system should be similar to today's energy costs. In general, Jacobson has said wind, water and solar technologies can provide 100 percent of the world's energy, eliminating all fossil fuels.Kate Galbraith. 100 Percent Renewables by 2030? Green Inc., 1 December 2009. He advocates a "smart mix" of renewable energy sources to reliably meet electricity demand: Because the wind blows during stormy conditions when the sun does not shine and the sun often shines on calm days with little wind, combining wind and solar can go a long way toward meeting demand, especially when geothermal provides a steady base and hydroelectric can be called on to fill in the gaps.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38052436 A Path to Sustainable Energy by 2030 A 2012 study by the University of Delaware for a 72 GW system considered 28 billion combinations of renewable energy and storage and found the most cost-effective, for the PJM Interconnection, would use 17 GW of solar, 68 GW of offshore wind, and 115 GW of onshore wind, although at times as much as three times the demand would be provided. 0.1% of the time would require generation from other sources.http://www.udel.edu/udaily/2013/dec/renewable-energy-121012.html Wind, solar power paired with storage could be cost-effective way to power grid UDaily In March 2012, Denmark's parliament agreed on a comprehensive new set of promotional programs for energy efficiency and renewable energy aimed at reaching 100 percent of electricity, heat and fuels from renewables by 2050.http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/03/a-true-all-of-the-above-energy-policy-denmark-affirms-commitment-to-100-renewable-energy-by-2050 A True 'All of the Above' Energy Policy: Denmark Affirms Commitment to 100% Renewable Energy by 2050 Stephen Lacey 29 March 2012 Renewable Energy World IRENEC is an annual conference on 100% renewable energy started in 2011 by Eurosolar Turkey. The 2013 conference was in Istanbul.http://www.irenec2012.com/giris.php International 100% Renewable Energy Conference Irenec2012.com 26 June 2012 1 November 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121022093739/http://www.irenec2012.com/giris.php 22 October 2012 http://www.irenec2013.com/ IRENEC 2013 IRENEC 2013 1 November 2012 More recently, Jacobson and his colleagues have developed detailed proposals for switching to 100% renewable energy produced by wind, water and sunlight, for New York, Jacobson Mark Z. etal 2013 Examining the feasibility of converting New York State's all-purpose energy infrastructure to one using wind, water, and sunlight Energy Policy 57 585–601 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.02.036 2013EnPol..57..585J California Jacobson Mark Z. etal A roadmap for repowering California for all purposes with wind, water, and sunlight 2014 Energy 73 875–889 10.1016/j.energy.2014.06.099 2014Ene....73..875J and Washington Jacobson Mark Z. etal 2016 A 100% wind, water, sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy plan for Washington State Renewable Energy 86 75–88 10.1016/j.renene.2015.08.003 2016REne...86...75J states, by 2050. 2014, a more expansive new plan for the 50 states has been drawn up, which includes an online interactive map showing the renewable resource potential of each of the 50 states. The 50-state plan is part of The Solutions Project, an independent outreach effort led by Jacobson, actor Mark Ruffalo, and film director Josh Fox.http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/february/fifty-states-renewables-022414.html Stanford scientist unveils 50-state plan to transform U.S. to renewable energy Mark Schwarz 26 February 2014 Stanford Report 2014, many detailed assessments show that the energy service needs of a world enjoying radically higher levels of wellbeing can be economically met entirely through the diverse currently available technological and organizational innovations around wind, solar, biomass, biofuel, hydroelectric, oceanic and geothermal energy. Debate over detailed plans remain, but transformations in global energy services based entirely around renewable energy are in principle technically practicable, economically feasible, socially viable, and so realisable. This prospect underpins the ambitious commitment by Germany, one of the world's most successful industrial economies, to undertake a major energy transition, Energiewende.Transforming power Andy Stirling Andy Stirling 2014 Energy Research and Social Science 10.1016/j.erss.2014.02.001 1 83–95 free In 2015 a study was published in Energy and Environmental Science that describes a pathway to 100% renewable energy in the United States by 2050 without using biomass. Implementation of this roadmap is regarded as both environmentally and economically feasible and reasonable, as by 2050 it would save about $600 billion of health costs a year due to reduced air pollution and $3.3 trillion global warming costs. This would translate in yearly cost savings per head of around $8300 compared to a business as usual pathway. According to that study, barriers that could hamper implementation are neither technical nor economic but social and political, as most people didn't know that benefits from such a transformation far exceeded the costs.10.1039/C5EE01283J 2093–117 100% clean and renewable wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy roadmaps for the 50 United States Energy & Environmental Science 8 7 2015 Jacobson Mark Z Delucchi Mark A Bazouin Guillaume Bauer Zack A. F Heavey Christa C Fisher Emma Morris Sean B Piekutowski Diniana J. Y Vencill Taylor A Yeskoo Tim W 97348845 In June 2017, twenty-one researchers published an article in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America rejecting Jacobson's earlier PNAS article, accusing him of modeling errors and of using invalid modeling tools.Porter Eduardo Fisticuffs Over the Route to a Clean-Energy Future https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/20/business/energy-environment/renewable-energy-national-academy-matt-jacobson.html 4 August 2017 The New York Times 21 June 2017 B110.1073/pnas.1610381114 28630353 5495221 Evaluation of a proposal for reliable low-cost grid power with 100% wind, water, and solar Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 26 6722–6727 2017 Clack Christopher T. M Qvist Staffan A Apt Jay Bazilian Morgan Brandt Adam R Caldeira Ken Davis Steven J Diakov Victor Handschy Mark A Hines Paul D. H Jaramillo Paulina Kammen Daniel M Long Jane C. S Morgan M. Granger Reed Adam Sivaram Varun Sweeney James Tynan George R Victor David G Weyant John P Whitacre Jay F 2017PNAS..114.6722C free They further asserted he made implausible assumptions through his reliance upon increasing national energy storage from 43 minutes to 7 weeks, increasing hydrogen production by 100,000%, and increasing hydropower by the equivalent of 600 Hoover Dams. Article authors David G. Victor called Jacobson's work "dangerous" and Ken Caldeira emphasized that increasing hydropower output by 1,300 gigawatts, a 25% increase, is the equivalent flow of 100 Mississippi Rivers. Jacobson published a response in the same issue of the PNAS and also authored a blog post where he asserted the researchers were advocates of the fossil fuel industry.10.1073/pnas.1708069114 28630350 5495290 The United States can keep the grid stable at low cost with 100% clean, renewable energy in all sectors despite inaccurate claims Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 26 E5021–E5023 2017 Jacobson Mark Z Delucchi Mark A Cameron Mary A Frew Bethany A 2017PNAS..114E5021J free Jacobson Mark 4 Reasons Nuclear and Fossil Fuel Supporters Criticizing 100% Renewable Energy Plan Are Wrong https://www.ecowatch.com/pnas-jacobson-renewable-energy-2444465393.html 4 August 2017 EcoWatch 19 June 2017 en Another study published in 2017 confirmed the earlier results for a 100% renewable power system for North America, without changes in hydropower assumptions, but with more realistic emphasis on a balanced storage portfolio, in particular seasonal storage, and for competitive economics.10.3390/en10081171 A Techno-Economic Study of an Entirely Renewable Energy-Based Power Supply for North America for 2030 Conditions https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319015965 Energies 10 8 1171 2017 Aghahosseini Arman Bogdanov Dmitrii Breyer Christian free Grid integration simulation In 2015, Jacobson and Delucchi, together with Mary Cameron and Bethany Frew, examined with computer simulation (Loadmatch), in more detail how a wind-water-solar (WWS) system can track the energy demand from minute to minute. This turned out to be possible in the United States for 6 years, including WWS variability by extreme weather events.Low-cost solution to the grid reliability problem with 100% penetration of intermittent wind, water, and solar for all purposes Mark Z. Jacobson Mark A. Delucchi Mary A. Cameron Bethany A. Frew 8 December 2015 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 49 15060–15065 10.1073/pnas.1510028112 26598655 4679003 2015PNAS..11215060J free In 2017, the plan was further developed for 139 countries by a team of 27 researchers10.1016/j.joule.2017.07.005 100% Clean and Renewable Wind, Water, and Sunlight All-Sector Energy Roadmaps for 139 Countries of the World Joule 1 108–21 2017 Jacobson Mark Z Delucchi Mark A Bauer Zack A.F Goodman Savannah C Chapman William E Cameron Mary A Bozonnat Cedric Chobadi Liat Clonts Hailey A Enevoldsen Peter Erwin Jenny R Fobi Simone N Goldstrom Owen K Hennessy Eleanor M Liu Jingyi Lo Jonathan Meyer Clayton B Morris Sean B Moy Kevin R O'Neill Patrick L Petkov Ivalin Redfern Stephanie Schucker Robin Sontag Michael A Wang Jingfan Weiner Eric Yachanin Alexander S 1 free 2017Joule...1..108J and in 2018, Jacobson and Delucchi with Mary Cameron and Brian Mathiesen published the Loadmatch results for 20 regions in which the 139 countries in the world are divided. According to this research, a WWS system can follow the demand in all regions.10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.009 Matching demand with supply at low cost in 139 countries among 20 world regions with 100% intermittent wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) for all purposes Renewable Energy 123 236–48 2018 Jacobson Mark Z Delucchi Mark A Cameron Mary A Mathiesen Brian V 2018REne..123..236J 46784278 The program Loadmatch receives as input estimated series, per half minute during 2050–2055, of the energy demand the intermittent wind and solar energy supply predicted with a 3D global climate / weather model GATOR-GCMOMhttps://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/GATOR/GATOR-GCMOMHist.pdf Data web.stanford.edu the hydropower, geothermal, tidal and wave energy and specifications of the capacities and maximum loading / unloading speeds of the different types of storage losses due to storage, transport, distribution and maintenance a demand-supply management system (smart grid). The program has been carried out for each region 10-20 times with adapted input for the storage capacities, until a solution was found in which the energy demand was followed, per half minute for 5 years, with low costs. The WWS system is assumed to connect in the electric network geographically dispersed variable energy sources, concentrated solar power (CSP) and hydro power storage facilities: pumped hydro, as heat in CSP plants, in batteries, as hydrogen by electrolysis of water, or as compressed air underground. World China United States Europe Africa Supply 2018https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tables?country=WORLD&energy=Balances&year=2018 Add Hydro and Wind, solar, etc. production and use 1 Mtoe = 1,327 GWy to convert to GW 860 244 92 169 24 Supply 2050 12040 3223 1400 1157 580 Unused supply 2215 598 336 84 40 Transmission loss 807 221 98 77 37 Other loss 325 76 24 56 22 End-use 8693 2327 939 940 482 Storage (TWh) 1279 321 664 109 In 2020, Jacobson clarified in a textbookM Z Jacobson, 100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage for Everything, Cambridge University Press 2020 computer simulation results of a WWS energy system. To match demand with supply every minute more solar and wind farms and high-voltage lines must be installed than to match year-averaged demand and supply. Oversizing (also in a conventional energy system) ensures that the demand can be followed during peak hours, but causes unused supply during off-peak hours. In a WWS system, more energy exchange between areas leads to more transmission loss. The table shows WWS supply, unused supply, losses and end-use, in GW average power to reliably supply the world and four major regions with energy by 2050. See textbook Table 8.10; energy in TWh is divided by 26.3 kh (1000 hours) to get power in GW. The bottom row is the storage capacity of pumped hydro plants (Table 8.7). See also Renewable energy Carbon bubble Carbon neutrality Energy transition Individual and political action on climate change International Renewable Energy Agency Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy Timeline of sustainable energy research –present References 32em Further reading 32em Albert Barbara 2017 Energy Unlimited: Four Steps to 100% Renewable Energy Bogdanov Dmitrii Breyer Christian 2016 North-East Asian Super Grid for 100% renewable energy supply: Optimal mix of energy technologies for electricity, gas and heat supply options Energy Conversion and Management 110 176–190 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.01.019 2016ECM...112..176B Breyer Christian etal 2022 On the History and Future of 100% Renewable Energy Systems Research IEEE Access 10 78176–78218 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3193402 251076938 free 2022IEEEA..1078176B Breyer Christian 118050015 etal 2015 North-East Asian Super Grid: Renewable energy mix and economics Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 54 8S1 08KJ01 10.7567/JJAP.54.08KJ01 2015JaJAP..54hKJ01B free Connolly David etal 2016 Smart Energy Europe :The technical and economic impact of one potential 100% renewable energy scenario for the European Union Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 60 1634–1653 10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.025 2016RSERv..60.1634C Connolly David etal 2011 The first step towards a 100% renewable energy-system for Ireland Applied Energy 88 2 502–507 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.03.006 2011ApEn...88..502C Cosic Boris etal 2012 A 100% renewable energy system in the year 2050: The case of Macedonia http://repozitorij.fsb.hr/3543/1/A%20100%25%20renewable%20energy%20system%20in%20the%20year%202050_The%20case%20of%20Macedonia.pdf Energy 48 1 80–87 10.1016/j.energy.2012.06.078 2012Ene....48...80C 9 November 2018 4 April 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230404130201/http://repozitorij.fsb.hr/3543/1/A%20100%25%20renewable%20energy%20system%20in%20the%20year%202050_The%20case%20of%20Macedonia.pdf Delucchi Mark A. Jacobson Mark Z. 2011 Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part II: Reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies https://archive.org/details/sim_energy-policy_2011-03_39_3/page/1170 Energy Policy 39 3 1170–1190 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.045 2011EnPol..39.1170D Peter Droege, 100 Per Cent Renewable. Energy Autonomy in Action. Routledge 2009, 978-1-849-71471-6. Elliston Ben etal 2012 Simulations of scenarios with 100% renewable electricity in the Australian National Electricity Market Energy Policy 45 606–613 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.011 2012EnPol..45..606E Elliston Ben etal 2013 Least cost 100% renewable electricity scenarios in the Australian National Electricity Market Energy Policy 59 270–282 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.03.038 2013EnPol..59..270E Elliston Ben etal 2014 Comparing least cost scenarios for 100% renewable electricity with low emission fossil fuel scenarios in the Australian National Electricity Market Renewable Energy 66 196–204 10.1016/j.renene.2013.12.010 2014REne...66..196E Garcia-Olivares Antonio etal 2012 A global renewable mix with proven technologies and common materials Energy Policy 41 561–574 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.018 2012EGUGA..14.4992B 10261/92979 free Glasnovica Zvonimir Margeta Jure 2011 Vision of total renewable electricity scenario Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 4 1873–1884 10.1016/j.rser.2010.12.016 2011RSERv..15.1873G Hansen Kenneth etal 2019 Status and perspectives on 100% renewable energy systems Energy 175 471–480 10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.092 free 2019Ene...175..471H Hohmeyer Olav Bohm Sönke 2015 Trends toward 100% renewable electricity supply in Germany and Europe: a paradigm shift in energy policies. In Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment 4 1 74–97 10.1002/wene.128 2015WIREE...4...74H 109863320 Jacobson Mark Z. Mark Z. Jacobson Delucchi Mark A. 2011 Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials https://archive.org/details/sim_energy-policy_2011-03_39_3/page/1154 Energy Policy 39 3 1154–1169 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.040 2011EnPol..39.1154J Jacobson Mark Z. 97348845 etal 2015 100% clean and renewable wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy roadmaps for the 50 United States. In Energy and Environmental Science 8 7 2093–2117 10.1039/c5ee01283j Jacobson Mark Z. etal 2015 Low-cost solution to the grid reliability problem with 100% penetration of intermittent wind, water, and solar for all purposes Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 49 15060–15065 10.1073/pnas.1510028112 26598655 2015PNAS..11215060J 4679003 free Krajacic Goran etal 2011 How to achieve a 100% RES electricity supply for Portugal? Applied Energy 88 2 508–517 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.09.006 2011ApEn...88..508K Krajacic Goran etal 2011 Planning for a 100% independent energy system based on smart energy storage for integration of renewables and CO2 emissions reduction http://repozitorij.fsb.hr/3554/1/Planning%20for%20a%20100%20independent%20energy%20system%20based%20on%20smart%20energy%20storage%20for%20integration%20of%20renewables%20and%20CO2%20emissions%20reduction.pdf Applied Thermal Engineering 31 13 2073–2083 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.03.014 1 December 2019 17 July 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210717213124/http://repozitorij.fsb.hr/3554/1/Planning%20for%20a%20100%20independent%20energy%20system%20based%20on%20smart%20energy%20storage%20for%20integration%20of%20renewables%20and%20CO2%20emissions%20reduction.pdf Lund Henrik Henrik Lund (academic) 2007 Renewable energy strategies for sustainable development Energy 32 6 912–919 10.1016/j.energy.2006.10.017 2007Ene....32..912L 7756522 Lund Henrik Vad Mathiesen Brian 2009 Energy system analysis of 100% renewable energy systems - The case of Denmark in years 2030 and 2050 Energy 34 5 524–531 10.1016/j.energy.2008.04.003 2009Ene....34..524L Lund H. etal 2010 The role of district heating in future renewable energy systems Energy 35 3 1381–1390 10.1016/j.energy.2009.11.023 2010Ene....35.1381L George Mason Ian etal 2010 A 100% renewable electricity generation system for New Zealand utilising hydro, wind, geothermal and biomass resources https://archive.org/details/sim_energy-policy_2010-08_38_8/page/3973 Energy Policy 38 8 3973–3984 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.022 2010EnPol..38.3973M George Mason Ian etal 2013 Security of supply, energy spillage control and peaking options within a 100% renewable electricity system for New Zealand. Energy Policy 60 324–333 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.032 2013EnPol..60..324M Vad Mathiesen Brian Brian Vad Mathiesen etal 2011 100% Renewable energy systems, climate mitigation and economic growth Applied Energy 88 2 488–501 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.03.001 2011ApEn...88..488M Vad Mathiesen Brian etal 2015 Smart Energy Systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions Applied Energy 145 139–154 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.075 2015ApEn..145..139M REN21 (2016). Renewables 2016 Global Status Report: key findings, Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st century. Sovacool Benjamin K. Benjamin K. Sovacool Watts Charmaine 2009 Going Completely Renewable: Is It Possible (Let Alone Desirable)? The Electricity Journal 22 4 95–111 10.1016/j.tej.2009.03.011 2009ElecJ..22d..95S Category:Climate change mitigation Category:Energy policy Category:Energy infrastructure Category:Energy development Category:Renewable energy