1961 Ndola Transair Sweden Douglas DC-6 crash

1961 aircraft crash in Northern Rhodesia October 2021 1961 Ndola Transair Sweden Douglas DC-6 crash Occurrence The Flying Camel - Dhahran , 1959 (cropped).png The aircraft involved, while still in service with Aramco in 1959 18 September 1961 Crashed to the ground for disputed reasons: pilot error or external attackStatement attributable to the Spokesman for the Secretary-General on the report of the Eminent Person relating to the tragic death of Dag Hammarskjöld and of the members of the party accompanying him https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2017-10-25/statement-attributable-spokesman-secretary-general-report-eminent United Nations 25 October 2017 live https://web.archive.org/web/20210409145926/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2017-10-25/statement-attributable-spokesman-secretary-general-report-eminent 9 April 2021 18 February 2018https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/02/15/hammarskjold-plane-crash-united-nations/ What Really Happened to Dag Hammarskjold's Plane 15 February 2022 https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4831048/ "Air Crash Investigation" Deadly Mission (TV Episode 2016) - IMDb IMDb https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2011/09/14/experts_solve_50yearold_mystery_behind_un_chiefs_plane_crash.html Experts solve 50-year-old mystery behind UN chief's plane crash Toronto Star 14 September 2011 15 km mi on W of Ndola Airport (NLA) Zambia 12 58 31 S 28 31 22 E type:event_region:ZM-08 inline,title Douglas DC-6B Albertina Transair Sweden on behalf of the United Nations SE-BDY Elisabethville Airport Congo Léopoldville-N'Djili Airport (FIH/FZAA), Congo Ndola Airport (NLA/FLND), Northern Rhodesia 16 11 5 16 0 On 18 September 1961, a DC-6 passenger aircraft of Transair Sweden operating for the United Nations (UN) crashed near Ndola, Northern Rhodesia (present-day Zambia). The crash resulted in the deaths of all people on board, including Dag Hammarskjöld, the second secretary-general of the United Nations, and 15 others. Hammarskjöld had been en route to ceasefire negotiations with Moïse Tshombe during the Congo Crisis. Three official inquiries failed to conclusively determine the cause. Some historians and military experts like Susan Williams have criticized the official inquiries, pointing to evidence of foul play that had been omitted from the inquiries. Hammarskjöld's death caused a succession crisis at the UNHalberstam David 19 September 1961 Hammarskjold Dies In African Air Crash; Kennedy Going To U. N. In Succession Crisis https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0729a.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20210409150435/https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0729a.html 9 April 2021 The New York Times when the Security Council was tasked with selecting his successor.Hamilton Thomas J. 1961-09-23 INTERIM U.N. HEAD IS URGED BY RUSK; HIS TIMING SCORED; Delegates Fear Speech Will Harm Attempts at Accord on Temporary Chief REDS SEIZE ON REMARKS Soviet Bloc Renews Charge That Appointee Would Be Pawn in 'Cold War' INTERIM U.N. HEAD IS URGED BY RUSK https://www.nytimes.com/1961/09/23/archives/interim-un-head-is-urged-by-rusk-his-timing-scored-delegates-fear.html 2024-06-06 The New York Times 1 en-US 0362-4331 Aircraft and crew The aircraft was a Douglas DC-6B, c/n 43559/251, registered in Sweden as SE-BDY, first flown in 1952 and powered by four Pratt & Whitney R-2800 18-cylinder radial piston engines.https://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/douglas-dc-6/190 Airliners.net It was flown by captain Per Hallonquist (35), first officer Lars Litton (29) and flight engineer Nils Göran Wilhelmsson.http://un.org/Depts/dhl/dag/docs/s4940ad5ef.pdf United Nations Special Report on the Fatal Flight of the Secretary-General's Aircraft 19 September 1961 live https://web.archive.org/web/20201022002117/https://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/dag/docs/s4940ad5ef.pdf 22 October 2020 16 January 2009 UN special report A special report issued by the UN stated that a bright flash in the sky was seen at approximately 01:00 that resulted in the initiation of search-and-rescue operations. Initial indications that the crash might not have been an accident led to multiple official inquiries and persistent speculation that the secretary-general was assassinated.Wolves, Jackals and Foxes Kris Hollington August 2008 Thomas Dunne Books 978-0-312-37899-8 registration https://archive.org/details/wolvesjackalsfox00holl Official inquiries thumb|upright|right|Dag Hammarskjöld, 1950s 1960s Following the death of Hammarskjöld, there were three inquiries into the circumstances that led to the crash: the Rhodesian Board of Investigation, the Rhodesian Commission of Inquiry and the UN Commission of Investigation.A/5069 24 April 1962 General Assembly 21 November 2008 Report of the Commission of investigation into the conditions and circumstances resulting in the tragic death of Mr Dag Hammarskjold and members of the party accompanying him. 17(direct link: https://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m%3DA%2F5069 A/5069 24 March 2010 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110514193909/http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A%2F5069 14 May 2011) The Rhodesian Board of Investigation investigated between 19 September 1961 and 2 November 1961 under the command of Lt. Colonel M.C.B. Barber. The Rhodesian Commission of Inquiry, under the chairmanship of Sir John Clayden, held hearings from 16 to 29 January 1962 without UN oversight. The subsequent UN Commission of Investigation held a series of hearings in 1962 and depended partly upon the testimony from the previous Rhodesian inquiries. Five "eminent persons" were assigned by the new secretary-general to the UN commission. The members of the commission unanimously elected Nepalese diplomat Rishikesh Shah to head an inquiry. The three official inquiries failed to conclusively determine the cause. The Rhodesian Board of Investigation sent 180 men to search a six-square-kilometre area of the last sector of the aircraft's flight path, but no evidence of a bomb, surface-to-air missile or hijacking was found. Analysis of the wreckage showed a lack of bullet or bomb perforations which could have brought down the plane. Additionally, damage to nearby trees suggest a shallow rate of descent inconsistent with a shoot down.Job Macarthur Air Disaster Volume 4 Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd 2001 1-875671-48-X 4 142 Macarthur Job The official report stated that two of the dead Swedish bodyguards had suffered multiple bullet wounds. Medical examination performed by the initial Rhodesian Board of Investigation and reported in the UN official report indicated that the wounds were superficial and that the bullets showed no signs of rifling, meaning that they had not passed though the barrel of a gun. The report concluded that cartridges had exploded in the fire near the bodyguards. The Rhodesian board concluded that the pilot flew too low and struck trees, thereby bringing the aircraft down, but was unable to determine the cause of the pilot error, leaving the mystery unsolved.https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hammarskjold-dies-in-plane-crash Hammarskjold dies in plane crash History.com 9 February 2010 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20190415203016/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hammarskjold-dies-in-plane-crash 15 April 2019 Previous accounts of a bright flash in the sky were dismissed as having occurred too late in the evening to have caused the crash. The UN report speculated that these flashes may have been caused by secondary explosions after the crash. Sergeant Harold Julien, who initially survived the crash but died five days later,https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303908804579566353895658502 U.N. Considers Reopening Probe into 1961 Crash that Killed Dag Hammarskjöld Wall Street Journal Lauria, Joe 19 May 2014 13 March 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20160512104609/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303908804579566353895658502 12 May 2016 dead indicated that there was a series of explosions that preceded the crash.18 November 1961 1961: UN Secretary General killed in air crash BBC News https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/18/newsid_3790000/3790079.stm live 16 January 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20210110230944/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/18/newsid_3790000/3790079.stm 10 January 2021 The official inquiry found that the statements of witnesses who talked with Julien before he died in hospital five days after the crashpage 36 "The Spectator" 29 October 2011 were inconsistent. The report states that there were three delays that violated established search-and-rescue procedures. The first delayed the initial alarm of a possible plane in trouble; the second delayed the "distress" alarm, which indicates that communications with surrounding airports indicate that a missing plane has not landed elsewhere; and the third delayed the eventual search-and-rescue operation and the discovery of the plane wreckage nearby. The medical examiner's report was inconclusive; one report said that Hammarskjöld had died on impact, but another stated that he might have survived had rescue operations not been delayed. The report also concluded that the probability of Julien surviving the crash would have been "infinitely" better had the rescue operations been quicker. 2013 Swedish accident investigator Sven Hammarberg prepared a report, submitted to The Hammarskjöld Commission as part of a new inquiry into the accident. It was discovered that the original Rhodesian investigation had missed a vital clue in 1961. The approach chart available to the pilots at the time did not depict a large hill to the west of Ndolo, along the route of the Albertina. The hill at an elevation of 4,300 feet is believed to have obscured the airport from sight as the plane descended on its approach.Hammarberg Sven 15 August 2013 Accident Investigator's Report to the Hammarskjöld Commission http://www.hammarskjoldcommission.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Accident-Investigators-report-to-the-Hammarskold-Commission1.pdf Hammarskjöld Commission The lack of evidence of weapon damage to the wreck's fuselage, pilot fatigue, and uncharted obstacles, led Hammarberg to conclude the crash was a result of a controlled flight into terrain. The report eventually led to the book The Death of Dag Hammarskjöld: How the Cold War Turned an Accident into an Assassination being published in 2022 by author Steven Webb, which cites the 2013 Hammarberg report, discussing the cause of the accident and the numerous conspiracy theories around it.Webb Steven The Death of Dag Hammarskjöld: How the Cold War Turned an Accident into an Assassination 6 May 2022 The Quill & Inkpot 2022 979-8805365011 English 2015 On 16 March 2015, UN secretary-general Ban Ki-moon appointed members to an independent panel of experts to examine new information. The panel was led by Mohamed Chande Othman (the Chief Justice of Tanzania) and also included Kerryn Macaulay (Australia's representative to ICAO) and Henrik Larsen (a ballistics expert from the Danish National Police). The report was delivered to the secretary-general on 12 June 2015. 12 June 2015 Ban receives report probing new information on Dag Hammarskjöld's death https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51137 live https://web.archive.org/web/20210409151534/https://news.un.org/en/story/2015/06/501502-ban-receives-report-probing-new-information-dag-hammarskjolds-death 9 April 2021 23 April 2017 UN News Centre United Nations The panel's 99-page report, released on 6 July 2015, assigned "moderate" value to nine new eyewitness accounts and transcripts of radio transmissions. Those accounts suggested that Hammarskjöld's plane was already on fire as it landed and that other jet aircraft and intelligence agents were nearby.6 July 2015 Panel: Possible Aerial Attack on Hammarskjold Plane in 1961 The New York Times Associated Press https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/07/06/world/ap-un-united-nations-hammarskjold-review.html 6 July 2015 2024 A new report, issued in October 2024, highlighted that some UN member states released new information to UN investigators. However "specific and crucial" information related to the crash and surrounding circumstances continues to be withheld by a handful of governments.2024-10-18 Mystery still surrounds death of revered UN chief Hammarskjöld, 63 years after tragic plane crash UN News https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/10/1155876 2024-10-21 news.un.org en Allegations of foul play Despite the multiple official inquiries that failed to find evidence of assassination or other forms of foul play, several people have continued to advance theories involving hostile interests. At the time of Hammarskjöld's death, the Central Intelligence Agency and other Western agencies were involved in the political situation in the Congo, which culminated in Belgian and American support for the secession of Katanga and the assassination of former prime minister Patrice Lumumba. The Belgian government had a vested interest in maintaining its control over much of the country's copper industry during the Congolese transition from colonial rule to independence. Concerns about the nationalisation of the copper industry could have provided a financial incentive to remove either Lumumba or Hammarskjöld. The official inquiry has come under scrutiny and criticism from some historians who claim that some of the official determinations were issued in order to deflect attention on the assassination angleHughes Matthew 9 August 2001 The Man Who Killed Hammarskjöld? http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n15/hugh01_.html dead London Review of Books 23 15 33–34 https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090152/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n15/matthew-hughes/the-man-who-killed-hammarskjold 19 February 2018 19 September 2011 and that evidence of assassination was dismissed. Critics have assailed the conclusion that the bullet wounds found in some victims could have been caused by ammunition exploding in a fire, as some expert tests have determined that exploding bullets could not break the surface of the skin. Major C. F. Westell, a ballistics authority, said, "I can certainly describe as sheer nonsense the statement that cartridges of machine guns or pistols detonated in a fire can penetrate a human body." He based his statement on a large-scale experiment that had been conducted to determine whether military fire brigades would be in danger working near munitions depots. Other experts conducted and filmed tests showing that bullets heated to the point of explosion did not achieve sufficient velocity to penetrate the containers in which they were stored.Gavshon Arthur The Mysterious Death of Dag Hammarskjold New York Walker and Company 1962 58 Arthur Gavshon The day after the crash, former US president Harry Truman commented that Hammarskjöld "was on the point of getting something done when they killed him. Notice that I said 'when they killed him'."Doward Jamie 2014-12-13 Spy messages could finally solve mystery of UN chief's death crash The Observer https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/13/spy-messages-solve-mystery-un-chief-death-crash 2023-09-18 0029-7712 On 19 August 1998, archbishop Desmond Tutu, chairman of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), stated that recently uncovered letters had implicated MI5, the CIA and South African intelligence services in the crash."Notes for Media Briefing By Archbishop" – by Desmond Tutu, Chairperson of the Truth And Reconciliation Commission – 19 August 1998 – http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/1998/98820_0x1539810364.htm Speeches 8 February 2016 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182945/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/1998/98820_0x1539810364.htm 16 July 2012 One TRC letter said that a bomb in the aircraft's wheel bay was set to detonate when the wheels descended for landing. Tutu's commission were unable to investigate the truth of the letters or the allegations that South African or Western intelligence agencies played a role in the crash. The British Foreign Office suggested that the letters may have been created as means of Soviet misinformation or disinformation.https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/154384.stm UN assassination plot denied BBC News 19 August 1998 live https://web.archive.org/web/20210409143728/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/154384.stm 9 April 2021 13 October 2017 In a 2005 interview, Norwegian army major general Bjørn Egge, who had been the first UN officer to see Hammarskjöld's body, claimed that Hammarskjöld had a hole in his forehead and that the hole was subsequently airbrushed from postmortem photos. Egge believed that Hammarskjöld had been thrown from the plane and that grass and leaves in his hands might indicate that he had survived the crash and tried to scramble away from the wreckage. Egge did not claim that the hole in Hammarskjöld's head was the result of a gunshot wound.Guhnfeldt Cato Cato Guhnfeldt 1 January 1970 Så hull i pannen The holes in the forehead http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article1087787.ece dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182024/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article1087787.ece 16 July 2012 10 September 2013 Aftenposten.no no According to numerous witnesses interviewed by Swedish aid worker Göran Björkdahl in the 2000s, Hammarskjöld's plane was downed by another aircraft. Björkdahl reviewed previously unavailable archive documents and internal UN communications and believed that the plane was intentionally downed for the benefit of mining companies such as Union Minière.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/17/dag-hammarskjold-un-secretary-general-crash Dag Hammarskjöld: evidence suggests UN chief's plane was shot down 17 August 2011 live https://web.archive.org/web/20210211064913/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/17/dag-hammarskjold-un-secretary-general-crash 11 February 2021 17 August 2011 The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/17/dag-hammarskjold-crash-goran-bjorkdahl I have no doubt Dag Hammarskjöld's plane was brought down Göran Björkdahl The Guardian 17 August 2011 live https://web.archive.org/web/20210326171324/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/17/dag-hammarskjold-crash-goran-bjorkdahl 26 March 2021Borger Julian 16 September 2011 Call for new inquiry following emergence of new evidence https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/16/dag-hammarskjold-call-for-new-inquiry live https://web.archive.org/web/20210309143903/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/16/dag-hammarskjold-call-for-new-inquiry 9 March 2021 10 September 2013 Guardian In 2011, the book Who Killed Hammarskjold? by Susan WilliamsSusan Williams: Who Killed Hammarskjöld?: The UN, the Cold War, and White Supremacy in Africa. London: Hurst. First edition 2011, 2nd edition with an additional chapter co-authored with Henning Melber and David Wardrop, December 2016. outlined several doubts about the accidental nature of the crash. It led to the formation of an independent, unofficial commission headed by the British jurist Stephen Sedley in 2012 to determine whether there was new evidence that would justify the UN reopening its 1962 inquiry. The Sedley commission's report was presented on 9 September 2013 at the Peace Palace in The Hague.Goldstone Richard J. Richard Goldstone Hammarskjold Commission Presents Report on Secretary-General's Death to the United Nations. International Judicial Monitor, Summer 2013 Issue http://www.judicialmonitor.org/archive_summer2013/specialreport2.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20201115040711/http://www.judicialmonitor.org/archive_summer2013/specialreport2.html 15 November 2020 24 February 2019 It recommended that the UN reopen its inquiry "pursuant to General Assembly resolution 1759 (XVII) of 26 October 1962."https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24020207 Dag Hammarskjold death: UN 'should reopen inquiry' BBC News 9 September 2013 live https://web.archive.org/web/20210126210743/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24020207 26 January 2021 In March 2015, Mohamed Chande Othman was appointed to support the UN's ongoing Hammarskjöld Commission.http://www.hammarskjoldcommission.org/background/ Background The Hammarskjöld Commission live https://web.archive.org/web/20201107194125/http://www.hammarskjoldcommission.org/background/ 7 November 2020 In April 2014, The Guardian published allegations implicating military pilot Jan van Risseghem, who was Tshombe's pilot in Katanga. The article claimed that American NSA employee Charles Southall, working at the NSA listening station in Cyprus in 1961 shortly after midnight on the night of the crash, heard an intercept of a pilot's commentary in the air over Ndola, 5300 kmhttps://www.geodatos.net/en/distances/from-ndola-to-nicosia Distance from Ndola, Zambia to Nicosia, Cyprus away. Southall recalled the pilot saying: "I see a transport plane coming low. All the lights are on. I'm going down to make a run on it. Yes, it is the Transair DC-6. It's the plane," adding that the pilot's voice was "cool and professional." Southall then heard the sound of gunfire and the pilot exclaiming: "I've hit it. There are flames! It's going down. It's crashing!" Based on Katangese Air Force records, a Fouga CM.170 Magister was the aircraft most likely involved, and the website Belgian Wings claims that van Risseghem piloted Magisters for the KAF in 1961. Dag Hammarskjöld: evidence suggests UN chief's plane was shot down The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/17/dag-hammarskjold-un-secretary-general-crash 17 August 2011 live https://web.archive.org/web/20210211064913/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/17/dag-hammarskjold-un-secretary-general-crash 11 February 2021 2 August 2014 Julian Borger Dag Hammarskjöld's plane may have been shot down, ambassador warned The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/04/dag-hammarskjold-plane-shot-down-mercenary-cable 4 April 2014 live https://web.archive.org/web/20201112043223/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/04/dag-hammarskjold-plane-shot-down-mercenary-cable 12 November 2020 2 August 2014 Julian Borger Another article was published by The Guardian in January 2019 repeating the allegations against van Risseghem and citing further circumstantial evidence uncovered by the producers of the documentary Cold Case Hammarskjöld, including refutations of van Risseghem's alibi that he was not flying at the time of the crash.Graham-Harrison Emma Rocksen Andreas Brügger Mads https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/12/raf-veteran-admitted-killing-un-secretary-general-dag-hammarskjold-in-1961 RAF veteran 'admitted 1961 killing of UN secretary general' The Guardian 12 January 2019 live https://web.archive.org/web/20210409150354/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/12/raf-veteran-admitted-killing-un-secretary-general-dag-hammarskjold-in-1961 9 April 2021 13 January 2019https://www.hs.fi/ulkomaat/art-2000005964257.html Tuore dokumentti väittää ratkaisseensa yhden kylmän sodan ajan suurimmista arvoituksista: Palkkasoturi tunnusti ampuneensa alas YK:n pääsihteerin Dag Hammarskjöldin Mikkonen Minttu 13 January 2019 Helsingin Sanomat 31 January 2020 fi A new documentary claims one of the biggest puzzles of the Cold War era has been solved: A mercenary confessed to having shot down UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöldhttps://www.sundance.org/projects/cold-case-hammarskjold Cold Case Hammarskjöld sundance.org Sundance Institute live https://web.archive.org/web/20210409142440/https://www.sundance.org/projects/cold-case-hammarskjold 9 April 2021 31 January 2020 In December 2018, the German freelance historian Torben Gülstorff published an article in the Lobster magazine arguing that a German Dornier DO-28A may have been used for the attack. The plane was delivered to Katanga by end of August 1961 and would have been technically capable of accomplishing the shootdown.Gülstorff Torben Winter 2018 German links to the Hammarskjöld case. Making the case for another possible murder weapon https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/free/lobster76/lob76-hammarskjold-case.pdf live https://web.archive.org/web/20210104210630/https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/free/lobster76/lob76-hammarskjold-case.pdf 4 January 2021 Lobster 76 Memorial thumb|right|Hammarskjöld's grave in Uppsala thumb|Grave in Mount Jerome, Dublin of Sgt Frank Eivers, an Irish Army soldier who was also on the plane. The Dag Hammarskjöld Crash Site Memorial is under consideration for inclusion as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. A press release issued by the prime minister of the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) stated that "... in order to pay a tribute to this great man, now vanished from the scene, and to his colleagues, all of whom have fallen victim to the shameless intrigues of the great financial Powers of the West... the Government has decided to proclaim Tuesday, 19 September 1961, a day of national mourning." In popular culture The crash was featured by the Canadian documentary series Mayday in season 15, episode 5. "Deadly Mission"Mayday - Air Crash Investigation (S01-S22) http://archive.org/details/mayday-aci 2024-01-20 and Air Crash Investigation Special Report in season 3, episode 3 titled "VIP on Board". Mayday is also repackaged as Air Disasters; "Deadly Mission" was season 9, episode 10, first broadcast December 3, 2017 for that series. The crash is featured in the 2016 film The Siege of Jadotville, where it is shot down by an F-4 Phantom fighter jet.28th Galway Film Fleadh – July 2016 http://www.galwayfilmfleadh.com/index.php/project/the-siege-of-jadotville/ dead https://web.archive.org/web/20171123180253/http://www.galwayfilmfleadh.com/index.php/project/the-siege-of-jadotville/ 23 November 2017 11 September 2016 Galway Film Fleadh References Citations Further reading Melber Henning Dag Hammarskjöld, the United Nations and the Decolonisation of Africa 2019 C. Hurst & Co. London 978-1787380042 External links Footage of the DC-6 departing on the accident flight Dag Hammarskjöld archives on UN Archives website. 18 September 1961 UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld is killed and BBC's On This Day Sweden Zambia Aviation 1960s Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Zambia Category:Congo Crisis Category:Conspiracy theories involving aviation incidents Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1961 Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-6 Category:Death conspiracy theories Category:September 1961 in Africa Category:Dag Hammarskjöld Category:Conspiracy theories in Sweden Category:1960s in Élisabethville Category:Ndola Category:1961 in the United Nations