1999 Pakistani coup d'état

1999 military takeover of government in Pakistan led by pervez Musharraf to gain power September 2021 December 2020 military coups in Pakistan Pervez Musharraf in army uniform Prime Minister's Secretariat, Islamabad 1999 10 12 y * Military takeover of the federal government of Nawaz Sharif in a bloodless coup. Mass nationwide arrest of PML(N) workers and detainment of PML(N)'s leadership. Nawaz Sharif and Shehbaz Sharif arrested and later exiled, as a result of an agreement, on 10 December 2000. General Musharraf became Chief Executive and reformed National Security Council to run the state affairs of the country.Haque Ihtasham-ul Musharraf addresses nation: Security Council to run state affairs https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/23oct99.html#mush 8 February 2017 asianstudies.github.io Dawn Newspapers 5/43 Dawn Wire Service, Haque 23 October 1999 The writ of Constitution provisionally suspended. Suspension of Pakistan from the Commonwealth of Nations. Chief Justice of Pakistan, including nine Senior justices refused to take an oath and resigned. Media blackout of Sharif-aligned conservative mass media. No censorship imposed on liberal/libertarian mass media. President Rafiq Tarar forced to resign from office. Pakistani general election, 2002 End of the two-party system in Pakistan Pakistan Government of Pakistan Federal Investigation Agency Inter-Services Intelligence 20px Intelligence Bureau Flag of Punjab.svg Government of Punjab Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg Pakistan ArmyNaval Jack of Pakistan.svg Pakistan NavyAir Force Ensign of Pakistan.svg Pakistan Air Force Flag of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.svg Nawaz Sharif 20px Mushtaq Ahmed Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg Ziauddin Butt 20px Iqbal NiaziFlag of Punjab.svg Shehbaz SharifFlag of Punjab Police.png Jehan Zaib Burki Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg Pervez MusharrafNaval Jack of Pakistan.svg Fasih BokhariNaval Jack of Pakistan.svg Abdul Aziz MirzaFlag of the Pakistani Army.svg Ehsan ul Haq Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg Aziz KhanFlag_of_Pakistan's__X_Corps.png Mahmud AhmedFlag_of_Pakistan's_V_Corps.gif Muzaffar Hussain UsmaniFlag of the Pakistani Army.svg Shahid AzizAir Force Ensign of Pakistan.svg Pervaiz Mehdi Qureshi ~170,000 ~617,000 None None 1999 Pakistani coup d'état PAK 23pxX Corps111 Infantry brigade V Corps Flag of Punjab Police.png Punjab Police The 1999 military takeover in Pakistan was a bloodless coup d'état initiated by the military staff at the Joint Staff HQ working under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf. The instigators seized control of the civilian government of the popularly elected Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on 12 October 1999. On 14 October, General Musharraf, acting as the country's Chief Executive, issued a controversial provisional order that suspended the Constitution of Pakistan. Martial law was declared due to the breakdown of civil-military relations. Tensions between the Sharif administration and joint chiefs chairman General Musharraf reached a breaking point. In an attempt to maintain civilian control over the military, Lieutenant-General Ziauddin Butt, then Director of the ISI, was hastily approved for the appointment of the army chief, but the decision was opposed by senior members of the Joint Staff HQ, who refused to follow the new chain of command, deciding instead to direct the Military Police to detain General Butt and prevent his taking control of the military.Bhattacharya Brigadier Samir Nothing But! 2014 Partridge Publishing 9781482817874 https://books.google.com/books?id=xO3HAgAAQBAJ&q=Ziauddin+Butt+chairman+joint&pg=PA142 3 February 2017 Google Books The pace of the coup startled political observers; within 17 hours of Sharif's attempt to relieve General Musharraf, army commanders took control of all key government institutions throughout the country and placed Sharif and his administration, which included his brother, under house arrest.How the 1999 Pakistan coup unfolded https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6960670.stm BBC News 23 August 2007 3 February 2017 Military police took control of the state broadcaster, radio and the entire critical communications infrastructure, and announced that Sharif had been dismissed. The Supreme Court of Pakistan led by Chief Justice Irshad Hassan Khan validated the martial law under a "doctrine of necessity" but limited its legality to three years.Hirschl Ran Constitutional Theocracy 2010 Harvard University Press Cambridge, Mass. 9780674059375 https://books.google.com/books?id=OgIhbPBWlkwC&q=1999+Pakistan+coup+supreme+court&pg=PA118 3 February 2017118 Meanwhile, Sharif was tried by the Judge Advocate General Court and convicted of endangering the lives of all passengers aboard the aircraft carrying Musharraf,Baxter Craig Craig Baxter Pakistan on the Brink: Politics, Economics, and Society 2003 Lexington Books Lanham, MD 9780739104989 https://books.google.com/books?id=CFNtVqYqAwEC&q=nawaz+sharif+trial&pg=PA56 3 February 2017 Sharif in the Dock56–57 with the military court upholding the decision. When the decision was announced, it sparked fury in the conservative PML(N) but was welcomed by many of its political opponents. In 2000, the Supreme Court accepted arguments that the coup was a "violation of the constitution". However, acting Chief Justice Ershad Hasan later argued of the constitutionality of the coup.119–120Jan Abid Ullah The Musharraf Factor: Leading Pakistan to Inevitable Demise 2005 Pragmatic Publishing Ottawa 9780973368710 Trade paperback https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZQRKpFb80MC&q=Justice+Siddiqui+resigned+1999&pg=PT113 3 February 2017 The Height of Collective Helplessness112–115 On 10 December 2000, Musharraf unexpectedly issued a pardon to Nawaz Sharif to be flown to Saudi Arabia.Joshi Srivastava International Relations 2005 Krishna Prakashan Media New Delhi India 9788185842707 199 https://books.google.com/books?id=PJQ6wLiR72UC&q=Sharif+flew+Saudi&pg=RA2-PA167 3 February 2017 The Foreign Policy of the United States167–168Wolpert Stanley India and Pakistan Continued Conflict or Cooperation? 2010 University of California Press Berkeley 9780520948006 113 https://books.google.com/books?id=sbEvmBKPgBoC&q=Sharif+flew+Saudi+family&pg=PA74 3 February 2017 Recent attempts to resolve crises73–74 In 2016, Musharraf later confessed in an interview given to Kamran Shahid of Dunya that "he pardoned Sharif from life imprisonment on the request of King Abdullah and Rafic Hariri."Shahid Kamran King Abdullah said Nawaz was his friend, had to let him go: Musharraf - Pakistan - Dunya News http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/359991-King-Abdullah-said-Nawaz-was-his-friend-had-to-le 3 February 2017 dunyanews.tv Dunya News 2 Dunya News, Shahid 7 November 2016 In 2001, Musharraf issued the executive decree and eventually forced President Rafiq Tarar to resign in order for Musharraf to assume the presidency.Reddy B. Muralidhar Rafiq Tarar forced to quit? http://www.thehindu.com/2001/06/21/stories/01210002.htm https://archive.today/20150128021108/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/06/21/stories/01210002.htm dead 28 January 2015 3 February 2017 The Hindu 20 June 2002 In light of the Supreme Court's verdict, the national referendum was held on 30 April 2002, allowing himself to continue his rule, but was alleged by many (including the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan) to be fraudulent. In 2002, the general elections restored democracy when the Musharraf-backed PML(Q), the libertarians, were able to form a minority government who would later nominate Musharraf for the 2004 presidential elections. In 2007, President Musharraf eventually imposed another martial law by having suspended the populist Chief Justice IM Chaudhry, leveling charges of corruption and misconduct. Unlike the earlier martial law, Musharraf was widely disapproved, inviting mass demonstrations led by Nawaz Sharif, Musharraf eventually resigned in an attempt to avoid impeachment in the Parliament.Dummett Mark Pakistan's Musharraf steps down https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7567451.stm 5 January 2015 Work and report completed by BBC correspondent for Pakistan Mark Dummett BBC Pakistan BBC Pakistan, 2008 18 August 2008 Sharif was acquitted in 2009 from the 1999 hijacking caseIqbal Nasir Nawaz acquitted in plane hijacking case https://www.dawn.com/news/478532 3 February 2017 DAWN.COM Dawn Newspapers 5/44 Dawn Newspapers, Iqbal 18 July 2009 Islamabad and in 2014 acquitted of the money laundering and corruption cases from an accountability court.Bhatti Hasib Court acquits Sharifs in money laundering case https://www.dawn.com/news/1132985 3 February 2017 DAWN.COM Dawn Newspapers Dawn Newspapers, Bhatti 19 September 2014 Events leading towards the martial law Relief of General Jehangir and Kargil debacle Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's relief of General Jehangir Karamat Kargil War In 1997, Nawaz Sharif and his conservative Pakistan Muslim League-N won a landslide victory in the general elections, resulting in a two-thirds majority in the National Assembly– the lower house of bicameral Parliament of Pakistan.Nawaz Sharif Becomes Prime Minister of Pakistan & President of Pakistan Muslim League (N) http://storyofpakistan.com/nawaz-sharif-becomes-prime-minister-2 storyofpakistan.com Story Of Pakistan 3 February 2017 1 June 2003 His second tenure was marked with a serious legal confrontation with the Supreme Court courted by Chief Justice Sajjad Ali Shah over the legality and technicality of Thirteenth Amendment and the Ehtesab Act, 1997 (lit. Accountability Act, 1997). Chief Justice Shah had been battling in the Supreme Court for his legitimacy due to many senior justices had seen his appointment as "inappropriate and political", having been appointed by former prime minister Benazir Bhutto in 1994.Jaffrelot Christophe The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience 15 August 2015 Oxford University Press 9780190613303 https://books.google.com/books?id=_XdeCwAAQBAJ&q=chief+sajjad+ali+shah+nawaz&pg=PT213 3 February 2017 On 29 October 1997, Chief Justice Shah and his bench decided to hear the petition filed by the Pakistan Peoples Party's lawyers and suspended the implementation of bills.Dossani Rafiq Rowen Henry S. Prospects for Peace in South Asia 2005 Stanford University Press Stanford 9780804750851 403 https://books.google.com/books?id=TwO9zmj6aQ0C&q=chief+sajjad+ali+shah+nawaz&pg=PA46 3 February 2017 Google Books 1997-199945–46 Prime Minister Sharif reacted angrily to the Court's actions, by issuing an intemperate public diatribe particularly against Chief Justice Shah.45–46 On 2 November 1997, Chief Justice Shah summoned Prime Minister Sharif for contempt of court but this order was viewed "null and voided" when two senior justices at the Supreme Court issued a counter-order.45–46 On 30 November 1997, Prime Minister Sharif appeared before the Supreme Court but his partisans stormed the Supreme Court Building forcing Chief Justice Shah to remove the finding of contempt against Sharif.Malik Iftikhar Haider The History of Pakistan 2008 Greenwood Publishing Group Westport, Conn. 9780313341373 223 https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6NfsuDACQwC&q=1997+Supreme+COurt+attack+pakistan&pg=PA190 3 February 2017 Google Books Nawaz Sharif and the Military Coup190 While the police gained control of the situation to restore law and order, the whole nation witnessed traumatising and terrifying scenes on their television screens broadcast by the news media all over the country.190 Subsequently, the Supreme Judicial Council took up a case against the appointment of Chief Justice Shah on 23 December and declared Chief Justice Shah's appointment "illegal and unconstitutional" that eventually forced him to resign from his office on 2 December 1997.46 President Farooq Leghari who supported the cause of Chief Justice Shah also had to resign when army chief General Jehangir Karamat and Chairman joint chiefs Air Chief Marshal Feroze Khan intervened to resolve the crises.Shah Aqil The Army and Democracy 2014 Harvard University Press Stanford 9780674728936 381 https://books.google.com/books?id=wmyXAwAAQBAJ&q=Justice+Shah+and+Leghari&pg=PA175 3 February 2017 Google Books From Zia to Musharraf175–176 Prime Minister Sharif eventually appointed his Chief Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui based on merit qualification and offered presidency to former supreme court justice Rafiq Tarar who was elected in 1998. In 1998, Prime Minister Sharif effectively relieved Chairman Joint Chief of Staff Committee General Jehangir Karamat from the command of the military when General Karamat delivered a college lecture at the Naval War College in Karachi.Lenze Paul E. Jr. Civil–Military Relations in the Islamic World 2016 Lexington Books 9781498518741 212 https://books.google.com/books?id=TiijDQAAQBAJ&q=Sharif+civil+military+relations&pg=PA107 3 February 2017 Google Books Pakistan107–108 At this lecture, General Karamat called for establishing the National Security Council (NSC) which would be backed by a "team of civil-military experts" for devising policies to seek resolution ongoing problems relating the civil-military issues; also recommended a "neutral but competent bureaucracy and administration of at federal level and the establishment of Local governments in four provinces.Abbas Hassan Pakistan's Drift to Extremism 2002 Yale University Press 9780765614964 66 https://books.google.com/books?id=GiKm-ahTpS8C&q=lieutenant+general+ali+kuli+khan&pg=PA16666–68 Relieving of General Karamat plummeted Sharif's own public approvals and his relations with the military, as even his senior Cabinet ministers were in disagreement of Sharif's decision.Aziz Sartaj Between Dreams and Realities: Some Milestones in Pakistan's History 2009 Oxford University Press Karachi, Pakistan 978-0-19-547718-4 408 http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\story_9-8-2009_pg3_5 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20130919042907/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C08%5C09%5Cstory_9-8-2009_pg3_5 2013-09-19 Many political observers were taken in complete surprise since the dismissal of four-star rank general had never happened before in country's history.Gannon Kathy I is for Infidel: From Holy War to Holy Terror in Afghanistan 2005 Public Affairs, Kathy New York 978-1-58648-312-8 145–146 https://books.google.com/books?id=h64BZjkwN68C&q=Dismissal+of+General+Jehangir+Karamat&pg=PA145 1st145–146 Eventually, Sharif chose then-Lieutenant-General Pervez Musharraf over two senior army generals for the appointment to post of the army chief and acting Chairman Joint Chief of Staff Committee.Harmon Daniel E. Pervez Musharraf: President of Pakistan: Easyread Super Large 24pt Edition 2008 ReadHowYouWant.com 9781427092083 156 24 https://books.google.com/books?id=jisbSz2h9zYC&pg=PA65 3 February 2017 Chief of the Army Staff64–67 A year later, the civil military relations took a sharp turn in the opposition of Sharif when he invited and received Indian Prime Minister Atal Vajpayee in Lahore for peace talks, much to agitation of General Musharraf who did not welcome outcomes of Lahore Summit.Cohen Stephen Philip The idea of Pakistan 2004 Brookings Institution Press Washington, D.C. 0815797613 1st pbk. https://books.google.com/books?id=-78yjVybQfkC&q=nawaz+sharif+karamat&pg=PA150 3 February 2017 Google Books Political Pakistan150–151 In 1999, the Pakistan Army soldiers secretly crossed the Line of Control (LoC) and infiltrated in Kargil on the direct orders issues by General Musharraf, bringing the two nations at the brink of war.Kapur S. Paul Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia 2009 NUS Press Singapore 9789971694432 244 https://books.google.com/books?id=bt3WMTNX5QoC&q=Sharif+kargil&pg=PA119 3 February 2017 Google Books The Overt Nuclear Period118–121 The Indian Army reacted with launching of full-fledged military coordinated operations while Indian government effectively put diplomatic pressure on Sharif's government to withdraw the soldiers from the Kargil sector.Weaver, Mary Anne. "General on Tightrope". Pakistan: In the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003. pp. 25–31. 0374528861. Both Sharif and General Musharraf held each other responsible for the actions in the Kargil sector, charging each other of lying and hiding details of the hostilities to the nation.Musharraf Vs. Sharif: Who's Lying? The Weekly Voice 2 October 2006 http://www.weeklyvoice.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1443&Itemid=66 https://web.archive.org/web/20071011135734/http://weeklyvoice.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1443&Itemid=66 11 October 2007 dead At the public circle, Sharif assigned blame for the political/diplomatic disaster on General Musharraf, and Musharraf placing the blame on Prime Minister Sharif.Rashid Ahmed Seeds of conflict lie in summer's Kashmir crisis http://www.independent.ie/world-news/seeds-of-conflict-lie-in-summers-kashmir-crisis-393647.html 29 March 2011 Independent.ie 13 October 1999 In September 1999, General Musharraf forcefully retired Lieutenant-General Tariq Pervez who was known to be close to Sharif and cousin of Raja Nadir Pervez, the Communications Minister.Jones Owen Bennett Pakistan: Eye of the Storm 2003 Yale University Press New Haven, Conn. 0300101473 2nd https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&q=Tariq+Pervez&pg=PA39 3 February 2017 The 1999 Coup39 Upon meeting with Sharif, General Tariq Pervez had ultimately warned Sharif of "making any move against General Musharraf or the army would strike."39 Revolt of the Admiral The revolt of Admiral Fasih Bokhari, the Chief of Naval Staff, over Sharif's public decision of extending General Musharraf's tenure as Chairman Joint Chief of Staff Committee until 2001 was another issue that saw the breaking down of civil-military relations. About the Kargil war, Admiral Bokhari was not of the view of supporting the Pakistan Army's engagement with the Indian Army as appropriate and subsequently lodged a powerful protest against General Musharraf's grand strategy while recommending the constitution of a commission to completely probe the Kargil issue.Why Admiral Bokhari is a favourite of Zardari, rejected by Nawaz https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/617244-why-admiral-bokhari-is-a-favourite--of-zardari,-rejected-by-nawaz 19 January 2017 The News International 1/2 11 October 2011 31 January 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170131200856/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/617244-why-admiral-bokhari-is-a-favourite--of-zardari,-rejected-by-nawaz dead At the country's news media, Admiral Bokhari publicly questioned the effectiveness of the military strategy behind the Kargil infiltration and was very critical of General Musharraf's unilateral decisions involving the national security, as Chairman Joint Chief of Staff Committee, without considering the opinions of Chiefs of Staff of Pakistan Air Force and the Pakistan Navy.Sanj Dutt War in Peace in Kargil Sector Efficient Offset Printers New Delhi, India 81-7648-151-3 478 https://books.google.com/books?id=XlHplc3pr1IC&pg=PA453 18 May 2012 Google Books 2000 In 1999, Sharif quarrelled with Admiral Bokhari and his Navy NHQ staff over the merit-based appointment of General Musharraf to the Chairman Joint Chiefs that was only meant to be temporary and it was hoped that Admiral Bokhari would be appointed to the post.Cloughley Brian A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections 2012 Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. Cloughley 9781631440397 https://books.google.com/books?id=JE1kCwAAQBAJ&q=Bokhari+resigned&pg=PT419 17 January 2017contentsHaque Ihtasham ul Karamat retired, Musharraf takes over as COAS https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1998/10Oct98.html#kara 17 January 2017 Dawn Wire Service, Area studies Dawn Newspapers 4/40 Dawn Wire Service, 1998 10 October 1998 Islamabad, Pakistan In August 1999, there were rising tensions between Admiral Bokhari and Prime Minister Sharif over issue of incident took place in Sir Creek, although both had kept the working relations on good terms.Pakistan: Pakistan/india Conflict: Situation Update YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dc0jy_x0sQ https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/0dc0jy_x0sQ 2021-12-21 live 4 February 2017 21 July 2015 In September 1999, General Musharraf had sent a message to Prime Minister Sharif that "anyone in the Navy and Air Force can become the Chairman Joint Chiefs as I did not care."Musharraf Pervez In the Line of Fire: A Memoir 26 September 2006 Simon and Schuster 9780743298438 https://books.google.com/books?id=7igVvi3aO-8C&q=Bukhari&pg=PA34 17 January 2017111 General Musharraf reportedly backed Admiral Bokhari's bid for the Chairman Joint Chiefs but he was overshadowed by the Prime Minister who confirmed and extended General Musharraf's term until 2001.Haque Ihtasham ul DAWN WIRE SERVICE https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/02oct99.html#mush 17 January 2017 DAWN WIRE SERVICE Area Studies DAWN newspaper 5/40 DAWN newspaper 1999, Haque 2 October 1999 Civil-military relations were further damaged when Admiral Bokhari lodged a strong protest against this decision in the news media and reportedly revolted against Prime Minister Sharif's appointment for the Chairman Joint Chiefs in 1999.Staff writer correspondents Musharraf planned coup much before Oct 12 http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm 17 January 2017 Daily Times Pakistan Daily Times Pakistan Daily Times Pakistan 2002 9 October 2002 15 March 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120315013903/http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm dead Admiral Bokhari abruptly tendered his resignation to the Prime Minister Sharif and noted to Sharif that since General Musharraf was his junior and often referred to him as "Sir".1265Darpan Pratiyogita Competition Science Vision December 1999 Pratiyogita Darpan https://books.google.com/books?id=K-gDAAAAMBAJ&q=admiral+bukhari+nuclear+tests&pg=PA1265 17 January 2017 On 5 October 1999, Admiral Bokhari resigned from the command of the Navy as the news media construed Admiral Bokhari's resignation merely as unhappiness over not being appointed as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. Admiral Bokhari's revolt saw the meltdown of the civil-military relations between the elected civilian government and the military leaders that eventually led to the military overtaking the civilian government by dismissing Prime Minister Sharif on 12 October 1999.Kukreja Veena Singh M. P. Pakistan: Democracy, Development and Security Issues 2005 SAGE Publications India, Singh London 9788132102663 300 https://books.google.com/books?id=bI6HAwAAQBAJ&q=admiral+bukhari+nawaz+sharif&pg=PA63 17 January 2017 Google Books Pakistan since 1999 coup63 The military takeover thumb|right|250px|Jinnah International Airport, where Chairman Joint Chiefs Gen. Musharraf landed in Karachi, ] 2006. In the aftermath of the Kargil War, followed by the Atlantique incident, there were widespread rumors and media speculations in the television news media about the either possible military takeover or resignation of General Musharraf in September 1999.COAS denies differences with govt https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/25sep99.html#coas 3 February 2017 asianstudies.github.io 5/39 Dawn Wire Service 25 September 1999 In October 1999, General Musharraf paid an official visit to Sri Lanka on an invitation of Sri Lankan Army Commander Lieutenant-General Srilal Weerasooriya. Ultimately, Prime Minister Sharif dismissed General Musharraf from the command of the military and nominated Lieutenant-General Ziauddin Butt, the DG ISI, over several army officers on 12 October 1999.Dugger Celia W. Pakistan Calm After Coup; Leading General Gives No Clue About How He Will Rule https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/14/world/pakistan-calm-after-coup-leading-general-gives-no-clue-about-how-he-will-rule.html 6 May 2011 New York Times 14 October 1999 Developments came when General Musharraf, along with Major-General Tariq Majid and Brigadier Nadeem Taj, returned to Pakistan on a PIA Airbus A300. According to the sources, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) was ordered by Sharif to divert the plane to India but then it was rerouted to Shaheed Benazirabad, then known as Nawabshah.'Plot to kill' coup leader https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/475112.stm 6 May 2011 BBC News 14 October 1999 When this was failed to be comprehended by the pilot, the CAA was ordered to close the runways by turning off the edge lights at the Jinnah International Airport in an attempt to refuse the landing. The units of military police led by Lieutenant-General Iftikhar sealed the civilian airport and seized the control tower, allowing the plane to land on a runway. From the control tower, then Karachi Corps Commander General Muzaffar Hussain Usmani contacted General Musharraf, in his flight and assured him that landing the plane was safe since the army now controlled Jinnah Terminal. The military police seized the control of the state-run media television headquarters and encircled the Prime Minister Secretariat building while gaining control of the international airports and cutting off the international phone lines.Weiner Tim Countdown to Pakistan's Coup: A Duel of Nerves in the Air https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/17/world/countdown-to-pakistan-s-coup-a-duel-of-nerves-in-the-air.html 6 May 2011 New York Times 17 October 1999Aqil Shah, The Army and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan |(Harvard University Press, 2014), p. 181-182 9780674728936 There were four army generals who were central in staging Musharraf's coup against Sharif's government: General Ehsan ul Haq, Aziz Khan, Mahmood Ahmad, and Shahid Aziz. These four officers played a crucial role in installing General Musharraf as Chief Executive while they detained Sharif in a local prison.Gutman Roy How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban, and the Hijacking of Afghanistan 2008 United States Institute of Peace Washington, D.C. 9781601270245 1st https://books.google.com/books?id=A9eqvc-Ru3cC&q=musharraf+arrest+nawaz&pg=PA185 3 February 2017 Google Books Hijacking a Regime185-185 On 14 October 1999, Musharraf appeared on television to declare a state of emergency and issued a Provisional Constitutional Order that ultimately suspended the writ of the Constitution of Pakistan and dissolved the National Assembly and four provincial assemblies, although they left Muhammad Rafiq Tarar in office as President.Pakistan https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm Background Notes U.S. Department of State 7 May 2011 However, General Musharraf strongly objected the wordage use of "martial law" or "coup d'état", instead insisting that: "This is not martial law, only another path towards democracy."Attacks on the Press 1999: Pakistan - Committee to Protect Journalists https://cpj.org/2000/03/attacks-on-the-press-1999-pakistan.php cpj.org 22 March 2000 Committee to Protect Journalists 8 February 2017 The ISPR also confirmed that "There is no martial law in the country."Abbasi Ansar No martial law in country https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/16oct99.html#noma 8 February 2017 asianstudies.github.io Dawn Newspapers 5/42 Dawn wire service, Abbasi 16 October 1999 Text of Proclamation of Emergency Soon after taking over the country, an emergency was declared in the country. Following is the text of the Proclamation of Emergency declared by Musharraf:Text of Musharraf's declaration https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/475415.stm 6 May 2011 BBC News 14 October 1999 In pursuance of deliberations and decisions of chiefs of staff of the Armed Forces and corps commanders of Pakistan Army, I General Pervez Musharraf, chairman joint chiefs of staff committee and chief of army staff, proclaim emergency throughout Pakistan and assume the office of the chief executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. I hereby order and proclaim as follows: (a) The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan shall remain in abeyance (b) The President of Pakistan shall continue in office (c) The National Assembly, the Provincial Assemblies and Senate shall stand suspended (d) The chairman and deputy chairman of the Senate, the speaker and deputy speaker of the National Assembly and the provincial assemblies shall stand suspended (e) The prime minister, the federal ministers, ministers of state, advisers to the prime minister, parliamentary secretaries, the provincial governors, the provincial chief ministers, the provincial ministers and the advisers to the chief ministers shall cease to hold office (f) The whole of Pakistan will come under the control of the Armed Forces of Pakistan. This proclamation shall come into force at once and be deemed to have taken effect on the 12th day of October, 1999. Text of Provisional Constitutional Order 1999 Following is the text of Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO) promulgated by Musharraf. After its proclamation, the order was modified on multiple occasions:Provisional Constitution Order No. 1 of 1999 http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/post_12oct99/pco1_1999.orig.html Pakistani.org 7 May 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110615123941/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/post_12oct99/pco1_1999.orig.html 15 June 2011 live In pursuance of Proclamation of the 14th day of October, 1999, and in exercise of all powers enabling him in that behalf, the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of Army Staff and Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan under the Proclamation of Emergency of 14th day of October 1999 (hereinafter referred to as the Chief Executive) is pleased to make and promulgate the following Order: 1. (1) This Order may be called Provisional Constitution Order No.1 of 1999; (2) It extends to the whole of Pakistan; (3) It shall come into force at once. 2. (1) Notwithstanding the abeyance of the provisions of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, hereinafter referred to as the Constitution, Pakistan shall, subject to this Order and any other Orders made by the Chief Executive, be governed, as nearly as may be, in accordance with the Constitution. (2) Subject as aforesaid, all courts in existence immediately before the commencement of this Order, shall continue to function and to exercise their respective powers and jurisdiction provided that the Supreme Court or High Courts and any other court shall not have the powers to make any order against the Chief Executive or any person exercising powers or jurisdiction under his authority; (3) The Fundamental Rights conferred by Chapter I of Part II of the Constitution, not in conflict with the Proclamation of Emergency or any Order made thereunder from time to time, shall continue to be in force. 3. (1) The President shall act on, and in accordance with the advice of the Chief Executive; (2) The Governor of the Province shall act on, and in accordance with the instructions of the Chief Executive. 4. (1) No Court, Tribunal or other authority shall call or permit to be called in question the proclamation of Emergency of 14th day of October, 1999 or any Order made in pursuance thereof. (2) No judgment, decree, writ, order or process whatsoever shall be made or issued by any court or tribunal against the Chief Executive or any authority designated by the Chief Executive. 5. Notwithstanding the abeyance of the provisions of the Constitution, but subject to the Orders of the Chief Executive, all laws other than the Constitution shall continue in force until altered, amended or repealed by the Chief Executive or any authority designated by him. 6. The Proclamation of Emergency issued on 28th day of May 1998, shall continue but subject to the provisions of Proclamation of Emergency dated 14th day of October 1999 and this Provisional Constitution Order and any other Order made thereunder. 7. All persons who, immediately before the commencement of this Order, were in the service of Pakistan as defined in Article 260 of the Constitution and those persons who immediately before such commencement were in office as Judge of the Supreme Court, the Federal Shariat Court or a High Court or Auditor-General or Ombudsman and Chief Ehtesab Commissioner, shall continue in the said service on the same terms and conditions and shall enjoy the same privileges, if any. Impact Upon hearing the news of Sharif's arrest, the PML(N) partisans and the party leadership led by Javed Hashmi, a conservative politician in Lahore and Mamnoon Hussain in Karachi called out and led massive street demonstrations and protests in the streets of Lahore, Karachi, and other cities.Bergner Jeffrey T. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2008: Vols. I and II: Joint Committee Print, U. S. House of Representatives and U. S. Senate 2008 Diane Publishing 9781437905229 3000 https://books.google.com/books?id=NqIkQz68_fgC&q=PML%28N%29+arrested+1999&pg=PA2432 4 February 2017 Human Rights in Pakistan2432 The conservative supporters of Nawaz Sharif did not welcome this coup and saw this event as a conspiracy but many of Sharif's rivals welcomed this coup, holding celebration parties around different parts of the country. Although there were reports of unconfirmed media blackout of Sharif-aligned conservative media, no restrictions were imposed on the liberal/libertarian news media.416–418 There were reports of repression and human rights abuse taken place by the authorities under General Musharraf, as the pro-democracy demonstrations were forcefully and effectively crushed by Musharraf's regime. Legality and legitimacy of the coup thumb|right|200px|The Supreme Court of Pakistan in c. 2004. The Supreme Court of Pakistan courted by the Chief Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui partially provided the legality of the martial law in a view of "doctrine of necessity" after Musharraf's lawyer Sharifuddin Pirzada argued for the martial law on technicality, but its legality was only limited to three years.25Mayor John N. India: Issues, Historical Background, and Bibliography 2003 Nova Publishers New York 9781590332993 100 1 https://books.google.com/books?id=-KWU0bBpsbQC&q=pakistan+supreme+court+and+1999+coup&pg=PA25 4 February 2017 1999 Pakistani Coup118 Meanwhile, Sharif was tried by the military judge advocate general where allegations of corruption, terrorism, and money laundering were leveled against him.56–57 Eventually, the military court's inconclusive rulings found him to be guilty and convicted him for risking the life of all the passengers on board including the sitting Chairman joint chiefs.57 On 15 November 1999, the Supreme Court of Pakistan decided to hear the petitions filed by PML-N's lawyer Zafar Ali Shah on behalf of Sharif and Aitzaz Ahsan requesting a supreme court's intervention to declare the military takeover "illegal and unconstitutional", and order the restoration of Sharif's government and reinstatement of the National Assembly and four provincial assemblies that were suspended.Court moved on Pak take-over https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99nov16/world.htm#1 7 May 2011 The Tribune India 15 November 1999 The PML(N)'s lawyers began their court battle with the Musharraf's lawyers when additional petitions were filed by PML(N), Muslim Welfare Movement, and Wahabul Khairi, an advocate challenging the legality of the coup.Supreme Court bench to hear petitions against coup http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/04dec99.html#supr 7 May 2011 Dawn Wire Service 2 December 1999 https://web.archive.org/web/20110613224615/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/04dec99.html 13 June 2011 live On 1 December 1999, a five-member bench of the Supreme Court was constituted to hear these appeals and as lawyers of each side to present cases of their clients. The bench headed by Chief Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui and head Justice Bashir Jahangiri, Justice Nasir Aslam Zahid, Justice Abdur Rehman Khan and Justice Wajihuddin Ahmed as other members. Provisional Constitutional Order judges oath As the hearing progressed at the Supreme Court, the legality and legitimacy of the coup became an important issue while Sharif's lawyers successfully argued for reinstating the writ of the constitution. Chief Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui along with other chief justices were in clear view of this coup as a "violation of the constitution" as Sharif's lawyers made a ground base for finding Musharraf of treason.119–120Ali Rafaqat Irshad new CJ: Saeed, five others refuse to take oath https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/2000/29jan00.html#irsh 8 February 2017 asianstudies.github.io Dawn Newspapers 6/05 Dawn Wire Service, 2000 29 January 2000 On 26 January 2000, Chief Executive Musharraf, acting on the advice of Sharifuddin Pirzada, quickly promulgated the Provisional Constitutional Order and asked Chief Justice Siddiqui alongside other justices to take a new oath under this provision. Chief Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui and other nine judges of the thirteen Supreme Court justices refused to take the oath which became an issue identified as the "biggest challenge" to the new government.112–115 Eventually, Chief Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui and other nine judges resigned from their respected appointments, followed by a number of other High Court justices also refused to take the oath.Cotran Eugene Lau M. Yearbook of Islamic And Middle Eastern Law: (2003-2004) December 2005 Brill 9004144447 https://books.google.com/books?id=syaVd9K8YBIC&q=PCO+2002+Musharraf&pg=PA2424 The Provisional Constitutional Order disallowed challenging any actions made by the military-led by General Musharraf, and many judges who refused to take the oath cited infringements upon the judiciary system such as this as their reasoning for refusing.115 The Provisional Constitutional Order provided Musharraf legal protection of his actions in regards to the military taker over and bared any court in the country for taking any legal actions against Musharraf or those who were responsible for the military coup. Asma Jahangir, a Pakistani lawyer and human rights advocate, reportedly stated: "The military rulers are doing their best to erode the independence of the judiciary. I salute those judges who have refused to take the oath."Pakistan Judges Refuse Oath Demanded by Pakistan's Rulers https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8GFaAAAAIBAJ&dq=pakistan%20judge%20oath&pg=6907%2C2851269 7 May 2011 Waycross Journal-Herald 31 January 2000 Aftermath Pardon of Sharif and 2002 referendum On 9–10 December 2000, Chief Executive Pervez Musharraf unexpectedly issued a pardon of Nawaz Sharif and allowed the immediate members of former first family to travel to Saudi Arabia on a private jet provided by the Saudi Royal Family.167–16873–74 Details emerged in successive years of this pardon that resulted in a forced signing of an agreement that put him in exile for a decade.Rajah Jothi 2012 Miscarriage of Chief Justice: Judicial Power and the Legal Complex Under Musharraf https://books.google.com/books?id=3j4JtL4b3ggC&q=Sharif+musharraf+agreement&pg=PA366 Terence C. Halliday Lucien Karpik Malcolm M. Feeley Fates of Political Liberalism in the British Post-Colony: The Politics of the Legal Complex Cambridge Cambridge University Press [Section:#93; Toward the Political Functions: The Return of Sharif and Bhutto 9781107012783 4 February 2017366Hashmi Faraz Malick Nasir President pardons Nawaz; entire Sharif family exiled https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/2000/dec1600.html#pres 8 February 2017 asianstudies.github.io Dawn newspapers 6/48 Dawn Wire Service 16 December 2000 However, this agreement was voided in successive years when Musharraf himself went to court to bar Sharif from returning to Pakistan in 2007.366 In 2016, Musharraf later confessed in an interview given to Kamran Shahid of Dunya that "he pardoned Nawaz Sharif from life imprisonment on the request of King Abdullah and Rafic Hariri". On 12 May 2000, the Supreme Court of Pakistan courted by Chief Justice Irshad Hasan finally legalized the coup but ordered to hold a nationwide election to restore the writ of the government.Pakistan court limits army rule https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/746262.stm 7 May 2011 BBC News 12 May 2000 In 2001, General Musharraf issued the executive decree, of which, President Tarar was of the view that such decree was unconstitutional and illegal. Eventually, Musharraf forcefully removed President from his office when the latter forced President Tarar to forcefully resigned as president.Musharraf planning to replace Tarar as next president https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/2001/apr1401.html#mush 8 February 2017 asianstudies.github.io 7/15 14 April 2001 In the light of Supreme Court's verdict, the national referendum was held on 30 April 2002, allowing himself to continue his rule. The referendum, which Musharraf won with almost 98% of the votes in his favour, was alleged by many, including the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, to be fraudulent. Allegations of illegitimacy Human rights groups such as Amnesty International Pakistan and Human Rights Commission and others had denounced the referendum as extremely fraudulent in 2002. The Reuters journalists claimed to see ballot stuffing and pressure to vote being placed on governmental employees. Ibn Abdur Rehman, director of the Human Rights Commission, dismissed the referendum as "farcical", also claiming that votes were stuffed. The Amnesty International Pakistan and the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan stated that the voting irregularities "exceeded its worst fears".Musharraf wins huge backing https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1961194.stm 23 August 2013 BBC 1 May 2002 The PML(N), backed by the Human Rights Commission, challenged the results of the referendum but Chief Justice Irshad Hasan Khan dismissed the petitions while rejecting the challenge and upholding the results. Information Minister Nisar Memon dismissed allegations of fraud as propaganda created by the opposition and stated that "Those who opposed the referendum preferred to stay at home and didn't create any problem."de Vries Lloyd Musharraf Claims Victory In Pakistan https://www.cbsnews.com/news/musharraf-claims-victory-in-pakistan/ 7 May 2011 CBS News 1 May 2002 The credibility of the claims of illegitimacy is added when American Pattan Development Organization conducted a Gallup survey that founded that the "people are likely to elect either Benazir Bhutto or Nawaz Sharif as the next prime minister" in preference to President General Pervez Musharraf.People want Nawaz or Benazir as PM: study https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/2001/dec2201.html#peop 7 February 2017 asianstudies.github.io Dawn newspapers 7/51 Dawn Wire Service, 2001 22 December 2001 Islamabad 1–2 According to the survey, Musharraf had only 9% public approval as opposed to Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif. Foreknowledge about coup In 1999, Lt. Gen Tariq Pervez, Commander, XII Corps, had ultimately warned Nawaz Sharif of a military take over if Musharraf were dismissed from the command of the military.39 In the television news media and the political pundits had long speculating of a military takeover in the country as soon as General Karamat was dismissed by Prime Minister Sharif, and General Musharraf himself had sent a secret message of serious repercussion if he was to be removed.111 It is claimed by authors that Prime Minister Sharif had well political intelligence on Musharraf's intention and had sought US President Bill Clinton's help against the military intervention.Kukreja Veena Singh M. P. Pakistan Democracy, Development, and Security Issues 2005 Sage Publications India, Kukreja New Delhi 9788132102663 300 1 https://books.google.com/books?id=bI6HAwAAQBAJ&q=nawaz+sharif+1999+coup&pg=PA60 7 February 2017 Strains in civil-military relations.63–64 In 1999, Benazir Bhutto held all blames on Nawaz Sharif for the military takeover and criticized him stating "the man is violating every rule of law and, there is no-one to stop him."Sky News Uk Benazir blames Nawaz for Army take-over https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/16oct99.html#bena 8 February 2017 asianstudies.github.io Dawn newspapers 5/42 Dawn Wire Service, Skynews 16 October 1999 In 2002, Admiral Bokhari quoted that: he knew about General Musharraf's plans to topple [Prime Minister] Nawaz Sharif and did not want to be part of these "Dirty Games".Staff writer War correspondents Musharraf planned coup much before Oct 12: Fasih Bokhari http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm 17 January 2017 Daily Times Daily Times 4 Daily Times, 2002 2 October 2002 15 March 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120315013903/http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm dead Admiral Bokhari also noted that a power struggle between an elected Prime Minister and appointed-Chairman joint chiefs ensued and relations were severely damaged after the Kargil war.37–38 Admiral Bokhari testified in media that: "The two men could not work together, both were preparing to take active actions against each other. I could see that there now two centres of power on a collision course".37 At an informal meeting held at the Navy NHQ in September 1999, Chairman Joint Chiefs General Musharraf indicated his displeasure with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's handling of the country describing Prime Minister Sharif as "incompetent and incapable of running the country."38 Admiral Bokhari firmly got the impression whether General Musharraf was sounding out to rely on the support from the Navy in events of the coup and Admiral Bokhara discouraged the Chairman joint chiefs from doing so.38 In 2003, Musharraf squarely blamed Nawaz Sharif for the military take over and held responsible for the martial law against his government while accused him of being an autocrat and weakening the might of the military.Kuma Sumita Sharif Vs Musharraf https://www.idsa-india.org/an-jan-5-01html.html www.idsa-india.org Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses 7 February 2017 8 February 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170208033725/https://www.idsa-india.org/an-jan-5-01html.html usurped Legacy Political opposition and dissents In a views of historian, Mazhar Aziz, the military coup d'état is seen as an "striking example in the case study of civil military relations" in a post–Cold War era.Aziz Mazhar Military Control in Pakistan: The Parallel State 2008 Routledge 9781134074105 London The politics of military coup d'état:theoretical implications 3 February 2017 https://books.google.com/books?id=FuPfooVvD48C&q=pakistan+coup+civil+military+relations+1999&pg=PA76 Google Books76 In 1999 and in 2004, Sharif extended his apologies to various journalists and reporters for any wrongdoings and worked towards mending better relations with influential conservative news media after his exile. In 2001, the PML(N) and its rival PPP reached a compromised when the formed democracy restoration alliance in a view to oust President Musharraf.Burki Shahid Javed Historical Dictionary of Pakistan 2008 Rowman & Littlefield 9781442241480 2nd https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&q=Alliance+for+Restoration+of+Democracy&pg=PA58 4 February 201758 Major agitations took place in 2005 against President Musharraf's anti-terrorism policy and controversial amendments made in the constitution.58 In 2006, Sharif joins hand with Benazir Bhutto in opposition to Musharraf when both signed an agreement to restore parliamentary democracy in the country.'Democracy charter' for Pakistan 2006-05-15 BBC News https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4771769.stm 2008-02-22 In 2006, the PML(N) issued a white paper concerning the Kargil events and Nawaz Sharif personally apologized to former Chief Justice Sajad Ali Shah and the former president Farooq Leghari for his role and his party's actions.PML-N apologizes the nation on attack at the SCP http://paktribune.com/news/PML-N-apologizes-the-nation-on-attack-at-the-SCP-161516.html 4 February 2017 Paktribune Paktribune 2006 26 June 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130626223437/http://paktribune.com/news/PML-N-apologizes-the-nation-on-attack-at-the-SCP-161516.html dead Sharif also extended his apology to General Karamat and Admiral Fasih Bokhari for overlooking him for the appointment of the Chairman joint chiefs. In 2007, Nawaz Sharif with his family, accompanied by his daughter, returned to Pakistan with thousands of his supporters receiving Sharif family.Gall, Carlotta (25 November 2007). Former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif Returns to Pakistan. The New York Times. In 2008, Sharif spearheaded the judicial activism in order to protest the suspension of Chief Justice I.M. Chaudhry by Musharraf. Opposition and dissent within the military In 2001–03, the principal four army generals, General Ehsan ul Haq, Gen. Aziz Khan, Lt-Gen. Mahmud Ahmed, and Lt-Gen. Shahid Aziz later regretted their role in bringing Gen. Musharraf in power when all four generals were forced out from their service due to opposition showed to President Musharraf's policies. General Aziz Khan was retired as a four-star general from the position of CJCSC in 2005 and was succeeded by General Ehsan ul Haq, who was retired as a four-star general from the position of CJCSC in 2007 (the longest service by any of Gen. Musharaff's closest generals). General Mahmud Ahmed was retired on 8 October 2001 as DG-ISI (The Day United States started its war in Afghanistan). General Shahid Aziz was retired in 2004 as Lt-Gen.Joshi P. C. Main Intelligence Outfits of Pakistan 2008 Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited 9788126135509 https://books.google.com/books?id=B3zfAAAAMAAJ&q=+anti+american 26 February 2018184Khera Col. P.N. Verma Bharat Indian Defence Review 2009 Lancer Publishers New Delhi 100 1st https://books.google.com/books?id=2vVsBY8UEwoC&q=aziz+khan+America+is+the+number+one+enemy+of+the+Muslim&pg=PA156 25 February 2018 Google Books156 Trial and sentence On 17 December 2019, Musharraf was handed the death sentence for treason by a three-member bench of a special court in Pakistan.https://www.dawn.com/news/1522780 'Groundbreaking in many ways': Reactions pour in on momentous verdict in Musharraf treason case December 17, 2019 Dawn Newspaper See also 1990s Pakistan Overconfidence effect Social command and control The Soldier and the State History of the Supreme Court of Pakistan 2007 Pakistani state of emergency 2002 Pakistani general election Provisional Constitutional Order State of emergency PCO Judges case Conservatism in Pakistan Two-party system State of emergency Military coups in Pakistan References 2 External links Pakistan after the coup: Special report, BBC News report Strategic Affairs Analysis https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212307/http://www.stratmag.com/issue2July-1/page06.htm 27 September 2007 SAAG 1999 Kargil Conflict Coup Category:1990s coups d'état Category:20th century in Islamabad Category:Battles and conflicts without fatalities Category:1999 conflicts Category:Deep politics Coup, 1999 Coup, 1999 Coup, 1999 Category:Nawaz Sharif Category:October 1999 in Pakistan Coup, 1999 Coup, 1999 Coup, 1999 Category:Pervez Musharraf Category:Military history of Islamabad